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Nassani N, Bazerbachi F, Abu Dayyeh BK. Endobariatric systems: Strategic integration of endoscopic therapies in the management of obesity. Indian J Gastroenterol 2024:10.1007/s12664-024-01632-z. [PMID: 39126598 DOI: 10.1007/s12664-024-01632-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
The escalating obesity pandemic and its comorbidities necessitate adaptable and versatile treatment strategies. Endobariatric and metabolic therapies (EBMTs) can be strategically employed in a multipronged approach to obesity management, analogous to the way chess systems are employed to seize opportunities and thwart threats. In this review, we explore the spectrum of established and developing EBMTs, examining their efficacy in weight loss and metabolic improvement and their importance for a tailored, patient-centric approach. The complexity of obesity management mirrors the intricate nature of a chess game, with an array of tactics and strategies available to address the opponent's moves. Similarly, the bariatric endoscopist employs a range of EBMTs to alter the gastrointestinal tract landscape, targeting critical anatomical regions to modify physiological reactions to food consumption and nutrient assimilation. Gastric-focused EBMTs aim to reduce stomach capacity and induce satiety. Intestinal-focused EBMTs target hormonal regulation and nutrient absorption to improve metabolic profiles. EBMTs offer unique advantages of reversibility, adjustability and minimal invasiveness, allowing them to be used as primary treatments, adjuncts to pharmacotherapy or tools to address post-bariatric surgery weight recidivism. However, sub-optimal adoption of EBMTs due to lack of awareness, perceived costs and limited training opportunities hinders their integration into standard obesity management practices. By strategically integrating EBMTs into the broader landscape of obesity care, leveraging their unique advantages to enhance outcomes, clinicians can offer a more dynamic and personalized treatment paradigm. This approach, akin to employing chess systems to adapt to evolving challenges, allows for a comprehensive, patient-centric management of obesity as a chronic, complex and relapsing disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najib Nassani
- CentraCare, Interventional Endoscopy Program, St. Cloud Hospital, 1406 6th Ave N, St. Cloud, MN, 56303, USA
| | - Fateh Bazerbachi
- CentraCare, Interventional Endoscopy Program, St. Cloud Hospital, 1406 6th Ave N, St. Cloud, MN, 56303, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Barham K Abu Dayyeh
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, USA.
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Jin D, Xu M, Huang K, Peng L, Li X, Li L, Dang Y, Ye F, Zhang G. The efficacy and long-term outcomes of endoscopic full-thickness suturing for chronic gastrointestinal fistulas with an Overstitch device: is it a durable closure? Surg Endosc 2021; 36:1347-1354. [PMID: 34792629 DOI: 10.1007/s00464-021-08412-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Endoscopic closure of chronic gastrointestinal fistulas (CGFs) is challenging due to their epithelialized surfaces. The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy and long-term closure rate of endosuturing for CGFs with an Apollo Overstitch device. PATIENTS AND METHODS Consecutive CGF patients undergoing endosuturing for fistula closure from April 2018 to January 2020 at the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University were enrolled for retrospective review. Demographics, fistula characteristics, details of the suturing procedures and outcomes were collected for analysis. RESULTS Twenty patients (mean age 59.8 ± 9.1 years; 85% males) with a total of 23 CGFs underwent sutured fistula closure. Esophagotracheal fistulas were the most common CGFs (12/23, 52.2%), and prior cancer surgery was the most common fistulization etiology (14/20, 70%). Twelve patients (12/20, 60%) had undergone failed endoscopic attempts at fistula closure before suturing. Additional endoscopic therapies used during suturing were 100% argon plasma coagulation, 50% clip fixation, and 10% stent placement. Although all patients undergoing suturing achieved immediate technical success of fistula closure, sustained fistula closure was observed in only 5 patients (5/20, 25.0%) on surveillance endoscopy 3 months after suturing with a mean follow-up of 19.5 months. Esophagotracheal fistula patients were predisposed to shorter dehiscence-free survival than those with other fistulas (HR 3.378; 95% CI 1.127-10.13). CONCLUSIONS Endosuturing is safe and should be considered for use as the first-line or salvage therapy for CGF closure, primarily for patients with fistulas not involving the trachea. However, the long-term healing of CGFs by suturing is challenging, and CGF patients might not benefit from repeated suturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duochen Jin
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 300 of Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, China.,First Clinical Medical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Miao Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 300 of Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, China.,First Clinical Medical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Keting Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 300 of Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, China.,First Clinical Medical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lei Peng
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 300 of Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Xuan Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 300 of Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Lurong Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 300 of Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Yini Dang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 300 of Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Feng Ye
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 300 of Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Guoxin Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, No. 300 of Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, China. .,First Clinical Medical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
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Bhurwal A, Mutneja H, Tawadross A, Pioppo L, Brahmbhatt B. Gastrointestinal fistula endoscopic closure techniques. Ann Gastroenterol 2020; 33:554-562. [PMID: 33162732 PMCID: PMC7599355 DOI: 10.20524/aog.2020.0543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
With the improvement in flexible endoscopic technology and the availability of new endoscopic devices, current endoscopic therapies spare many patients who would otherwise undergo surgical repair of gastrointestinal fistulas. These endoscopic techniques include gastrointestinal stents, endoscopic suturing, cardiac septal occluders, endo-sponge, vacuum therapy and others. This review elaborates on the indications, evidence, procedural details, efficacy, and complications of various endoscopic techniques for the management of gastrointestinal fistulas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Bhurwal
- Department of Gastroenterology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson School of Medicine, New Brunswick, NJ (Abhishek Bhurwal, Augustine Tawadross, Lauren Pioppo)
| | - Hemant Mutneja
- Department of Gastroenterology, John H Stroger Cook County Hospital, Chicago, Illinois (Hemant Mutneja)
| | - Augustine Tawadross
- Department of Gastroenterology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson School of Medicine, New Brunswick, NJ (Abhishek Bhurwal, Augustine Tawadross, Lauren Pioppo)
| | - Lauren Pioppo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson School of Medicine, New Brunswick, NJ (Abhishek Bhurwal, Augustine Tawadross, Lauren Pioppo)
| | - Bhaumik Brahmbhatt
- Department of Gastroenterology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida (Bhaumik Brahmbhatt), USA
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Endoscopic Closure of Gastro-gastric Fistula After Gastric Bypass: a Technically Feasible Procedure but Associated with Low Success Rate. Obes Surg 2020; 29:23-27. [PMID: 30173285 DOI: 10.1007/s11695-018-3488-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastro-gastric fistulas (GGF) are reported to be as high as 12% after gastric bypass for treatment of morbid obesity. While different endoscopic methods are described, the management traditionally consists of surgical revision with high associated morbidity. The aim of the study was to assess feasibility, safety and success rate of endoscopic closure using an endoscopic suturing device. METHODS From January 2016 to March 2018, we reviewed the electronic records of all patients undergoing endoscopic closure of a GGF with the Apollo Overstitch system (Apollo Endosurgery, Austin, Texas, USA). Demographic details, procedure details, and outcome variables were recorded. RESULTS A total of six patients (M:F = 5:1) underwent endoscopic fistula closure. Five patients (83.3%) had a prior banded gastric bypass (with subsequent band removal). The median number of prior abdominal surgeries was 3, the mean time from bypass to endoscopic fistula closure was 5 years (range 1.1-10.4). While immediate complete endoscopic fistula closure was possible in 10 of 12 attempts in those six patients (83%), all patients had recurrent (persistent) fistulas at follow-up. After a mean follow-up time of 12 months, 83.3% had further laparoscopic converted to open (n = 2) or laparoscopic (n = 3) revisions with complete fistula closure. One patient is refusing further intervention. CONCLUSION Endoscopic gastro-gastric fistula closure with an endoscopic suturing device is feasible and safe. Unfortunately, due to the nature of gastro-gastric fistulas, permanent successful closure is rare. Therefore, the approach should be reserved for patients in whom a laparoscopic or open surgical attempt is impossible due to prior abdominal revisions.
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Ge PS, Thompson CC. The Use of the Overstitch to Close Perforations and Fistulas. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am 2020; 30:147-161. [PMID: 31739961 PMCID: PMC6885379 DOI: 10.1016/j.giec.2019.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Endoscopic suturing allows for select patients with perforations, leaks, and fistulas to be managed endoscopically. Experience with the Overstitch endoscopic suturing device suggests it may be superior to endoclips in the management of perforations, because of its ability to achieve full-thickness suturing and create an airtight closure. Although successful closure of leaks and fistulas using the Overstitch device has been described, additional therapy with a multimodality approach is often required because of inherent challenges with fistula recurrence. This article reviews the existing literature on the Overstitch endoscopic suturing system specifically in the management of gastrointestinal perforations, leaks, and fistulas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip S. Ge
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Unit 1466, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA
| | - Christopher C. Thompson
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA,Corresponding author. twitter: @MetabolicEndo (C.C.T.)
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Devaraj P, Gavini H. Endoscopic management of postoperative fistulas and leaks. GASTROINTESTINAL INTERVENTION 2017. [DOI: 10.18528/gii160032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Prathab Devaraj
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Banner University Medical Center, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Hemanth Gavini
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Banner University Medical Center, Tucson, AZ, USA
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Ribeiro-Parenti L, De Courville G, Daikha A, Arapis K, Chosidow D, Marmuse JP. Classification, surgical management and outcomes of patients with gastrogastric fistula after Roux-En-Y gastric bypass. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2017; 13:243-248. [DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2016.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Nasa M, Sharma ZD, Choudhary NS, Patil G, Puri R, Sud R. Over-the-scope clip placement for closure of gastrointestinal fistula, postoperative leaks and refractory gastrointestinal bleed. Indian J Gastroenterol 2016; 35:361-365. [PMID: 27638706 DOI: 10.1007/s12664-016-0690-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The over-the-scope clip (OTSC) has been successfully used in the closure of fistula, perforation, dehiscence, and endoscopic hemostasis. We describe our experience with the OTSC application. METHODS Between April 2014 and April 2015, seven patients underwent OTSC application. In four patients, OTSC was applied for the closure of esophageal fistula, one had OTSC closure of persistent gastrocutaneous fistula after percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy removal, and OTSC was applied in duodenum in two patients, for duodenal Dieulafoy's lesion after failed conventional endotherapy and massive rebleed in one and duodenal perforation in another. RESULTS All procedures had technical success with no immediate complication related to OTSC application. Patients were followed up for every month with mean duration of follow up 10.2 months. One patient with bronchoesophageal fistula had development of another fistulous opening above the site of OTSC placement, which was successfully closed with another OTSC. One patient had superficial esophageal wall ulcer opposite the OTSC but it healed spontaneously. CONCLUSION OTSC provided safe and successful closure in a number of settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Nasa
- Institute of Digestive and Hepatobiliary Sciences, Medanta The Medicity, CH. Baktawar Singh Road, Sector 38, Near Rajiv Chowk, Islampur Colony, Gurgaon, 122 001, India
| | - Zubin Dev Sharma
- Institute of Digestive and Hepatobiliary Sciences, Medanta The Medicity, CH. Baktawar Singh Road, Sector 38, Near Rajiv Chowk, Islampur Colony, Gurgaon, 122 001, India
| | - Narendra S Choudhary
- Institute of Digestive and Hepatobiliary Sciences, Medanta The Medicity, CH. Baktawar Singh Road, Sector 38, Near Rajiv Chowk, Islampur Colony, Gurgaon, 122 001, India
| | - Gaurav Patil
- Institute of Digestive and Hepatobiliary Sciences, Medanta The Medicity, CH. Baktawar Singh Road, Sector 38, Near Rajiv Chowk, Islampur Colony, Gurgaon, 122 001, India
| | - Rajesh Puri
- Institute of Digestive and Hepatobiliary Sciences, Medanta The Medicity, CH. Baktawar Singh Road, Sector 38, Near Rajiv Chowk, Islampur Colony, Gurgaon, 122 001, India.
| | - Randhir Sud
- Institute of Digestive and Hepatobiliary Sciences, Medanta The Medicity, CH. Baktawar Singh Road, Sector 38, Near Rajiv Chowk, Islampur Colony, Gurgaon, 122 001, India
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9
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Niland B, Brock A. Over-the-scope clip for endoscopic closure of gastrogastric fistulae. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2016; 13:15-20. [PMID: 27693362 DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2016.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastrogastric fistulae (GGF) are a well-known complication of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB). Endoscopic approaches for closure of GGF have gained popularity, but with limited data and efficacy. OBJECTIVES The primary arm of the study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of the endoscopic closure of GGF using the over-the-scope clip (OTSC) device. SETTING University hospital, United States METHODS: This is a retrospective review of consecutive patients at a single academic center from September 2013 to December 2014 who underwent upper endoscopy with attempted OTSC placement for closure of GGF related to RYGB. Preprocedural, procedural, and postprocedural data were collected. Outcome measures included technical success, primary success, and long-term success. RESULTS A total of 14 patients underwent attempted GGF closure using OTSC. Twelve of the 14 patients (85.7%) had technical success. Four patients were lost to follow-up. Primary success was achieved in 5 of the 10 patients (50%) in which it was assessed, either by upper gastrointestinal series or endoscopy. One of the 5 patients who had primary success was then lost to follow-up. Of the 4 patients in whom primary success was achieved and had long-term follow up, 75% (n = 3) achieved long-term success at a mean follow-up of 6.6 months from initial OTSC placement (range, 3-9), making for a long-term success rate of 33% (3/9). There were no reported complications. CONCLUSION OTSC closure of small GGF is feasible, safe, and offers a reasonable alternative to surgical revision. Large GGF may undergo attempted endoscopic closure, acknowledging a high failure rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Niland
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina.
| | - Andrew Brock
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
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10
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Rogalski P, Daniluk J, Baniukiewicz A, Wroblewski E, Dabrowski A. Endoscopic management of gastrointestinal perforations, leaks and fistulas. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:10542-10552. [PMID: 26457014 PMCID: PMC4588076 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i37.10542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal perforations, leaks and fistulas may be serious and life-threatening. The increasing number of endoscopic procedures with a high risk of perforation and the increasing incidence of leakage associated with bariatric operations call for a minimally invasive treatment for these complications. The therapeutic approach can vary greatly depending on the size, location, and timing of gastrointestinal wall defect recognition. Some asymptomatic patients can be treated conservatively, while patients with septic symptoms or cardio-pulmonary insufficiency may require intensive care and urgent surgical treatment. However, most gastrointestinal wall defects can be satisfactorily treated by endoscopy. Although the initial endoscopic closure rates of chronic fistulas is very high, the long-term results of these treatments remain a clinical problem. The efficacy of endoscopic therapy depends on several factors and the best mode of treatment will depend on a precise localization of the site, the extent of the leak and the endoscopic appearance of the lesion. Many endoscopic tools for effective closure of gastrointestinal wall defects are currently available. In this review, we summarized the basic principles of the management of acute iatrogenic perforations, as well as of postoperative leaks and chronic fistulas of the gastrointestinal tract. We also described the effectiveness of various endoscopic methods based on current research and our experience.
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Willingham FF, Buscaglia JM. Endoscopic Management of Gastrointestinal Leaks and Fistulae. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015; 13:1714-21. [PMID: 25697628 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2015.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal leaks and fistulae can be serious acute complications or chronic morbid conditions resulting from inflammatory, malignant, or postsurgical states. Endoscopic closure of gastrointestinal leaks and fistulae represents major progress in the treatment of patients with these complex presentations. The main goal of endoscopic therapy is the interruption of the flow of luminal contents across a gastrointestinal defect. In consideration of the proper endoscopic approach to luminal closure, several basic principles must be considered. Undrained cavities and fluid collections must often first be drained percutaneously, and the percutaneous drain provides an important measure of safety for subsequent endoscopic luminal manipulations. The size and exact location of the leak/fistula, as well as the viability of the surrounding tissue, must be defined. Almost all complex leaks and fistulae must be approached in a multidisciplinary manner, collaborating with colleagues in nutrition, radiology, and surgery. Currently, gastrointestinal leaks and fistulae may be managed endoscopically by using 1 or more of the following modalities: stent placement, clip closure (including through-the-scope clips and over-the-scope devices), endoscopic suturing, and the injection of tissue sealants. In this article, we discuss these modalities and review the published outcomes data regarding each approach as well as practical considerations for successful closure of luminal defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Field F Willingham
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia.
| | - Jonathan M Buscaglia
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, Stony Brook, New York
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12
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Singhal S, Changela K, Culliford A, Duddempudi S, Krishnaiah M, Anand S. Endoscopic closure of persistent gastrocutaneous fistulae, after percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tube placement, using the over-the-scope-clip system. Therap Adv Gastroenterol 2015; 8:182-8. [PMID: 26136836 PMCID: PMC4480569 DOI: 10.1177/1756283x15578603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The Over-The-Scope-Clip (OTSC) has had an evolving role in endoscopic closure of gastrointestinal wall defects, in hemostasis of primary or postinterventional bleeding, and approximation of postbariatric surgery defects. Rapid and effective closure of gastrocutaneous (GC) fistulae using this device has been recently described in the literature. The aim of this study was to evaluate the technical feasibility, efficacy and safety of OTSC as an effective tool in the management of persistent GC fistulae secondary to a complication of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) tube placement. METHOD In this multicenter prospective observational study, we describe our experience with OTSC in the closure of persistent GC fistulas secondary to PEG tube placement. Patients with GC fistulas were sequentially enrolled with a mean age of 84 years. Primary treatment outcome was the immediate successful closure of GC fistula and resolution of leak. Secondary outcome was no recurrence of the fistula and leaks on follow up. RESULTS A total of 10 patients were enrolled over the study period. Mean age was 84.4 ± 8.75 years. The primary treatment outcome was achieved in all the patients undergoing this intervention. Secondary outcome was observed in 9/10 (90%) subjects. No procedural complications were reported. Larger fistulae (>2.5 cm) and those with significant fibrosis were more difficult to close with the OTSC system. The mean follow-up time after OTSC application was 43.7 ± 20.57 days. A limitation of this study was that there was no control group. CONCLUSIONS OTSC application is a safe and effective endoscopic approach for the closure of persistent GC fistulae secondary to a complication of PEG tube placement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashideep Singhal
- Division of Gastroenterology, The Brooklyn Hospital Center, New York Presbyterian Healthcare System, 121 Dekalb Ave, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA
| | - Kinesh Changela
- Division of Gastroenterology, The Brooklyn Hospital Center, New York Presbyterian Healthcare System, Brooklyn NY, USA
| | - Andrea Culliford
- Division of Gastroenterology, St Barnabas Hospital, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Sushil Duddempudi
- Division of Gastroenterology, The Brooklyn Hospital Center, New York Presbyterian Healthcare System, Brooklyn NY, USA
| | - Mahesh Krishnaiah
- Division of Gastroenterology, The Brooklyn Hospital Center, New York Presbyterian Healthcare System, Brooklyn NY, USA
| | - Sury Anand
- Division of Gastroenterology, The Brooklyn Hospital Center, New York Presbyterian Healthcare System, Brooklyn NY, USA
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Pauli EM, Beshir H, Mathew A. Gastrogastric fistulae following gastric bypass surgery-clinical recognition and treatment. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 2015; 16:405. [PMID: 25113040 DOI: 10.1007/s11894-014-0405-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Gastrogastric fistula (GGF) formation is an uncommon but well-recognized complication following Roux-en-Y gastric bypass for morbid obesity. Patients with GGF may be asymptomatic or have nonspecific problems of abdominal pain, weight regain, or ulcer formation at the gastrojejunal anastomosis. Maintaining a high index of suspicion is the key to diagnosis. Flexible upper endoscopy and upper gastrointestinal fluoroscopy are complementary imaging modalities for securing the diagnosis of GGF. Surgical repair of GGF is generally the most definitive management but is invasive and has the potential for morbidity. Endoscopic methods of closure have gained favor in recent years due to their noninvasive nature despite the lack of long-term data regarding their success. Novel methods of endoscopic closure, including endoscopic suturing, more closely resemble the surgical paradigm and will likely supplant traditional surgical methods for the management of GGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric M Pauli
- Division of Minimally Invasive and Bariatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, 500 University Drive, MC HU33, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
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14
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Endoluminal flexible endoscopic suturing for minimally invasive therapies. Gastrointest Endosc 2015; 81:262-9.e19. [PMID: 25440675 DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2014.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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15
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Kobayashi M, Sumiyama K, Ban Y, Dobashi A, Ohya TR, Aizawa D, Hirooka S, Nakajima K, Tajiri H. Closure of iatrogenic large mucosal and full-thickness defects of the stomach with endoscopic interrupted sutures in in vivo porcine models: are they durable enough? BMC Gastroenterol 2015; 15:5. [PMID: 25608558 PMCID: PMC4308917 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-015-0230-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this study, we evaluated the technical feasibility of mucosal approximation of large ulcers via an endoscopic suturing system after endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD), assessed the durability of these sutures, and compared this technique with serosal apposition of full-thickness gastric wall defects using the same device. METHODS Post-ESD ulcers were closed with mucosal apposition in 7 pigs, and endoscopic full-thickness resection (EFTR) defects were closed with serosal apposition in 3 pigs. Pigs recovered for 1 week; they were then euthanized and necropsies were performed. RESULTS Primary defect closure was achieved in 85.7% of the post-ESD closures and in 100% of the post-EFTR closures (p = 0.67). All pigs survived for 1 week. At necropsy, sutures had loosened in the post-ESD animals, although only minor deformity of the ulcer edges was observed in all repaired post-ESD ulcers. Meanwhile, all of the post-EFTR defect closures were sustained for 1 week. CONCLUSIONS Primary closure of post-therapeutic defects can be accomplished using the device. Inverted serosal apposition provides a more durable and reliable repair than everted mucosal apposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masakuni Kobayashi
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8, Nishi-shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8461, Japan.
| | - Kazuki Sumiyama
- Department of Endoscopy, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8, Nishi-shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8461, Japan.
| | - Yamato Ban
- Department of Endoscopy, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8, Nishi-shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8461, Japan.
| | - Akira Dobashi
- Department of Endoscopy, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8, Nishi-shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8461, Japan.
| | - Tomohiko Richard Ohya
- Department of Endoscopy, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8, Nishi-shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8461, Japan.
| | - Daisuke Aizawa
- Department of Pathology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8, Nishi-shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8461, Japan.
| | - Shinichi Hirooka
- Department of Pathology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8, Nishi-shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8461, Japan.
| | - Kiyokazu Nakajima
- Division of Next Generation Endoscopic Intervention, Osaka University, 2-2, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Hisao Tajiri
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8, Nishi-shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8461, Japan. .,Department of Endoscopy, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-25-8, Nishi-shimbashi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 105-8461, Japan.
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Abstract
Bariatric surgery is the most effective treatment for the medical comorbidities associated with morbid obesity. Though uncommon, staple line or anastomotic leaks after bariatric surgery are highly morbid events and challenging to treat. In selected patients without severe sepsis or distant pollution, endoscopic transluminal peritoneal drainage may provide source control. For leaks within 3 days of surgery, endoscopic stenting does not appear to speed closure but does permit oral nutrition. In uncomplicated situations, the risk of migration and resulting complications of enteric stents appear to overshadow the benefits. Initial treatment failures and leaks presenting more than 48 hours after surgery respond to enteric diversion by endoscopic stenting. Occlusion of the leak by injection of fibrin glue also shows promise; however, these case series are limited to a small number of patients. Endoclips may work best to occlude leaks and close fistulas if the epithelium is debrided. As suturing technology improves, direct internal closure of fistulas may prove feasible. Therapeutic endoscopy offers several technologies that can assist in the closure of early leaks and that are essential to the treatment of late leaks and fistulas after bariatric surgery.
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Singhal S, Le DL, Duddempudi S, Anand S. The role of endoscopy in bariatrics: past, present, and future. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A 2013; 22:802-11. [PMID: 23039704 DOI: 10.1089/lap.2012.0091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The exponential increase in the rate of obesity and its associated co-morbidities has increased the demand for bariatric surgery. Over the past few decades, surgical weight reduction by gastric restriction, malabsorption, or a combination of both has been the preferred approach to achieve sustained weight loss in the morbidly obese. Although extremely effective, surgical procedures carry significant complications and risk with mortality rates of 1%. Because of the cost, surgical risk, and complications, there is a demand for less invasive procedures. Endoscopic approaches include placement of endoluminal space-occupying devices, stapling devices to reduce gastric volume, barrier devices to reduce small bowel absorptive area, and methods to regulate gastric emptying. Current and ongoing studies have delivered promising results across many aspects of endoscopic approaches. However, many technical obstacles still exist that have to be resolved with further research before endoscopic bariatrics can be widely deployed. At present the role of endoscopy is well established in preoperative evaluation as well as in recognition and management of many postoperative complications in bariatrics. In this article, we review the current and future endoscopic methods for weight reduction that are either in practice or in testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashideep Singhal
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Brooklyn Hospital Center, 121 Dekalb Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA.
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Mechanick JI, Youdim A, Jones DB, Garvey WT, Hurley DL, McMahon MM, Heinberg LJ, Kushner R, Adams TD, Shikora S, Dixon JB, Brethauer S. Clinical practice guidelines for the perioperative nutritional, metabolic, and nonsurgical support of the bariatric surgery patient--2013 update: cosponsored by American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, The Obesity Society, and American Society for Metabolic & Bariatric Surgery. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2013; 21 Suppl 1:S1-27. [PMID: 23529939 PMCID: PMC4142593 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 740] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2012] [Accepted: 12/27/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The development of these updated guidelines was commissioned by the AACE, TOS, and ASMBS Board of Directors and adheres to the AACE 2010 protocol for standardized production of clinical practice guidelines (CPG). Each recommendation was re-evaluated and updated based on the evidence and subjective factors per protocol. Examples of expanded topics in this update include: the roles of sleeve gastrectomy, bariatric surgery in patients with type-2 diabetes, bariatric surgery for patients with mild obesity, copper deficiency, informed consent, and behavioral issues. There are 74 recommendations (of which 56 are revised and 2 are new) in this 2013 update, compared with 164 original recommendations in 2008. There are 403 citations, of which 33 (8.2%) are EL 1, 131 (32.5%) are EL 2, 170 (42.2%) are EL 3, and 69 (17.1%) are EL 4. There is a relatively high proportion (40.4%) of strong (EL 1 and 2) studies, compared with only 16.5% in the 2008 AACE-TOS-ASMBS CPG. These updated guidelines reflect recent additions to the evidence base. Bariatric surgery remains a safe and effective intervention for select patients with obesity. A team approach to perioperative care is mandatory with special attention to nutritional and metabolic issues.
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Mechanick JI, Youdim A, Jones DB, Garvey WT, Hurley DL, McMahon MM, Heinberg LJ, Kushner R, Adams TD, Shikora S, Dixon JB, Brethauer S. Clinical practice guidelines for the perioperative nutritional, metabolic, and nonsurgical support of the bariatric surgery patient--2013 update: cosponsored by American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, the Obesity Society, and American Society for Metabolic & Bariatric Surgery. Endocr Pract 2013; 19:337-72. [PMID: 23529351 PMCID: PMC4140628 DOI: 10.4158/ep12437.gl] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The development of these updated guidelines was commissioned by the AACE, TOS, and ASMBS Board of Directors and adheres to the AACE 2010 protocol for standardized production of clinical practice guidelines (CPG). Each recommendation was re-evaluated and updated based on the evidence and subjective factors per protocol. Examples of expanded topics in this update include: the roles of sleeve gastrectomy, bariatric surgery in patients with type-2 diabetes, bariatric surgery for patients with mild obesity, copper deficiency, informed consent, and behavioral issues. There are 74 recommendations (of which 56 are revised and 2 are new) in this 2013 update, compared with 164 original recommendations in 2008. There are 403 citations, of which 33 (8.2%) are EL 1, 131 (32.5%) are EL 2, 170 (42.2%) are EL 3, and 69 (17.1%) are EL 4. There is a relatively high proportion (40.4%) of strong (EL 1 and 2) studies, compared with only 16.5% in the 2008 AACE-TOS-ASMBS CPG. These updated guidelines reflect recent additions to the evidence base. Bariatric surgery remains a safe and effective intervention for select patients with obesity. A team approach to perioperative care is mandatory with special attention to nutritional and metabolic issues.
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20
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Mechanick JI, Youdim A, Jones DB, Timothy Garvey W, Hurley DL, Molly McMahon M, Heinberg LJ, Kushner R, Adams TD, Shikora S, Dixon JB, Brethauer S. Clinical practice guidelines for the perioperative nutritional, metabolic, and nonsurgical support of the bariatric surgery patient--2013 update: cosponsored by American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, the Obesity Society, and American Society for Metabolic & Bariatric Surgery. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2013; 9:159-91. [PMID: 23537696 DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2012.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 426] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2012] [Accepted: 12/27/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The development of these updated guidelines was commissioned by the AACE, TOS, and ASMBS Board of Directors and adheres to the AACE 2010 protocol for standardized production of clinical practice guidelines (CPG). Each recommendation was re-evaluated and updated based on the evidence and subjective factors per protocol. Examples of expanded topics in this update include: the roles of sleeve gastrectomy, bariatric surgery in patients with type-2 diabetes, bariatric surgery for patients with mild obesity, copper deficiency, informed consent, and behavioral issues. There are 74 recommendations (of which 56 are revised and 2 are new) in this 2013 update, compared with 164 original recommendations in 2008. There are 403 citations, of which 33 (8.2%) are EL 1, 131 (32.5%) are EL 2, 170 (42.2%) are EL 3, and 69 (17.1%) are EL 4. There is a relatively high proportion (40.4%) of strong (EL 1 and 2) studies, compared with only 16.5% in the 2008 AACE-TOS-ASMBS CPG. These updated guidelines reflect recent additions to the evidence base. Bariatric surgery remains a safe and effective intervention for select patients with obesity. A team approach to perioperative care is mandatory with special attention to nutritional and metabolic issues.
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Banerjee S, Barth BA, Bhat YM, Desilets DJ, Gottlieb KT, Maple JT, Pfau PR, Pleskow DK, Siddiqui UD, Tokar JL, Wang A, Song LMWK, Rodriguez SA. Endoscopic closure devices. Gastrointest Endosc 2012; 76:244-51. [PMID: 22658920 DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2012.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/17/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Endoscopic management of gastrogastric fistulae does not increase complications at bariatric revision surgery. J Gastrointest Surg 2011; 15:1736-42. [PMID: 21479671 DOI: 10.1007/s11605-011-1503-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2010] [Accepted: 03/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastrogastric fistula (GGF) is a challenging complication of primary obesity surgery that often leads to revision surgery. The impact of prior endoscopic intervention on subsequent surgical revisional outcomes remains unknown. We present the largest series of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass GGF with subsequent surgical revision of fistulae to date. METHODS A database of bariatric surgical revisions performed at a single institution was collected. The cohort was divided between patients with and without attempted endoscopic fistula closure prior to surgical revision. Thirty-day morbidity and mortality was the primary outcome. RESULTS Thirty-five cases of revision were performed for GGF. Of the 35 cases, 22 patients had attempted endoscopic closure prior to surgical revision while 13 patients went directly to surgical revision. In the endoscopy group, two minor complications and seven major complications occurred (total 9 of 22; 40.9%). In the surgery only group, three minor complications and three major complications occurred (total 6 of 13; 46.1%). No deaths occurred. CONCLUSION Prior attempts at endoscopic fistula closure do not lead to increased surgical complications at the time of surgical revision.
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Endoscopic treatment of a gastrocutaneous fistula using the over-the-scope-clip system: a case report. DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC ENDOSCOPY 2011; 2011:384143. [PMID: 21747650 PMCID: PMC3123845 DOI: 10.1155/2011/384143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2011] [Accepted: 03/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The over-the-scope-clip (OTSC; Ovesco Endoscopy GmbH, Tuebingen, Germany) system is a newly designed method for the mechanical compression of large areas in the gastrointestinal tract. So far, indications for OTSC application are hemostasis of primary or postinterventional bleeding, closure of iatrogenic full-thickness or covered perforations. Recently closure of gastrointestinal tract fistulas using this device has been described. A 44-year-old man developed a gastrocutaneous fistula after surgical treatment for a perforated gastric ulcer. We describe the successful endoscopic closure of the fistula using the OTSC system. The patient's clinical followup was uneventful. Fistula closure was successfully implemented as it was documented by imaging and endoscopic examinations performed on the 2nd day and 6th week after the application of the clip. Endoscopic application of the OTSC device was safe and effective for the treatment of a gastrocutaneous fistula.
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Guarner-Argente C, Córdova H, Martínez-Pallí G, Navarro-Ripoll R, Rodríguez-d’Jesús A, Miguel CRD, Beltrán M, Fernández-Esparrach G. Gastrotomy closure with a new tissue anchoring device: A porcine survival study. World J Gastroenterol 2011; 17:1732-8. [PMID: 21483634 PMCID: PMC3072638 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v17.i13.1732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2010] [Revised: 12/01/2010] [Accepted: 12/08/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To evaluate the feasibility, reproducibility and efficacy of a new tissue anchoring device in a porcine survival model.
METHODS: Gastrotomies were performed using a needle-knife and balloon dilator in 10 female Yorkshire pigs weighing 30-35 kg. Gastric closure was attempted using a new tissue anchoring device. The tightness of the closure was confirmed by means of air insufflation and the ability to maintain gastric distension with stability in peritoneal pressure measured with a Veress needle. All animals were monitored daily for signs of peritonitis and sepsis over 14 d. During necropsy, the peritoneal cavity and the gastric access site were examined.
RESULTS: Transgastric access, closure and 14 d survival was achieved in all pigs. The mean closure time was 18.1 ± 19.2 min and a mean of 2.1 ± 1 devices were used. Supplementary clips were necessary in 2 cases. The closure time was progressively reduced (24.8 ± 13.9 min in the first 5 pigs vs 11.4 ± 5.9 min in the last 5, P = NS). At necropsy, the gastric access site was correctly closed in all cases with all brace-bars present. One device was misplaced in the mesocolon. Minimal adhesions were observed in 3 pigs and signs of mild peritonitis and adhesions in one.
CONCLUSIONS: The use of this new tissue anchoring device in porcine stomachs is feasible, reproducible and effective and requires a short learning curve.
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Bhardwaj A, Cooney RN, Wehrman A, Rogers AM, Mathew A. Endoscopic repair of small symptomatic gastrogastric fistulas after gastric bypass surgery: a single center experience. Obes Surg 2010; 20:1090-5. [PMID: 20440578 DOI: 10.1007/s11695-010-0180-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Gastrogastric fistula (GGF) is a known complication of gastric bypass surgery. Revisional surgery for GGF repair can be technically challenging. We describe our experience with endoscopic repair of small GGFs. A retrospective review was performed to identify patients in whom symptomatic GGF was repaired endoscopically at our institution between September 2004 and September 2008. At endoscopy, the fistulous margins were debrided using cold biopsy forceps or ablated using Argon Plasma Coagulation (APC). The fistula was then repaired with endoclips. Status of GGF repair was assessed intra-operatively, at 2 weeks by upper gastrointestinal (UGI) series, and at regular follow-up thereafter. GGF repair was attempted in eight female patients (mean age = 47 years). The average time interval between gastric bypass surgery and GGF presentation was 81 months. The presenting symptoms included nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and weight regain. The average duration of endoscopic procedure was 55 min. All GGFs were small (<20 mm). Endoscopic repair of GGF was successful intra-operatively in all patients. Two patients had failure of GGF repair at 2 weeks. Other two patients experienced recurrent symptoms after several weeks and had a delayed failure of GGF repair diagnosed by UGI series. Endoscopic repair has remained successful in four patients at 8-46 months follow-up. Endoscopic repair of small GGFs using endoclips is feasible. It must be considered as an option for management of small GGFs, given its safety, and ease of performance compared to revisional surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atul Bhardwaj
- Department of Internal Medicine, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, 500 University Drive, H034, P.O. Box 850, Hershey, PA 17033-0850, USA.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Morbid obesity is a global health epidemic. As the prevalence of bariatric surgery rises, it becomes increasingly important for gastroenterologists to understand their role in the perioperative care of bariatric surgical patients, to recognize potential complications of surgery that can be addressed endoscopically, and to learn about endoluminal approaches that may provide alternatives to bariatric surgery in the future. RECENT FINDINGS Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and laparoscopic adjustable gastric band account for more than 80% of weight loss procedures performed worldwide. Over two-thirds of patients with upper gastrointestinal symptoms following RYGB will have one or more abnormalities on endoscopy, including anastomotic strictures (53%), marginal ulcers (16%), functional obstructions (4%), and gastrogastric fistulas (2.6%). Intraoperative endoscopy can detect early leaks in over 7% of patients during RYGB surgery. Single-center experience finds that endoscopic repair of small gastrogastric fistulas is technically feasible in 95% of patients; however, durability of closure remains limited. Pooled data demonstrate that balloon-assisted endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography can achieve papillary cannulation in 80% of patients with RYGB anatomy. SUMMARY The gastroenterologist can improve outcomes in bariatric surgical patients by understanding the issues of care that present themselves perioperatively and that lend themselves to minimally invasive endoscopic treatments.
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