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Rai P, Kumar P, Kumar A, Asari S, Agarwal K, Mayank, Krishna Kishore RV, Mishra P. Self-expanding metallic stent for refractory pancreatic duct stricture in chronic pancreatitis: A prospective follow-up study. Indian J Gastroenterol 2023:10.1007/s12664-023-01445-6. [PMID: 37768445 DOI: 10.1007/s12664-023-01445-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS In chronic pancreatitis, fully covered self-expanding metal stents (FCSEMS) are used to treat refractory pancreatic duct strictures. However, the FCSEMS design, effectiveness, safety, optimal stent indwelling time and patient selection remain unclear. This study aimed at evaluating technical success, clinical success and adverse events with FCSEMS in patients with symptomatic pancreatic duct stricture. METHODS The prospective study was conducted between May 2017 and May 2021 at a tertiary care center for chronic pancreatitis with refractory pancreatic duct stricture using controlled radial expansion (CRE) endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) with FCSEMS (Niti-S, Bumpy stent, Taewoong Medical, Gimpo-Si, South Korea). RESULTS During the study period, a total of 11 patients underwent ERCP with FCSEMS for refractory pancreatic duct stricture. The mean age (± standard deviation, [SD]) was 32.36 ± 10.98 years and nine patients (81%) were male. Technical and clinical success rates were 100% and 90.9%, respectively. All patients had a history of prior pancreatic endotherapy. The median (inter quartile range, [IQR]) stent indwell time was seven (6-10) months. The median visual analogue scale (VAS) pain score pre and post-FCSEMS was 8 (5-8) and 1 (0-2), respectively (p-value 0.003). Median (IQR) follow-up after stent removal was 48 (40-60) months. One patient (9%) developed de novo main pancreatic duct (MPD) stricture, which was asymptomatic. None of the patients had cholangitis, pancreatitis, perforation, proximal migration or stent fracture. CONCLUSION The FCSEMS treatment appears to be safe, feasible and possibly an effective option for patients who have not responded to endoscopic plastic stenting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveer Rai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, 226 014, India.
| | - Pankaj Kumar
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, 226 014, India
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, 226 014, India
| | - Sana Asari
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, 226 014, India
| | - Kartik Agarwal
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, 226 014, India
| | - Mayank
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, 226 014, India
| | - Ravi V Krishna Kishore
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, 226 014, India
| | - Prabhaker Mishra
- Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, 226 014, India
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Shiomi H, Nakano R, Ota S, Nishimura T, Enomoto H, Iijima H. Recanalization using a novel drill-shaped dilator for a severe pancreatic duct stricture and impacted pancreatic duct stone. Endoscopy 2023; 55:E351-E353. [PMID: 36646122 PMCID: PMC9842438 DOI: 10.1055/a-1986-7295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Shiomi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo Medical University, Mukogawa, Japan
| | - Ryota Nakano
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo Medical University, Mukogawa, Japan
| | - Shogo Ota
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo Medical University, Mukogawa, Japan
| | - Takashi Nishimura
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo Medical University, Mukogawa, Japan
| | - Hirayuki Enomoto
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo Medical University, Mukogawa, Japan
| | - Hiroko Iijima
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo Medical University, Mukogawa, Japan
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Lee SH, Kim YS, Kim EJ, Lee HS, Park JY, Park SW, Song SY, Cho JH, Bang S. Long-term outcomes of fully covered self-expandable metal stents versus plastic stents in chronic pancreatitis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:15637. [PMID: 34341385 PMCID: PMC8329149 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94726-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic pancreatitis (CP) related main pancreatic duct (MPD) stricture has been a challenge for endoscopists. Fully covered self-expandable metal stents (FC-SEMS) has been tried in CP patients, but the efficacy and safety are still controversial. Thus, we aim to compare the long-term clinical efficacy of FC-SEMS vs. plastic stent placement in persistent MPD strictures secondary to CP. Between 2007 and 2018, 80 chronic pancreatitis patients (58 males, median age 49 years), who underwent endoscopic placement of FC-SEMS (n = 26) and plastic stent (n = 54) for persistent MPD strictures after at least 3 months of initial single plastic stenting, were retrospectively analyzed during a median follow-up duration of 33.7 months. As a result, MPD stricture resolution rate was statistically higher in FC-SEMS group (87.0% vs. 42.0%, p < 0.001). Although immediate complications occurred similarly (38.5% vs. 37.0%, p = 0.902), spontaneous migration (26.9%) and de novo strictures (23.1%) were pronounced delayed complications in FC-SEMS group. Pain relief during follow-up was significantly higher in FC-SEMS group (76.9% vs. 53.7%, p = 0.046). The total procedure cost was similar in both groups ($1,455.6 vs. $1,596.9, p = 0.486). In comparison with plastic stent, FC-SEMS placement for persistent MPD strictures had favorable long-term clinical efficacy, with its typical complications like spontaneous migration and de novo strictures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Hoon Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03772, Republic of Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yeon Suk Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Eui Joo Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Seung Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03772, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Youp Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03772, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Woo Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03772, Republic of Korea
| | - Si Young Song
- Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03772, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hee Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 211 Eonju-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06273, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seungmin Bang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03772, Republic of Korea.
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Abstract
Chronic pancreatitis is a clinical entity that results from the progressive inflammation and irreversible fibrosis of the pancreas resulting from the cumulative injury sustained by the pancreas over time. It is an illness with variable presentations that can severely impact quality of life, while its long-term complications such as exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI), diabetes mellitus, and risk of pancreatic cancer can become life threatening. The diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis can be challenging as despite the recent advancements in imaging technology, the radiographic findings do not become prominent until late stages of disease. Thus, the physicians' clinical acumen in obtaining thorough history taking focusing on risk factors, clinical symptoms, in addition to high-quality imaging, often guide to the accurate diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis. Endoscopy also plays a pivotal role in the diagnosis and management of chronic pancreatitis. Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) is believed to be the most sensitive modality for diagnosing chronic pancreatitis. Despite efforts, however, natural history studies have demonstrated that 61% of individuals with chronic pancreatitis will require at least one endoscopic intervention, while 31% will require a surgical procedure as part of their management strategy. Recent advancements in genomic studies have furthered our understanding of the genetic polymorphisms that are associated with the pathogenesis of chronic pancreatitis. Genetic testing offers the potential to reveal treatable pancreatitis-related disorders, and can inform decision making with regard to radical therapies for persistent or severe disease such as total pancreatectomy with islet autotransplantation (TPIAT). The management of patients suffering from chronic pancreatitis often requires a multi-disciplinary approach, addressing pertinent symptoms as well as the sequelae of chronic inflammation and fibrosis. Abdominal pain is the prevailing symptom and most common complication of chronic pancreatitis, and impairs quality of life. Although heavily dependent on a wide range of analgesia, endoscopic treatment such as endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) and surgical intervention can offer long-lasting relief of symptoms. For EPI, treatment with pancreatic enzyme supplements offers marginal-to-moderate relief. The most feared complication of chronic pancreatitis-the development of pancreatic cancer-has no known prevention measure to date.
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Mann R, Boregowda U, Vyas N, Gajendran M, Umapathy CP, Sayana H, Echavarria J, Patel S, Saligram S. Current advances in the management of chronic pancreatitis. Dis Mon 2021; 67:101225. [PMID: 34176572 DOI: 10.1016/j.disamonth.2021.101225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chronic pancreatitis is characterized by irreversible destruction of pancreatic parenchyma and its ductal system resulting from longstanding inflammation, leading to fibrosis and scarring due to genetic, environmental, and other risk factors. The diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis is made based on a combination of clinical features and characteristic findings on computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging. Abdominal pain is the most common symptom of chronic pancreatitis. The main aim of treatment is to relieve symptoms, prevent disease progression, and manage complications related to chronic pancreatitis. Patients who do not respond to medical treatment or not a candidate for surgical treatment are usually managed with endoscopic therapies. Endoscopic therapies help with symptoms such as abdominal pain and jaundice by decompression of pancreatic and biliary ducts. This review summarizes the risk factors, pathophysiology, diagnostic evaluation, endoscopic treatment of chronic pancreatitis, and complications. We have also reviewed recent advances in endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and endoscopic ultrasound-guided therapies for pancreatic duct obstruction due to stones, strictures, pancreatic divisum, and biliary strictures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupinder Mann
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Agnes Medical Center, 1303 E Herndon Ave, Fresno, CA 93720, USA
| | - Umesha Boregowda
- Department of Internal Medicine, Bassett Healthcare Network, Columbia Bassett Medical School, 1 Atwell Road, Cooperstown, NY 13326, USA
| | - Neil Vyas
- Department of Gastroenterology and Advanced endoscopy, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Mahesh Gajendran
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Science Center El Paso, 2000B Transmountain Road, El Paso, TX 79911, USA
| | - Chandra Prakash Umapathy
- Department of Gastroenterology and Advanced endoscopy, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Hari Sayana
- Department of Gastroenterology and Advanced endoscopy, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Juan Echavarria
- Department of Gastroenterology and Advanced endoscopy, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Sandeep Patel
- Department of Gastroenterology and Advanced endoscopy, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Shreyas Saligram
- Department of Gastroenterology and Advanced endoscopy, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
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DeWitt JM, Al-Haddad MA, Easler JJ, Sherman S, Slaven J, Gardner TB. EUS pancreatic function testing and dynamic pancreatic duct evaluation for the diagnosis of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency and chronic pancreatitis. Gastrointest Endosc 2021; 93:444-453. [PMID: 32562609 PMCID: PMC8121049 DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2020.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS EUS and endoscopic pancreatic function tests (ePFTs) may be used to diagnose minimal-change chronic pancreatitis (MCCP). The impact of evaluation for exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) and real-time assessment of EUS changes after intravenous secretin on the clinical diagnosis of MCCP is unknown. METHODS Patients with suspected MCCP underwent baseline EUS assessment of the pancreatic parenchyma and measurement of the main pancreatic duct (B-MPD) in the head, body, and tail. Human secretin 0.2 μg/kg was given intravenously followed 4, 8, and 12 minutes later by repeat MPD (S-MPD) measurements. Duodenal samples at 15, 30, and 45 minutes were aspirated to assess bicarbonate concentration. Endoscopists rated the percentage clinical likelihood of chronic pancreatitis (1) before secretin; (2) after secretin but before aspiration; and (3) after bicarbonate results. RESULTS A total of 145 consecutive patients (mean age, 44±13 years; 98 females) were diagnosed with EPI (n = 32; 22%) or normal exocrine pancreatic function (n = 131, 78%). S-MPD/B-MPD ratios in the tail 4 and 8 minutes after secretin were higher in the group with normal exocrine function. Ratios at other times, locations, and duodenal fluid volumes were similar between the 2 groups. A statistically significant change in the median percentage likelihood of chronic pancreatitis was noted after secretin in all groups. The sensitivity and specificity of EPI for the EUS diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis (≥5 criteria) were 23.4% (95% confidence interval, 12.3-38.0) and 78.6% (95% confidence interval, 69.1-86.2), respectively. CONCLUSION Real-time EUS findings and ePFTs have a significant impact on the clinical assessment of MCCP. The diagnosis of EPI shows poor correlation with the EUS diagnosis of MCCP. (Clinical trial registration number: NCT01997476.).
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Affiliation(s)
- John M. DeWitt
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Indiana University Health Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Mohammad A. Al-Haddad
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Indiana University Health Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Jeffrey J. Easler
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Indiana University Health Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Stuart Sherman
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Indiana University Health Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - James Slaven
- Department of Biostatistics, Indiana University Health Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Timothy B. Gardner
- Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
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Rodrigues-Pinto E, Caldeira A, Soares JB, Antunes T, Carvalho JR, Costa-Maia J, Oliveira P, Azevedo R, Liberal R, Bouça Machado T, Magno-Pereira V, Moutinho-Ribeiro P. Clube Português do Pâncreas Recommendations for Chronic Pancreatitis: Medical, Endoscopic, and Surgical Treatment (Part II). GE-PORTUGUESE JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY 2019; 26:404-413. [PMID: 31832495 DOI: 10.1159/000497389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Chronic pancreatitis (CP) is a complex disease that should be treated by experienced teams of gastroenterologists, radiologists, surgeons, and nutritionists in a multidisciplinary environment. Medical treatment includes lifestyle modification, nutrition, exocrine and endocrine pancreatic insufficiency correction, and pain management. Up to 60% of patients will ultimately require some type of endoscopic or surgical intervention for treatment. However, regardless of the modality, they are often ineffective unless smoking and alcohol cessation is achieved. Surgery retains a major role in the treatment of CP patients with intractable chronic pain or suspected pancreatic mass. For other complications like biliary or gastroduodenal obstruction, pseudocyst drainage can be performed endoscopically. The recommendations for CP were developed by Clube Português do Pâncreas (CPP), based on literature review to answer predefined topics, subsequently discussed and approved by all members of CPP. Recommendations are separated in two parts: "chronic pancreatitis etiology, natural history, and diagnosis," and "chronic pancreatitis medical, endoscopic, and surgical treatment." This abstract pertains to part II.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Caldeira
- Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Amato Lusitano, Castelo Branco, Portugal
| | | | - Teresa Antunes
- Gastroenterology Department, Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Joana Rita Carvalho
- Gastroenterology Department, Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - José Costa-Maia
- Surgery Department, Centro Hospitalar de São João, Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro Oliveira
- Radiology Department, Hospital de Braga, Braga, Portugal
| | - Richard Azevedo
- Gastroenterology Department, Hospital Amato Lusitano, Castelo Branco, Portugal
| | - Rodrigo Liberal
- Gastroenterology Department, Centro Hospitalar de São João, Porto, Portugal
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Bellon E, Roswora MD, Melling N, Grotelueschen R, Grupp K, Reeh M, Ghadban T, Izbicki JR, Bachmann K. Duodenum-preserving pancreatic head resection: A retrospective analysis of the Hamburg Modification. Surgery 2019; 165:938-945. [DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2018.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Tirkes T. Chronic Pancreatitis: What the Clinician Wants to Know from MR Imaging. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am 2019; 26:451-461. [PMID: 30376981 DOI: 10.1016/j.mric.2018.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis requires a complete medical history and clinical investigations, including imaging technologies and function tests. MR imaging/magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography is the preferred diagnostic tool for detection of ductal and parenchymal changes in patients with chronic pancreatitis. Ductal changes may not be present in the initial phase of chronic pancreatitis. Therefore, early diagnosis remains challenging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Temel Tirkes
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, IU Health University Hospital, 550 North University Boulevard, UH0663, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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Oh D, Lee JH, Song TJ, Park DH, Lee SK, Kim MH, Lee SS. Long-term outcomes of 6-mm diameter fully covered self-expandable metal stents in benign refractory pancreatic ductal stricture. Dig Endosc 2018; 30:508-515. [PMID: 29453786 DOI: 10.1111/den.13041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Fully covered self-expandable metal stent (FCSEMS) placement has been tried for pancreatic ductal strictures in chronic pancreatitis. However, the long-term outcome of this procedure remains unknown. The present study aimed to investigate the procedural and long-term outcomes of FCSEMS placement in patients with benign refractory pancreatic ductal strictures. METHODS Between August 2011 and September 2015, 18 patients underwent endoscopic treatment with FCSEMS for benign refractory pancreatic ductal stricture. Technical success, clinical success, radiological success, and adverse events were assessed. RESULTS Stent placement was successful in all patients (technical success rate, 100%). Reduction in pain score of >50% was achieved in 15 of the 18 patients (clinical success rate, 83.3%). In all patients, stents could easily be removed at a median of 7.5 months (interquartile range [IQR], 6-13.6) after their insertion. FCSEMS migration did not develop in any patient. Ductal stricture was improved in 15 patients (radiological success rate, 83.3%). After definite stent removal, 13 of the 15 (86.7%) patients who had responded to pancreatic stenting maintained the response during follow up (median of 47.3 months; IQR, 7.4-57.1). CONCLUSIONS FCSEMS placement appears to be safe and effective for the treatment of benign refractory pancreatic ductal strictures as it can provide persistent improvement in the stricture in long-term follow up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongwook Oh
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nowon Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Hoon Lee
- Division of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae Jun Song
- Department of Gastroenterology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Do Hyun Park
- Department of Gastroenterology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Koo Lee
- Department of Gastroenterology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Myung-Hwan Kim
- Department of Gastroenterology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Soo Lee
- Department of Gastroenterology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
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Cost-effectiveness of benign Wirsung duct strictures treatment in chronic pancreatitis. Wideochir Inne Tech Maloinwazyjne 2018; 13:17-26. [PMID: 29643954 PMCID: PMC5890842 DOI: 10.5114/wiitm.2018.72578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Chronic pancreatitis (CP) is an important problem for modern medicine, the healthcare system (Poland – NFZ) and the national insurance system (Poland – ZUS). The chronic nature of the disease, the lack of targeted treatment and the low mortality rate lead to an accumulation of patients who demand expensive treatment, both conservative and invasive. Rising costs in health care are forcing the need for a more cost-effective method of treatment. Aim The primary aim of this study was to perform a retrospective calculation of costs in both surgical and endoscopic treatment, hospital stay, healthcare, and public insurance of patients suffering from chronic pancreatitis. Parallel quality of life analysis was performed. It was possible to develop a cost-effective therapeutic algorithm for patients with an uncomplicated stricture of Wirsung’s duct within the Polish health care system. Results In Poland, the hospital costs of endoscopic treatment of patients with chronic pancreatitis were higher than those of the surgical treatment group despite both resulting in a similar life quality. Conclusions From a cost-effectiveness perspective, it was shown that surgical intervention is a more cost-effective therapy than endotherapy. Furthermore, patients with benign stricture of the main pancreatic duct in chronic pancreatitis should not be treated with endotherapy for longer than 12 months.
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Quantitative MR Evaluation of Chronic Pancreatitis: Extracellular Volume Fraction and MR Relaxometry. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2018; 210:533-542. [PMID: 29336598 DOI: 10.2214/ajr.17.18606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to determine if extracellular volume fraction and T1 mapping can be used to diagnose chronic pancreatitis (CP). MATERIALS AND METHODS This HIPAA-compliant study analyzed 143 consecutive patients with and without CP who underwent MR imaging between May 2016 and February 2017. Patients were selected for the study according to inclusion and exclusion criteria that considered history and clinical and laboratory findings. Eligible patients (n = 119) were grouped as normal (n = 60) or with mild (n = 22), moderate (n = 27), or severe (n = 10) CP on the basis of MRCP findings using the Cambridge classification as the reference standard. T1 maps were acquired in unenhanced and late contrast-enhanced phases using a 3D dual flip-angle gradient-echo sequence. All patients were imaged on the same 3-T scanner using the same imaging parameters, contrast agent, and dosage. RESULTS Mean extracellular volume fractions and T1 relaxation times were significantly different within the study groups (one-way ANOVA, p < 0.001). Using the AUC curve analysis, extracellular volume fraction of > 0.27 showed 92% sensitivity (54/59) and 77% specificity (46/60) for the diagnosis of CP (AUC = 0.90). A T1 relaxation time of > 950 ms revealed 64% sensitivity (38/59) and 88% specificity (53/60) (AUC = 0.80). Combining extracellular volume fraction and T1 mapping yielded sensitivity of 85% (50/59) and specificity of 92% (55/60) (AUC = 0.94). CONCLUSION Extracellular volume fraction and T1 mapping may provide quantitative metrics for determining the presence and severity of acinar cell loss and aid in the diagnosis of CP.
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Efficacy, Safety, and Outcomes of Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography With Per-Oral Pancreatoscopy: A Multicenter Experience. J Clin Gastroenterol 2017; 51:e101-e105. [PMID: 28059943 DOI: 10.1097/mcg.0000000000000796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Per-oral pancreatoscopy can be used for both evaluation and treatment of pancreatic duct stones during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, evaluating and treating pancreatic duct strictures of indeterminate etiology, and visual inspection and direct biopsy of pancreatic duct mucosa for diagnosis of intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN). We aim to describe the efficacy, safety, and outcomes of pancreatoscopy in a large, multicenter series of patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS A multicenter retrospective review was conducted of all patients who underwent per-oral pancreatoscopy at 2 large tertiary-care medical centers. Review of relevant medical records, laboratory data, imaging studies, endoscopic procedure notes, telephone follow-up notes, and progress notes was performed. RESULTS Thirty-three patients underwent 41 pancreatoscopy procedures. Indications included: 20 (48.8%) for diagnosis and treatment of pancreatic duct stones, 16 (39%) for investigation of IPMN, and 5 (12.2%) for evaluation of pancreatic duct strictures.In 20 procedures performed for stone disease, complete pancreatic duct clearance was achieved in 17 of 20 (85%) cases. Strictures were successfully dilated in 5 of 5 (100%) procedures. Direct visualization and biopsy demonstrated IPMN in 11 of 11 (100%) cases. Adverse events occurred in 3 of 41 (7.3%) of procedures, all of which were mild. CONCLUSIONS In this large series, we demonstrate that in patients with difficult to manage stone disease, strictures and possible malignant ductal pathology, pancreatoscopy is an effective and safe tool that can facilitate both diagnosis and effective therapy. Adverse events in our study were mild and within acceptable limits, further demonstrating that this is a safe procedure that should be offered to appropriate patients.
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Tillou JD, Tatum JA, Jolissaint JS, Strand DS, Wang AY, Zaydfudim V, Adams RB, Brayman KL. Operative management of chronic pancreatitis: A review. Am J Surg 2017; 214:347-357. [PMID: 28325588 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2017.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Revised: 11/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pain secondary to chronic pancreatitis is a difficult clinical problem to manage. Many patients are treated medically or undergo endoscopic therapy and surgical intervention is often reserved for those who have failed to gain adequate pain relief from a more conservative approach. RESULTS There have been a number of advances in the operative management of chronic pancreatitis over the last few decades and current therapies include drainage procedures (pancreaticojejunostomy, etc.), resection (pancreticoduodenectomy, etc.) and combined drainage/resection procedures (Frey procedure, etc.). Additionally, many centers currently perform total pancreatectomy with islet autotransplantation, in addition to minimally invasive options that are intended to tailor therapy to individual patients. DISCUSSION Operative management of chronic pancreatitis often improves quality of life, and is associated with low rates of morbidity and mortality. The decision as to which procedure is optimal for each patient should be based on a combination of pathologic changes, prior interventions, and individual surgeon and center experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Tillou
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jacob A Tatum
- Department of Surgery, The University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Joshua S Jolissaint
- Department of Surgery, The University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Daniel S Strand
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Andrew Y Wang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Victor Zaydfudim
- Department of Surgery, The University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Reid B Adams
- Department of Surgery, The University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Kenneth L Brayman
- Department of Surgery, The University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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Lew D, Afghani E, Pandol S. Chronic Pancreatitis: Current Status and Challenges for Prevention and Treatment. Dig Dis Sci 2017; 62:1702-1712. [PMID: 28501969 PMCID: PMC5507364 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-017-4602-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This paper reviews the current status of our understanding of the epidemiology, diagnosis, and management of the continuum of pancreatic diseases from acute and recurrent acute pancreatitis to chronic pancreatitis and the diseases that are often linked with pancreatitis including diabetes mellitus and pancreatic cancer. In addition to reviewing the current state of the field, we identify gaps in knowledge that are necessary to address to improve patient outcomes in these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Lew
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd., Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Elham Afghani
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd., Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Stephen Pandol
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Blvd., Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA.
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Abstract
Diagnosing CP can range from routine in those with severe disease and obvious calcifications on CT imaging to elusive in those patients with early changes in CP. The workup of suspected CP should follow a progressively noninvasive to more invasive STEP-wise approach in a patient with a suspicious clinical presentation and risk factors that raise their pretest probability of disease. After a thorough history and physical examination, basic laboratories should be obtained such as lipase, amylase, metabolic panel, and indirect PFTs (fecal elastase-1, serum trypsin). Computed tomography remains the best initial imaging modality to obtain as it has good sensitivity for severe CP and may obviate the need for other diagnostic tests. When equivocal, an MRCP should be obtained for a more detailed evaluation of the both the pancreatic parenchyma and ducts. If the diagnosis remains in doubt, EUS should be performed with or without pancreas function testing. ERCP remains a last-line diagnostic test and seldom should be used outside of therapeutic purposes. Future advances should target optimizing current diagnostic tools to more accurately diagnose early CP, as it is in this population where the benefits of delaying progression of CP may have the most profound effect. Likely the best way at establishing a diagnosis in these patients is via pancreatic function testing in the setting of indeterminate EUS results. Biomarker studies of pancreas fluid may supplement diagnosis.
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Adler JM, Gardner TB. Endoscopic Therapies for Chronic Pancreatitis. Dig Dis Sci 2017; 62:1729-1737. [PMID: 28258377 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-017-4502-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chronic pancreatitis is a fibroinflammatory disease of the pancreas leading to varying degrees of endocrine and exocrine dysfunction. Treatment options are generally designed to control the pain of chronic pancreatitis, and endoscopic therapy is one of the main treatment modalities. Herein, we describe the endoscopic management of pancreatic duct calculi and strictures, entrapment of the intrapancreatic bile duct, celiac plexus interventions, and drainage of pancreatic pseudocysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M Adler
- Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, One Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH, 03756, USA
| | - Timothy B Gardner
- Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, One Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH, 03756, USA.
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Kwon CI, Gromski MA, Sherman S, El Hajj II, Easler JJ, Watkins J, McHenry L, Lehman GA, Fogel EL. Clinical response to dorsal duct drainage via the minor papilla in refractory obstructing chronic calcific pancreatitis. Endoscopy 2017; 49:371-377. [PMID: 28201840 PMCID: PMC5552235 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-120996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Background and study aims Complete stone removal from the main pancreatic duct might not be achieved in all patients with obstructive chronic calcific pancreatitis. We report our results for endoscopic dorsal pancreatic duct (DPD) bypass of obstructing stones in the ventral pancreatic duct (VPD). Patients and methods 16 patients with obstructive chronic calcific pancreatitis were treated with a DPD bypass. Clinical success was defined as significant pain relief and no hospital admissions for pain management during the ongoing treatment period. Results Among 16 patients meeting entry criteria, 10 (62.5 %) had a history of unsuccessful endoscopic therapy, and 8 had failed extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL). Clinical success was achieved in 12 patients (75 %). Among these responders, 10 patients (83.3 %) had markedly improved or complete pain relief after the first stent placement, which persisted throughout the follow-up period; 11 patients (91.7 %) were able to discontinue their daily analgesics. Conclusions In selected patients with obstructive chronic calcific pancreatitis, the DPD bypass may be considered as a rescue endoscopic therapy, potentially obviating the need for surgery when standard endoscopic methods and ESWL fail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Il Kwon
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, USA,Digestive Disease Center, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Mark A. Gromski
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, USA
| | - Stuart Sherman
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, USA
| | - Ihab I. El Hajj
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, USA
| | - Jeffrey J. Easler
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, USA
| | - James Watkins
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, USA
| | - Lee McHenry
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, USA
| | - Glen A. Lehman
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, USA
| | - Evan L. Fogel
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, USA
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Duct Diameter and Size of Stones Predict Successful Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy and Endoscopic Clearance in Patients With Chronic Pancreatitis and Pancreaticolithiasis. Pancreas 2016; 45:1208-11. [PMID: 26967455 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0000000000000622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The need for endoscopic therapy before extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (SWL) to facilitate pancreatic duct stone removal is unclear. Predictive factors associated with successful fragmentation and subsequent complete duct clearance are variable. We hypothesize pancreatic duct strictures and large stones, but not pre-SWL endotherapy, correlate with successful fragmentation and complete duct clearance. METHODS A retrospective cohort study of patients with pancreaticolithiasis who underwent SWL and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography between January 2009 and June 2014 was evaluated. RESULTS Thirty-seven patients were treated. Technical success (TS) of fragmentation was achieved in 22 patients (60%). Technical success was associated with fewer stones and SWL sessions and smaller stone and duct size. By multivariate logistic regression, only duct dilation was associated with TS. Endoscopic success of complete duct clearance was achieved in 29 patients (80%). Endoscopic success was more frequent with stones 12 mm or less and with successful TS. By multivariate logistic regression, stones greater than 12 mm were associated with endoscopic failure. CONCLUSIONS Pre-SWL endotherapy does not affect stone fragmentation. Patients with a dilated duct (>8 mm) and pancreatic stones 12 mm or greater were associated with unsuccessful TS and endoscopic success, respectively, and may benefit from early referral for surgical decompression.
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Li BR, Liao Z, Du TT, Ye B, Chen H, Ji JT, Zheng ZH, Hao JF, Ning SB, Wang D, Lin JH, Hu LH, Li ZS. Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy is a safe and effective treatment for pancreatic stones coexisting with pancreatic pseudocysts. Gastrointest Endosc 2016; 84:69-78. [PMID: 26542375 DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2015.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS We aimed to investigate outcomes of pancreatic extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (P-ESWL) for the removal of large pancreatic stones coexisting with pancreatic pseudocysts (PPCs) in chronic pancreatitis (CP). METHODS This is a prospective study performed in CP patients with at least 1 stone (≥5 mm). Patients were divided into the PPC group (stones coexisting with PPCs) or the control group (stones alone). Patients were initially subjected to successive P-ESWL treatments, followed by ERCP. Primary outcomes were P-ESWL adverse events, and secondary outcomes were stone clearance, long-term pain relief, improved quality-of-life scores, and PPC regression. RESULTS A total of 849 patients (59 in the PPC group and 790 in the control group) was subjected to P-ESWL between March 2011 and October 2013. Occurrences of P-ESWL adverse events were similar between the PPC group and the control group (11.86% vs 12.41%, P = .940). After the treatment of initial P-ESWL combined with ERCP, the complete, partial, and nonclearance of stones occurred in 67.24%, 20.69%, and 12.07%, respectively, of patients in PPC group, with no significant difference from the control group (complete, partial, and nonclearance: 83.17%, 10.40%, and 11.39%, respectively; P = .106). Fifty-five of 59 patients (93.22%) with PPCs were followed for a median period of 21.9 months (range, 12.0-45.1). PPCs disappeared in 56.36% (31/55) and 76.36% (42/55) of patients after 3 months and 1 year of follow-up visits, respectively. Moreover, complete and partial pain relief were achieved in 63.64% (35/55) and 25.45% (14/55) of patients, respectively. The scores for quality of life (P < .001), physical health (P < .001), and weight loss (P < .001) improved. CONCLUSIONS In our multispecialty tertiary center, initial P-ESWL followed by ERCP was safe in patients with coexisting pancreatic stones and PPCs and effective for stone clearance, main pancreatic duct drainage, and pain relief.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bai-Rong Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China; Digestive Endoscopy Center, Changhai Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China; Department of Gastroenterology, Air Force General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhuan Liao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China; Digestive Endoscopy Center, Changhai Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ting-Ting Du
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Ye
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China; Digestive Endoscopy Center, Changhai Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China; Digestive Endoscopy Center, Changhai Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun-Tao Ji
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhao-Hong Zheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun-Feng Hao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shou-Bin Ning
- Department of Gastroenterology, Air Force General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China; Digestive Endoscopy Center, Changhai Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin-Huan Lin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China; Digestive Endoscopy Center, Changhai Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liang-Hao Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China; Digestive Endoscopy Center, Changhai Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhao-Shen Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China; Digestive Endoscopy Center, Changhai Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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21
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Clark CJ, Fino NF, Clark N, Rosales A, Mishra G, Pawa R. Trends in the Use of Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography for the Management of Chronic Pancreatitis in the United States. J Clin Gastroenterol 2016; 50:417-22. [PMID: 26890329 PMCID: PMC4824658 DOI: 10.1097/mcg.0000000000000493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
GOALS The aim of this study was to characterize current trends in the use of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in the United States for patients hospitalized with chronic pancreatitis. BACKGROUND Historically, ERCP was the primary tool for diagnostic and therapeutic management of chronic pancreatitis. With increased availability of magnetic resonance imaging and endoscopic ultrasound, indications for ERCP are being redefined. STUDY We performed a retrospective cohort study using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample from 1998 to 2010. We identified patients with a primary discharge diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis who underwent ERCP. We excluded patients diagnosed with biliary, gallbladder, or pancreatic neoplasm and patients who underwent gallbladder or pancreatic operation during the same admission. We analyzed patient and hospital characteristics, length of stay, and in-hospital mortality, and adjusted for weighted sample schema. RESULTS During the study period, 29,318 patients with chronic pancreatitis (mean age 52 y, 57.2% female) underwent ERCP during their hospitalization. The majority of patients were white (56.1%). The majority of procedures were performed at large (72.4%), urban (95.2%), and academic (69.0%) hospitals. Mean hospital charges were $32,929 (SE= $1605). Mean length of stay was 6 days (SE=0.3), with in-hospital mortality of 0.76%. Over the study period, the number of procedures has decreased significantly (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS In the United States, ERCP has been an important diagnostic and therapeutic tool for chronic pancreatitis. Over the last decade, ERCP has become an uncommon inpatient procedure for chronic pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clancy J. Clark
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of General Surgery, Wake Forest Baptist Health
| | - Nora F. Fino
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest Baptist Health,
| | - Norman Clark
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest Baptist Health,
| | | | - Girsh Mishra
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest Baptist Health,
| | - Rishi Pawa
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest Baptist Health,
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22
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Riff BP, Chandrasekhara V. The Role of Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography in Management of Pancreatic Diseases. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 2016; 45:45-65. [PMID: 26895680 DOI: 10.1016/j.gtc.2015.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography is an effective platform for a variety of therapies in the management of benign and malignant disease of the pancreas. Over the last 50 years, endotherapy has evolved into the first-line therapy in the majority of acute and chronic inflammatory diseases of the pancreas. As this field advances, it is important that gastroenterologists maintain an adequate knowledge of procedure indication, maintain sufficient procedure volume to handle complex pancreatic endotherapy, and understand alternate approaches to pancreatic diseases including medical management, therapy guided by endoscopic ultrasonography, and surgical options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian P Riff
- Division of Gastroenterology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1069, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Vinay Chandrasekhara
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Perelman Center for Advanced Medicine South Pavilion, 7th Floor, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Kwek ABE, Ang TL, Maydeo A. Current status of endotherapy for chronic pancreatitis. Singapore Med J 2015; 55:613-20. [PMID: 25630314 DOI: 10.11622/smedj.2014173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Chronic pancreatitis is associated with varied morphological complications, including intraductal stones, main pancreatic ductal strictures, distal biliary strictures and pseudocysts. Endoscopic therapy provides a less invasive alternative to surgery. In addition, extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy improves the success rate of endoscopic clearance of intraductal stones. However, recent data from randomised trials have shown better long-term outcomes with surgical drainage for obstructive pancreatic ductal disease. In patients with distal biliary strictures, stent insertion leads to good immediate drainage, but after stent removal, recurrent narrowing is common. Endoscopic drainage of pancreatic pseudocysts has excellent outcome and should be accompanied by pancreatic ductal stenting when a ductal communication is evident. In those who remain symptomatic, endoscopic ultrasonography-guided coeliac plexus block may provide effective but short-term pain relief. In this review, we present the current evidence for the role of endotherapy in the management of patients with chronic pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Boon Eu Kwek
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Changi General Hospital, 2 Simei Street 3, Singapore 529889.
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Park SM. [Recent Advances in Management of Chronic Pancreatitis]. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY 2015; 66:144-9. [PMID: 26387696 DOI: 10.4166/kjg.2015.66.3.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Treatment for chronic pancreatitis (CP) should be started early to prevent further pancreatic fibrosis and managed with a multidisciplinary approach to prevent complications and to maintain a good quality of life. The management strategies of CP can be divided into medical, endoscopic, and surgical treatment. The role of pancreatic enzymes and antioxidants for pain relief is not clearly defined, but their role in maintaining nutritional support by correcting exocrine insufficiency is well established. Endoscopic treatment is applied for resolution of pancreatic or bile duct strictures, clearance of pancreatic duct stones, and pseudocyst drainage. Endosonography-guided celiac plexus or celiac ganglia block for pain relief are known to be safe procedures but evidence for their effectiveness is still lacking. Surgery is commonly recommended when endoscopic therapy fails or there is suspicion of malignancy. New evidence-based guidelines for the management of CP are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon Mee Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju, Korea
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25
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Impact of endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration and multidisciplinary approach in the management of abdominal or mediastinal mass. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015; 27:1045-51. [PMID: 26011232 DOI: 10.1097/meg.0000000000000390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) is a useful tool for the diagnosis of suspected abdominal or mediastinal neoplastic lesions. AIM To evaluate the impact of EUS-FNA and multidisciplinary approach on the diagnostic work-up and therapeutic management of patients with abdominal or mediastinal neoplastic lesions. PATIENTS AND METHODS One hundred and twenty patients (69 men, median age 65 years) with a suspected abdominal or mediastinal neoplastic mass at computed tomography or MRI underwent EUS-FNA. All EUS-FNA findings and clinical data were evaluated by a multidisciplinary team (oncologists, surgeons, and gastroenterologists). EUS-FNA findings were compared with the final diagnosis made by histological evaluation of the surgical specimen or clinical outcome at follow-up. RESULTS A correct diagnosis was obtained by EUS-FNA in 96/120 patients (80%), indicating benignancy of the lesion in 21 (18%) cases and confirming malignancy in 75 (62%). On the basis of EUS-FNA findings, chemotherapy was tailored in 57/75 (76%) patients with malignancy whereas the surgical strategy was changed in 21/120 (18%) of patients. Overall, the diagnostic accuracy of EUS-FNA was 85%. A multidisciplinary team approach enabled a correct diagnosis in patients in whom EUS-FNA was nondiagnostic and to identify five cases with false-negative EUS-FNA findings. CONCLUSION EUS-FNA has a relevant impact on the management of suspected abdominal or mediastinal neoplastic lesions. A multidisciplinary team approach enables to overcome the EUS-FNA methodological limitations. The combination of EUS-FNA and multidisciplinary team approach could help to diagnose and tailor therapeutic options in such patients.
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Chandrasekhara V, Chathadi KV, Acosta RD, Decker GA, Early DS, Eloubeidi MA, Evans JA, Faulx AL, Fanelli RD, Fisher DA, Foley K, Fonkalsrud L, Hwang JH, Jue TL, Khashab MA, Lightdale JR, Muthusamy VR, Pasha SF, Saltzman JR, Sharaf R, Shaukat A, Shergill AK, Wang A, Cash BD, DeWitt JM. The role of endoscopy in benign pancreatic disease. Gastrointest Endosc 2015; 82:203-14. [PMID: 26077456 DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2015.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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27
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Tringali A, Bove V, Costamagna G. Endoscopic approach to benign biliary obstruction. GASTROINTESTINAL INTERVENTION 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gii.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Sey MSL, Schmaltz L, Al-Haddad MA, DeWitt JM, Calley CSJ, Juan M, Lasisi F, Sherman S, McHenry L, Imperiale TF, LeBlanc JK. Effectiveness and safety of serial endoscopic ultrasound-guided celiac plexus block for chronic pancreatitis. Endosc Int Open 2015; 3:E56-9. [PMID: 26134773 PMCID: PMC4423296 DOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1377919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS Endoscopic ultrasound - guided celiac plexus block (EUS-CPB) is an established treatment for pain in patients with chronic pancreatitis (CP), but the effectiveness and safety of repeated procedures are unknown. Our objective is to report our experience of repeated EUS-CPB procedures within a single patient. PATIENTS AND METHODS A prospectively maintained EUS database was retrospectively analyzed to identify patients who had undergone more than one EUS-CPB procedure over a 17-year period. The main outcome measures included number of EUS-CPB procedures for each patient, self-reported pain relief, duration of pain relief, and procedure-related adverse events. RESULTS A total of 248 patients underwent more than one EUS-CPB procedure and were included in our study. Patients with known or suspected CP (N = 248) underwent a mean (SD) of 3.1 (1.6) EUS-CPB procedures. In 76 % of the patients with CP, the median (range) duration of the response to the first EUS-CPB procedure was 10 (1 - 54) weeks. Lack of pain relief after the initial EUS-CPB was associated with failure of the next EUS-CPB (OR 0.17, 95 %CI 0.06 - 0.54). Older age at first EUS-CPB and pain relief after the first EUS-CPB were significantly associated with pain relief after subsequent blocks (P = 0.026 and P = 0.002, respectively). Adverse events included peri-procedural hypoxia (n = 2) and hypotension (n = 1) and post-procedural orthostasis (n = 2) and diarrhea (n = 4). No major adverse events occurred. CONCLUSIONS Repeated EUS-CPB procedures in a single patient appear to be safe. Response to the first EUS-CPB is associated with response to subsequent blocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S. L. Sey
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada,Corresponding author Michael Sai Lai Sey, MD Western University London Health Sciences Centre–Victoria Hospital800 Commissioners Road EastLondon, Ontario, Canada N6A 5W91-519-667-6820
| | - Leslie Schmaltz
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Indiana University Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Mohammad A. Al-Haddad
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Indiana University Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - John M. DeWitt
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Indiana University Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Cynthia S. J. Calley
- Department of Biostatistics, Indiana University Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Michelle Juan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Indiana University Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Femi Lasisi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Indiana University Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Stuart Sherman
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Indiana University Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Lee McHenry
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Indiana University Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Thomas F. Imperiale
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Indiana University Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA,Regenstrief Institute, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA,Center of Innovation, Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Julia K. LeBlanc
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Indiana University Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To summarize recent data on techniques, efficacy and complications of endoscopic management of chronic pancreatitis. RECENT FINDINGS Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy with or without endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography is the first-line treatment for large painful obstructive pancreatic duct calculi. Use of preextracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy secretin could result in better stone clearance. The first-line treatment for dominant pancreatic duct strictures is placement of a single 10-Fr polyethylene stent with planned exchanges every 3 months until 1 year. Other endoscopic approaches that have shown good efficacy include placement of simultaneous multiple plastic stents and fully covered self-expanding metallic stents. Endoscopic options to treat chronic pancreatitis-associated benign biliary strictures include single and simultaneous multiple plastic stenting and fully covered self-expanding metallic stents. The European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy recommends multiple plastic stenting for such strictures, although fully covered self-expanding metallic stents should be currently used under research settings. Endoscopic ultrasonography-guided cholangiopancreatography and pancreatobiliary drainage is an evolving option for chronic pancreatitis-related ductal obstruction after failed endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Recent data have supported the safety and efficacy of endotherapy for chronic pancreatitis in children. SUMMARY Endotherapy is the first line of management in chronic pancreatitis with symptomatic pancreatobiliary ductal obstruction. Further studies are required in certain key areas such as use of fully covered self-expanding metallic stents for pancreatic ductal and biliary strictures and endoscopic ultrasonography-guided pancreatobiliary drainage after failed endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography.
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Kim YH, Jang SI, Rhee K, Lee DK. Endoscopic treatment of pancreatic calculi. Clin Endosc 2014; 47:227-35. [PMID: 24944986 PMCID: PMC4058540 DOI: 10.5946/ce.2014.47.3.227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic pancreatitis is a progressive inflammatory disease that destroys pancreatic parenchyma and alters ductal stricture, leading to ductal destruction and abdominal pain. Pancreatic duct stones (PDSs) are a common complication of chronic pancreatitis that requires treatment to relieve abdominal pain and improve pancreas function. Endoscopic therapy, extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL), and surgery are treatment modalities of PDSs, although lingering controversies have hindered a consensus recommendation. Many comparative studies have reported that surgery is the superior treatment because of reduced duration and frequency of hospitalization, cost, pain relief, and reintervention, while endoscopic therapy is effective and less invasive but cannot be used in all patients. Surgery is the treatment of choice when endoscopic therapy has failed, malignancy is suspected, or duodenal stricture is present. However, in patients with the appropriate indications or at high-risk for surgery, endoscopic therapy in combination with ESWL can be considered a first-line treatment. We expect that the development of advanced endoscopic techniques and equipment will expand the role of endoscopic treatment in PDS removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Hoon Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Ill Jang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kwangwon Rhee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Godoil Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong Ki Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Bachmann K, Tomkoetter L, Erbes J, Hofmann B, Reeh M, Perez D, Vashist Y, Bockhorn M, Izbicki JR, Mann O. Beger and Frey procedures for treatment of chronic pancreatitis: comparison of outcomes at 16-year follow-up. J Am Coll Surg 2014; 219:208-16. [PMID: 24880955 DOI: 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2014.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic pancreatitis is a chronic inflammatory disorder characterized by progressive fibrosis of pancreatic tissue. The principal symptom is chronic pain resulting in reduced quality of life and inability to work. Short-term follow-up has shown that duodenum-preserving pancreatic head resections (DPPHRs) are superior in outcomes to pancreaticoduodenectomy. Therefore, these organ-sparing procedures have gained wide acceptance. This trial was conducted to compare patient outcomes 16 years after treatment for chronic pancreatitis by means of the Beger or the Frey procedure. STUDY DESIGN Seventy-four patients suffering from chronic pancreatitis were randomly assigned to 2 treatment groups (Beger n = 38) and Frey (n = 36). The perioperative courses in the randomized controlled trial and the 8-year follow-up have been reported previously. All participating patients were contacted with a standardized, validated questionnaire to evaluate long-term survival, quality of life, pain, and exocrine and endocrine function. RESULTS No significant differences between the 2 groups in terms of quality of life, pain control, or other somatic parameters were detected after a median of 16 years postoperatively. Mortality was comparable after Beger and Frey procedures at 39% vs 34%, respectively, with postoperative survivals of 13.0 ± 1.1 years and 13.3 ± 0.9 years, respectively (p = 0.660). No statistically significant differences were found in rates of endocrine insufficiency (Beger 87% vs Frey 86%; p = 0.953) or exocrine insufficiency (Beger 77% vs Frey 83%; p = 0.655). CONCLUSIONS Duodenum-preserving resections of the pancreatic head offered good and permanent pain relief and substantially increased quality of life in chronic pancreatitis. Overall, a 16-year long-term follow-up found comparable outcomes for the Beger and Frey procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Bachmann
- Department of General, Visceral, and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Lena Tomkoetter
- Department of General, Visceral, and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Erbes
- Department of General, Visceral, and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Bianca Hofmann
- Department of General, Visceral, and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Reeh
- Department of General, Visceral, and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Perez
- Department of General, Visceral, and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Yogesh Vashist
- Department of General, Visceral, and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maximilian Bockhorn
- Department of General, Visceral, and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jakob R Izbicki
- Department of General, Visceral, and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Mann
- Department of General, Visceral, and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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Shen Y, Liu M, Chen M, Li Y, Lu Y, Zou X. Covered metal stent or multiple plastic stents for refractory pancreatic ductal strictures in chronic pancreatitis: a systematic review. Pancreatology 2014; 14:87-90. [PMID: 24650959 DOI: 10.1016/j.pan.2013.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Revised: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Refractory chronic pancreatitis has been proposed as a challenge for endoscopists following routine single plastic stenting. However, data on the efficacy and safety of further endoscopic stenting are still controversial. The current systematic review aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of placement of fully covered self-expandable metal stent (FCSEMS) and multiple plastic stents. METHODS Databases including MEDLINE, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, CBM, CNKI, VIP, and WANFANG Database were used to search relevant trials. Published studies were assessed by using well-defined inclusion and exclusion criteria. The process was independently performed by two investigators. RESULTS A total of 5 studies provided data of 80 patients. Forest plots and publication bias were not carried out because few studies were relevant and screened studies were all case series. The technical success rate was 100% both in placement of FCSEMS and multiple plastic stents. The functional success rate after placement of FCSEMS was 100%, followed by multiple plastic stents (94.7%). Complications occurred 26.2% after FCSEMS placement, which was not described in detail in multiple plastic stents. The stent migration rate was 8.2% for FCSEMS and 10.5% for multiple plastic stents. Reintervention rate was 9.8% for FCSEMS and 15.8% for multiple plastic stents. Pain improvement rate was 85.2% for FCSEMS and 84.2% for multiple plastic stents. CONCLUSIONS FCSEMS appeared to be no significant difference with multiple plastic stents in treatment of refractory chronic pancreatitis. We need to develop more investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghua Shen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University, Medical School, PR China
| | - Mingdong Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University, Medical School, PR China
| | - Min Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University, Medical School, PR China
| | - Yunhong Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University, Medical School, PR China
| | - Ying Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University, Medical School, PR China.
| | - Xiaoping Zou
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University, Medical School, PR China.
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Reported findings on endoscopic ultrasound examinations for chronic pancreatitis: toward establishing an endoscopic ultrasound quality benchmark. Pancreas 2014; 43:37-40. [PMID: 24177140 PMCID: PMC3864114 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0b013e3182a85e1e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) quality benchmarks for pancreatic disease previously focused on maintaining thresholds of diagnostic accuracy for fine-needle aspiration and measuring complications. We aimed to evaluate quality indicators when performing EUS specifically for the diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis (CP). METHODS Using a single-center EUS database, we identified patients who underwent an EUS since 2001 specifically for the indication of (1) suspected CP, (2) exclusion of CP, or (3) established CP. Each EUS report was evaluated for the number of parenchymal and ductal criteria as per minimal standards terminology criteria. RESULTS Two hundred eighty-six EUS examinations performed by 4 endosonographers were included. The mean number of reported evaluated parenchymal criteria was 2.44 (median, 2), and that of ductal criteria was 2.41 (median, 2). There was a difference among endosonographers in terms of mean number of total criteria reported evaluated (P < 0.001): endosonographer 1 = 3.9 (n = 174 examinations), endosonographer 2 = 6.8 (n = 86 examinations), endosonographer 3 = 6.2 (n = 13 examinations), and endosonographer 4 = 2.5 (n = 11 examinations). However, there was no difference between endosonographers in the number of total (parenchymal and ductal) criteria found. CONCLUSIONS There was a discrepancy among endosonographers when reporting which EUS findings were evaluated in patients undergoing EUS specifically to diagnose CP.
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Abstract
Chronic pancreatitis (CP) is a progressive disease with irreversible changes in the pancreas. Patients commonly present with pain and with exocrine or endocrine insufficiency. All therapeutic efforts in CP are directed towards relief of pain as well as the management of associated complications. Endoscopic therapy offers many advantages in patients with CP who present with ductal calculi, strictures, ductal leaks, pseudocyst or associated biliary strictures. Endotherapy offers a high rate of success with low morbidity in properly selected patients. The procedure can be repeated and failed endotherapy is not a hindrance to subsequent surgery. Endoscopic pancreatic sphincterotomy is helpful in patients with CP with minimal ductal changes while minor papilla sphincterotomy provides relief in patients with pancreas divisum and chronic pancreatitis. Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy is the standard of care in patients with large pancreatic ductal calculi. Long term follow up has shown pain relief in over 60% of patients. A transpapillary stent placed across the disruption provides relief in over 90% of patients with ductal leaks. Pancreatic ductal strictures are managed by single large bore stents. Multiple stents are placed for refractory strictures. CP associated benign biliary strictures (BBS) are best treated with multiple plastic stents, as the response to a single plastic stent is poor. Covered self expanding metal stents are increasingly being used in the management of BBS though further long term studies are needed. Pseudocysts are best drained endoscopically with a success rate of 80%-95% at most centers. Endosonography (EUS) has added to the therapeutic armamentarium in the management of patients with CP. Drainage of pseudcysts, cannulation of inaccessible pancreatic ducts and celiac ganglion block in patients with intractable pain are all performed using EUS. Endotherapy should be offered as the first line of therapy in properly selected patients with CP who have failed to respond to medical therapy and require intervention.
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35
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Familiari P, Boškoski I, Bove V, Costamagna G. ERCP for biliary strictures associated with chronic pancreatitis. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am 2013; 23:833-45. [PMID: 24079793 DOI: 10.1016/j.giec.2013.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Chronic pancreatitis (CP)-related common bile duct (CBD) strictures are more difficult to treat endoscopically compared with benign biliary strictures because of their nature, particularly in patients with calcific CP. Before any attempt at treatment, malignancy must be excluded. Single plastic stents can be used for immediate symptom relief and as "bridge to surgery and/or bridge to decision," but are not suitable for definitive treatment of CP-related CBD strictures because of long-term poor results. Temporary simultaneous placement of multiple plastic stents has a high technical success rate and provides good long-term results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Familiari
- Digestive Endoscopy Unit, Gemelli University Hospital, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome 00167, Italy
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36
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES A Japanese multicenter study of pancreatolithiasis was performed to investigate its clinical features and determine treatment strategies for pancreatolithiasis. METHODS A retrospective study was performed on 916 patients managed in 34 institutions for a period of more than 5 years. RESULTS The treatment methods were extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) in 479 patients, surgery in 133, and endoscopy alone in 68. Fragmentation of stones after ESWL was achieved in 92.4% of the patients. However, complete stone clearance was achieved in 49.4% of the patients after ESWL alone. The complete stone clearance rate was lower after ESWL than after endoscopy (87.9%). The incidence of early complications was significantly higher after surgery (13.3%) than after ESWL (6.1%). The frequencies of total stone recurrence after ESWL (22.5%) and endoscopy (12.0%) were significantly higher than that after surgery (1.5%). After ESWL (17.6%), abdominal pain recurred significantly more frequently than after surgery (2.2%). Stones and abdominal pain most often recurred within 3 years after ESWL and endoscopy. CONCLUSIONS First-line treatment of pancreatic stones should be ESWL alone or with endoscopy because of its minimal invasiveness and low incidence of early complications. Surgery should be performed on patients in whom ESWL and endoscopy failed.
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37
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Conwell DL, Wu BU. Chronic pancreatitis: making the diagnosis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012; 10:1088-95. [PMID: 22642958 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2012.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2010] [Revised: 04/21/2012] [Accepted: 05/20/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Darwin L Conwell
- Center for Pancreatic Disease, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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39
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Perri V, Boškoski I, Tringali A, Familiari P, Mutignani M, Marmo R, Costamagna G. Fully covered self-expandable metal stents in biliary strictures caused by chronic pancreatitis not responding to plastic stenting: a prospective study with 2 years of follow-up. Gastrointest Endosc 2012; 75:1271-7. [PMID: 22464813 DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2012.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 02/03/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Perri
- Digestive Endoscopy Unit, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
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40
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Kanno A, Masamune A, Hirota M, Kikuta K, Shimosegawa T. Successful treatment of benign biliary stricture by a covered self-expandable metallic stent in a patient with chronic pancreatitis. Dig Endosc 2012; 24 Suppl 1:43-8. [PMID: 22533751 DOI: 10.1111/j.1443-1661.2012.01263.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The patient was a 73 year old man for whom surgery under general anesthesia was difficult to perform because of pulmonary emphysema. In April 2003, he visited our hospital complaining of epigastralgia and dorsal pain, and was admitted under a diagnosis of acute exacerbation of chronic pancreatitis. In 2005, acute cholangitis concomitantly developed with acute exacerbation of chronic pancreatitis, for which a plastic stent was placed in the common bile duct. Cholangitis repeatedly developed every 2-3 months thereafter, and admission was required each time to exchange the stent. Surgery was considered but not applicable because of his poor respiratory function, and a partially covered self-expandable metallic stent was inevitably placed in the bile duct. Ten months later, an aberration of the metallic stent in the bile duct occurred, but it was dealt with by placing an additional metallic stent, and no cholangitis or pancreatitis developed until the patient died of respiratory insufficiency 3 years later. Placement of a covered self-expandable metallic stent might be an option for the treatment of benign biliary stricture, especially in patients at high risk from surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Kanno
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
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41
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Yoo KH, Kwon CI, Yoon SW, Kim WH, Lee JM, Ko KH, Hong SP, Park PW. An impacted pancreatic stone in the papilla induced acute obstructive cholangitis in a patient with chronic pancreatitis. Clin Endosc 2012; 45:99-102. [PMID: 22741140 PMCID: PMC3363128 DOI: 10.5946/ce.2012.45.1.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2011] [Revised: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 12/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Obstructive jaundice is very rarely caused by impaction of a pancreatic stone in the papilla. We report here on a case of obstructive jaundice with acute cholangitis that was caused by an impacted pancreatic stone in the papilla in a patient with chronic pancreatitis. A 48-year-old man presented with acute obstructive cholangitis. Abdominal computed tomography with the reconstructed image revealed distal biliary obstruction that was caused by a pancreatic stone in the pancreatic head, and there was also pancreatic ductal dilatation and parenchymal atrophy of the pancreatic body and tail with multiple calcifications. Emergency duodenoscopy revealed an impacted pancreatic stone in the papilla. Precut papillotomy using a needle knife was performed, followed by removal of the pancreatic stone using grasping forceps. After additional sphincterotomy, a large amount of dark-greenish bile juice gushed out. The patient rapidly improved and he has remained well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang-Ho Yoo
- Digestive Disease Center, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Korea
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Choi EK, Lehman GA. Update on endoscopic management of main pancreatic duct stones in chronic calcific pancreatitis. Korean J Intern Med 2012; 27:20-9. [PMID: 22403495 PMCID: PMC3295984 DOI: 10.3904/kjim.2012.27.1.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2011] [Accepted: 12/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic duct stones are a common complication during the natural course of chronic pancreatitis and often contribute to additional pain and pancreatitis. Abdominal pain, one of the major symptoms of chronic pancreatitis, is believed to be caused in part by obstruction of the pancreatic duct system (by stones or strictures) resulting in increasing intraductal pressure and parenchymal ischemia. Pancreatic stones can be managed by surgery, endoscopy, or extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy. In this review, updated management of pancreatic duct stones is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Kwang Choi
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Glen A. Lehman
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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Abstract
The diagnosis and treatment of patients with pancreatic strictures presents a multitude of clinical challenges. The etiology of pancreatic strictures is varied, including benign strictures subsequent to acute pancreatitis, trauma, postsurgical, post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), and malignancy. Patients with strictures usually present with symptoms of recurrent pancreatitis, abdominal pain, weight loss, and/or steatorrhea. The absence of a prior history of pancreatitis or surgery increases the likelihood of malignancy. High-quality imaging studies of the pancreas, CT, MRI/magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography, or endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) scanning are utilized for better definition. Imaging detects an associated mass and/or demonstrates the ductal anatomy. Invasive procedures such as ERCP are performed to better define the causal relationships of the patient's symptoms or to obtain tissue diagnosis. Treatment goals include ameliorating symptoms, dilating the stricture, and ruling out cancer. The risk of malignancy underlies much of the intervention, which includes serology, cytologic analysis, and serial imaging. EUS has become the procedure of choice to rule out a mass, to evaluate the parenchyma for evidence of chronic pancreatitis, and to obtain fine-needle biopsies for tissue confirmation. In symptomatic patients or patients with indeterminate strictures, ERCP is used for direct pancreatography, tissue acquisition, and endoscopic treatment. Endotherapy includes sphincterotomy, dilation, and stenting to provide drainage. We view ERCP as the optimal first-line treatment modality. ERCP offers the potential of curative treatment and is less invasive than surgery, especially as some patients' symptoms are not severe enough to justify surgery. If patients do not experience relief of symptoms after several sessions of endoscopic therapy, surgery is the logical next step for definitive, long-term treatment.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) are used to clear main pancreatic duct (MPD) stones and alleviate pain in patients with chronic pancreatitis. The goal of this study was to determine if delayed ERCP after disintegration of MPD stones with ESWL improves the successful clearance of the MPD. METHODS Adult patients with chronic pancreatitis who underwent ESWL for stone disintegration were identified from an ESWL database at a single tertiary referral center. The complete clearance of stones from the MPD with ERCP performed less than 2 days after ESWL was compared to complete clearance from ERCP more than 2 days after ESWL. RESULTS Nineteen patients underwent ERCP less than 2 days after ESWL, and 3 (16%) of the 19 achieved MPD clearance. Eleven patients underwent ERCP more than 2 days after ESWL, and 9 (82%) of 11 patients achieved MPD clearance (P = 0.001). In total, 19 of 30 ERCPs were performed less than 2 days after ESWL, and 84% failed to clear the MPD (P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The timing of ERCP after ESWL may be important to successfully clear stones from the MPD. This study shows that ERCP performed less than 2 days after ESWL may be more likely to fail, possibly owing to ESWL-induced edema. Delaying ERCP after ESWL may allow tissue recovery after ESWL.
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45
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Long-period pancreatic stenting for painful chronic calcified pancreatitis required higher medical costs and frequent hospitalizations compared with surgery. Pancreas 2011; 40:946-50. [PMID: 21747315 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0b013e31821a9215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to compare the benefits between endoscopic drainage and surgical drainage of the pancreatic duct for patients with chronic calcified pancreatitis. METHODS A total of 68 patients were classified into endoscopic (n = 34) or surgical (n = 34) treatment groups. Patients receiving endoscopic treatment were further divided into 2 subgroups: a short-period group, patients who could discontinue serial pancreatic stenting within 1 year (n = 19); and a long-period group, patients who needed pancreatic drainage by serial endoscopic stenting for more than 1 year (n = 15). The medical records of these patients were retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS Hospital stays, frequency of hospitalizations, and medical expense were similar between the short-period endoscopic treatment group and surgery group. On the other hand, patients in the long-period endoscopic treatment group required significantly longer hospital stays, more frequent hospitalizations, and had higher medical expenses than the short-period endoscopic treatment group as well as than the surgery group. CONCLUSIONS Patients who underwent serial endoscopic stenting for more than 1 year showed no benefit compared with surgical treatment in terms of the frequency of hospital stays and medical costs.
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Abstract
Biliary plastic stenting plays a key role in the endoscopic management of benign biliary diseases. Complications following surgery of the biliary tract and liver transplantation are amenable to endoscopic treatment by plastic stenting. Insertion of an increasing number of plastic stents is currently the method of choice to treat postoperative biliary strictures. Benign biliary strictures secondary to chronic pancreatitis or primary sclerosing cholangitis may benefit from plastic stenting in select cases. There is a role for plastic stent placement in nonoperative candidates with acute cholecystitis and in patients with irretrievable bile duct stones.
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47
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Nallamothu G, Hilden K, Adler DG. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography for non-gastroenterologists: what you need to know. Hosp Pract (1995) 2011; 39:70-80. [PMID: 21576899 DOI: 10.3810/hp.2011.04.396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) represents the most powerful and widely employed platform for pancreaticobiliary interventions. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography allows diagnosis and treatment of a broad spectrum of diseases of the pancreaticobiliary tree that are both benign and malignant in nature. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography continues to evolve rapidly, and non-gastroenterologists need to understand the indications, contraindications, limitations, and role of ERCP to effectively manage and coordinate the care of patients with known or suspected pancreaticobiliary disease. This article will review the role of ERCP in detail to further an understanding of the procedure as a whole and to assess when referral of a patient for an ERCP or other related test is indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geetha Nallamothu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Huntsman Cancer Center, Salt Lake City, UT 84312, USA
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Cai QC, Chen Y, Xiao Y, Zhu W, Xu QF, Zhong L, Chen SY, Zhang MM, Wang LW, Li ZS. A prediction rule for estimating pancreatic cancer risk in chronic pancreatitis patients with focal pancreatic mass lesions with prior negative EUS-FNA cytology. Scand J Gastroenterol 2011; 46:464-70. [PMID: 21114434 DOI: 10.3109/00365521.2010.539256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Considerable false-negative endoscopic ultrasound guided fine needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) findings exist in chronic pancreatitis patients with focal pancreatic mass lesions. Our aim was to develop a prediction rule to stratify risk for pancreatic cancer in chronic pancreatitis patients with focal pancreatic mass lesions with prior negative EUS-FNA cytology. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 138 eligible consecutive patients were identified from three hospitals between January 2000 and May 2008. A final diagnosis of pancreatic mass lesions was confirmed histologically or verified by a follow-up of at least 12 months. A prediction rule was developed from a logistic regression model by using a regression coefficient-based scoring method, and then internally validated by using bootstrapping. RESULTS The rate of pancreatic cancer in the cohort was 18.1%. The prediction rule, which was scored from 0 to 10 points, comprised five variables: sex, mass location, mass number, direct bilirubin, and CA 19-9. Among the 87.7% of patients with low-risk scores (≤ 3), the risk of pancreatic cancer was 13.2%; by comparison, this risk was 52.9% (p < 0.001) among the 12.3% of patients with high-risk scores (> 3). If further invasive tests were used for patients with high risk, 36% of patients with pancreatic cancer would not be missed. The prediction rule had good discrimination (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, 0.72) and calibration (p = 0.96). CONCLUSIONS The prediction rule can provide available risk stratification for pancreatic cancer in chronic pancreatitis patients with focal mass lesions with prior negative EUS-FNA cytology. Application of risk stratification may improve clinical decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan-Cai Cai
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Evidence-based Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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Chronic pancreatitis: modern surgical management. Langenbecks Arch Surg 2010; 396:139-49. [PMID: 21174215 DOI: 10.1007/s00423-010-0732-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2010] [Accepted: 12/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chronic pancreatitis (CP) is a disease with enormous social and personal impact. It is most commonly caused by the abuse of alcohol combined with nicotine. CP is usually characterised by an inflammatory mass located in the pancreatic head. Its natural course is characterised by persistent or recurrent painful attacks as well as progressive loss of pancreatic function due to fibrosis of the parenchyma with consecutive endocrine and exocrine insufficiency. CONCLUSIONS The only success parameter of any treatment is the effective long-lasting pain relief and improvement in the quality of life. The surgical armamentarium includes simple drainage procedures, resections of different extents or a combination of both. Duodenum-preserving resection of the pancreas offers the best short-term outcome according to trials conducted so far. It has the benefit of combining the highest safety with the highest efficiency. Additionally, the extent of the operation can be adapted to the morphology of the individual patient.
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Lee KJ, Kim KJ, Shin DH, Chung JW, Park JY, Bang S, Park SW, Song SY. Placement of a fully covered self-expandable metal stent in a young patient with chronic pancreatitis. World J Gastrointest Endosc 2010; 2:375-8. [PMID: 21173916 PMCID: PMC3004045 DOI: 10.4253/wjge.v2.i11.375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2010] [Revised: 09/10/2010] [Accepted: 09/17/2010] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Plastic stent insertion is a treatment option for pancreatic duct stricture with chronic pancreatitis. However, recurrent stricture is a limitation after removing the plastic stent. Self-expandable metal stents have long diameters and patency. A metal stent has become an established management option for pancreatic duct stricture caused by malignancy but its use in benign stricture is still controversial. We introduce a young patient who had chronic pancreatitis and underwent several plastic stent insertions due to recurrent pancreatic duct stricture. His symptoms improved after using a fully covered self-expandable metal covered stent and there was no recurrence found at follow-up at the outpatient department.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyong Joo Lee
- Kyong Joo Lee, Kwang Joon Kim, Dong Ho Shin, Joo Won Chung, Jeong Youp Park, Seungmin Bang, Seung Woo Park, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei Institute of Gastroenterology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, South Korea
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