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Novel In Vivo Mouse Cryoablation Model to Explore Unique Therapeutic Approaches for Premalignant Columnar Lesions. Methods Protoc 2021; 4:mps4010006. [PMID: 33526760 PMCID: PMC7838933 DOI: 10.3390/mps4010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with epithelial metaplasias have an increased risk of developing malignancies. In Barrett’s esophagus, neo-columnar epithelium develops proximal to the squamous-columnar junction (SCJ) in the esophagus as the result of prolonged exposure to bile and acid reflux. Patients require lifetime periodic surveillance, due to lack of effective eradication therapies. The shortage of innovative treatment options is mostly attributable to the paucity of adequate in vivo models of neo-columnar epithelium regeneration. This protocol describes the generation of a cryoablation model to study regeneration of neo-epithelia at the SCJ. Cryoablation of the columnar and squamous mucosa at the SCJ was achieved through local application of liquid N2O in wild-type and reporter mice in combination with acid suppression. Acid suppression alone, showed restoration of the SCJ with normal histological features of both the neo-columnar and neo-squamous epithelium within 14 days. As a proof of principle, mice were treated with mNoggin, an inhibitor of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), which are involved in the development of columnar epithelia. Local application of mNoggin to the ablated area at the SCJ significantly reduced the development of the neo-columnar mucosa. Although this model does not faithfully recapitulate the exact characteristics of Barrett’s esophagus, it is a well-suited tool to study the mechanisms of therapeutic inhibition of neo-columnar regeneration. It therefore represents an efficient and easy platform to test novel pharmacological therapies for treatment of neo-epithelial lesions at the SCJ.
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Read MD, Krishnadath KK, Clemons NJ, Phillips WA. Preclinical models for the study of Barrett's carcinogenesis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2018; 1434:139-148. [PMID: 29974961 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Barrett's esophagus (BE) is clinically significant, as it is the only known precursor lesion for esophageal adenocarcinoma. To develop improved therapies for the treatment of BE, a greater understanding of the disease process at the molecular genetic level is needed. However, achieving a greater understanding will require improved preclinical models so that the disease process can be more closely studied and novel therapies can be tested. Our concise review highlights progress in the development of preclinical models for the study of BE and identifies the most suitable model in which to test novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Read
- Cancer Biology and Surgical Oncology Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kausilia K Krishnadath
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Nicholas J Clemons
- Division of Cancer Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Wayne A Phillips
- Division of Cancer Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Gassler N. Paneth cells in intestinal physiology and pathophysiology. World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol 2017; 8:150-160. [PMID: 29184701 PMCID: PMC5696613 DOI: 10.4291/wjgp.v8.i4.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Small intestinal mucosa is characterised by villus forming connective tissues with highly specialised surface lining epithelial cells essentially contributing to the establishment of the intestinal border. In order to perform these diverse functions, spatially distinct compartments of epithelial differentiation are found along the crypt-villus axis, including Paneth cells as a highly specialised cell type. Paneth cells locate in crypts and assist undifferentiated columnar cells, called crypt base columnar cells, and rapidly amplifying cells in the regeneration of absorptive and secretory cell types. There is some evidence that Paneth cells are involved in the configuration and function of the stem cell zone as well as intestinal morphogenesis and crypt fission. However, the flow of Paneth cells to crypt bottoms requires strong Wnt signalling guided by EphB3 and partially antagonised by Notch. In addition, mature Paneth cells are essential for the production and secretion of antimicrobial peptides including α-defensins/cryptdins. These antimicrobials are physiologically involved in shaping the composition of the microbiome. The autophagy related 16-like 1 (ATG16L1) is a genetic risk factor and is involved in the exocytosis pathway of Paneth cells as well as a linker molecule to PPAR signalling and lipid metabolism. There is evidence that injuries of Paneth cells are involved in the etiopathogenesis of different intestinal diseases. The review provides an overview of the key points of Paneth cell activities in intestinal physiology and pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaus Gassler
- Institute of Pathology, RWTH Aachen University, Braunschweig 38114, Germany
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Krüger L, Gonzalez LM, Pridgen TA, McCall SJ, von Furstenberg RJ, Harnden I, Carnighan GE, Cox AM, Blikslager AT, Garman KS. Ductular and proliferative response of esophageal submucosal glands in a porcine model of esophageal injury and repair. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2017; 313:G180-G191. [PMID: 28572084 PMCID: PMC5625137 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00036.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Esophageal injury is a risk factor for diseases such as Barrett's esophagus (BE) and esophageal adenocarcinoma. To improve understanding of signaling pathways associated with both normal and abnormal repair, animal models are needed. Traditional rodent models of esophageal repair are limited by the absence of esophageal submucosal glands (ESMGs), which are present in the human esophagus. Previously, we identified acinar ductal metaplasia in human ESMGs in association with both esophageal injury and cancer. In addition, the SOX9 transcription factor has been associated with generation of columnar epithelium and the pathogenesis of BE and is present in ESMGs. To test our hypothesis that ESMGs activate after esophageal injury with an increase in proliferation, generation of a ductal phenotype, and expression of SOX9, we developed a porcine model of esophageal injury and repair using radiofrequency ablation (RFA). The porcine esophagus contains ESMGs, and RFA produces a consistent and reproducible mucosal injury in the esophagus. Here we present a temporal assessment of this model of esophageal repair. Porcine esophagus was evaluated at 0, 6, 18, 24, 48, and 72 h and 5 and 7 days following RFA and compared with control uninjured esophagus. Following RFA, ESMGs demonstrated an increase in ductal phenotype, echoing our prior studies in humans. Proliferation increased in both squamous epithelium and ESMGs postinjury with a prominent population of SOX9-positive cells in ESMGs postinjury. This model promises to be useful in future experiments evaluating mechanisms of esophageal repair.NEW & NOTEWORTHY A novel porcine model of injury and repair using radiofrequency ablation has been developed, allowing for reproducible injury to the esophagus to study repair in an animal model with esophageal submucosal glands, a key anatomical feature and missing in rodent models but possibly harboring progenitor cells. There is a strong translational component to this porcine model given the anatomical and physiological similarities between pigs and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandi Krüger
- 1Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina;
| | - Liara M. Gonzalez
- 1Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina;
| | - Tiffany A. Pridgen
- 1Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina;
| | | | | | - Ivan Harnden
- 2Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina; and
| | - Gwendolyn E. Carnighan
- 1Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina;
| | - Abigail M. Cox
- 1Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina;
| | - Anthony T. Blikslager
- 1Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina;
| | - Katherine S. Garman
- 2Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina; and
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Shen C, Zhang H, Wang P, Feng J, Li J, Xu Y, Zhang A, Shao S, Yu X, Yan W, Xia Y, Hu J, Fang D. Deoxycholic acid (DCA) confers an intestinal phenotype on esophageal squamous epithelium via induction of the stemness-associated reprogramming factors OCT4 and SOX2. Cell Cycle 2016; 15:1439-49. [PMID: 27096226 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2016.1175252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Barrett's esophagus (BE) is essentially a metaplasia in which the normal stratified squamous epithelium is replaced by columnar epithelium. This study focuses on the involvement of OCT4 and SOX2, 2 key cell-reprogramming factors, in the deoxycholic acid (DCA)-induced expression of the intestinal hallmarks Cdx2 and MUC2 using both in vivo and in vitro models. Up-regulated expression of OCT4 and down-regulated expression of SOX2 were observed in BE compared with normal esophagus and esophagitis. Consistent with the data in vivo, DCA induced time-dependent expression of OCT4 at both the mRNA and protein levels and decreased nuclear expression of SOX2 in Het-1A cells. Down-regulation of OCT4 expression by siRNA abrogated DCA-induced expression of Cdx2 and MUC2, whereas siRNA against SOX2 significantly upregulated the expression of both Cdx2 and MUC2. Our data indicate that both OCT4 and SOX2 play important roles in the development of BE triggered by bile acid reflux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caifei Shen
- a Department of Gastroenterology , Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University , Chongqing , China
| | - Haoxiang Zhang
- a Department of Gastroenterology , Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University , Chongqing , China
| | - Pu Wang
- a Department of Gastroenterology , Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University , Chongqing , China
| | - Ji Feng
- a Department of Gastroenterology , Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University , Chongqing , China
| | - Jingwen Li
- a Department of Gastroenterology , Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University , Chongqing , China
| | - Yin Xu
- a Department of Gastroenterology , Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University , Chongqing , China
| | - Anran Zhang
- a Department of Gastroenterology , Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University , Chongqing , China
| | - Shunzi Shao
- a Department of Gastroenterology , Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University , Chongqing , China
| | - Xiaona Yu
- a Department of Gastroenterology , Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University , Chongqing , China
| | - Wu Yan
- a Department of Gastroenterology , Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University , Chongqing , China
| | - Yiju Xia
- a Department of Gastroenterology , Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University , Chongqing , China
| | - Jiali Hu
- a Department of Gastroenterology , Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University , Chongqing , China
| | - Dianchun Fang
- a Department of Gastroenterology , Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University , Chongqing , China
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