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Zhao J, Zhao B, Kong N, Li M, Li F, Liu J, Wang L, Song L. Water stratification alters phytoplankton assemblages in scallop farming waters of the North Yellow Sea in China. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 196:106399. [PMID: 38387226 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2024.106399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
As evaluation indicators of the primary productivity, the phytoplankton biomass and community structure are of great significance to the fishery industry, which can be driven by ocean currents, nutrients and water stratification. In the present study, the characteristics of phytoplankton assemblages in different water layers of a typical Yesso scallop farming area in Zhangzi Island, the North Yellow Sea were investigated from March 2021 to January 2022. According to the vertical distribution of temperature, water stratification was observed from June to August (stratification period), and disappeared in March, October and the following January with vertical homogeneity (mixing period). 18S rRNA gene sequencing results revealed that Pyrrophyta was the most dominant phylum during the sampling period, with high gene proportions in the stratification (63.36%) and mixing periods (77.35%). The gene proportion of Bacillariophyta in the stratification period was 5.44%, which was significantly lower than that in the mixing period of 8.93% (p < 0.05). Moreover, Pseudo-nitzschia, a toxin-producing taxon affiliated with Bacillariophyta, exhibited a significantly higher proportion in the stratification period than in the mixing period. During the stratification period, a number of toxin-producing taxa such as Pseudo-nitzschia and Karlodinium were enriched in the bottom layer, which was 1.29-fold and 1.37-fold of that in the surface layer, respectively. Redundancy analysis showed that phosphate and water temperature were major environmental factors driving the vertical distribution of phytoplankton assemblages. The phosphate (0.11 μM) and silicate (2.09 μM) concentrations in the surface layer approached the minimum threshold for phytoplankton growth, and the stoichiometric limitation of phosphate was detected in the surface and middle layers. Collectively, these results indicated that the decreased proportion ratio of Bacillariophyta to Pyrrophyta and unfavorable community composition of Bacillariophyta for scallops were observed during summer, which might result from the phosphate limitation driven by water stratification. The results will further our understanding of the dynamics of phytoplankton communities under the background of intensifying ocean stratification and provide ecological guidance for mollusc mariculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyan Zhao
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Bao Zhao
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Ning Kong
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Ming Li
- Zhangzidao Group Co., LTD., Dalian, 116503, China
| | - Fuzhe Li
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Jinyu Liu
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Functional Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, China
| | - Linsheng Song
- Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Functional Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, 519000, China.
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Esenkulova S, Neville C, DiCicco E, Pearsall I. Indications that algal blooms may affect wild salmon in a similar way as farmed salmon. HARMFUL ALGAE 2022; 118:102310. [PMID: 36195415 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2022.102310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Based on a four year study conducted in Cowichan Bay, Canada, potential linkages between composition and abundance of phytoplankton and the feeding and histopathology of juvenile salmon were noted. During two dense blooms (Skeletonema spp. and Pseudo-nitzschia spp.), feeding of juvenile Chinook salmon decreased (n=202, empty stomachs >50%). All collected salmon gills (n=5) were damaged following high levels of mechanically harmful Chaetoceros convolutus in the water column; all collected livers (n=5) showed signs of pathological changes during Octactis speculum bloom. These observations were consistent with effects previously reported from salmon farms, however this agreement must be treated with caution as it is based on a limited number of samples. We suggest that there is a need for comprehensive studies to evaluate the potential role of harmful algae as a stressor to wild fish in a coastal environment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chrys Neville
- Department of Fisheries, Oceans and the Canadian Coast Guard; Pacific Biological Station, Nanaimo, BC, V9T 6N7, Canada
| | - Emiliano DiCicco
- Pacific Salmon Foundation, Vancouver, BC, V6J 4S6, Canada; Department of Fisheries, Oceans and the Canadian Coast Guard; Pacific Biological Station, Nanaimo, BC, V9T 6N7, Canada
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Mardones JI, Paredes J, Godoy M, Suarez R, Norambuena L, Vargas V, Fuenzalida G, Pinilla E, Artal O, Rojas X, Dorantes-Aranda JJ, Lee Chang KJ, Anderson DM, Hallegraeff GM. Disentangling the environmental processes responsible for the world's largest farmed fish-killing harmful algal bloom: Chile, 2016. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 766:144383. [PMID: 33421787 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The dictyochophyte microalga Pseudochattonella verruculosa was responsible for the largest farmed fish mortality ever recorded in the world, with losses for the Chilean salmon industry amounting to US$ 800 M in austral summer 2016. Super-scale climatic anomalies resulted in strong vertical water column stratification that stimulated development of a dynamic P. verruculosa thin layer (up to 38 μg chl a L-1) for several weeks in Reloncaví Sound. Hydrodynamic modeling (MIKE 3D) indicated that the Sound had extremely low flushing rates (between 121 and 200 days) in summer 2016. Reported algal cell densities of 7000-20,000 cells mL-1 generated respiratory distress in fish that was unlikely due to low dissolved oxygen (permanently >4 mg L-1). Histological examination of salmon showed that gills were the most affected organ with significant tissue damage and circulatory disorders. It is possible that some of this damage was due to a diatom bloom that preceded the Pseudochattonella event, thereby rendering the fish more susceptible to Pseudochattonella. No correlation between magnitude of fish mortality and algal cell abundance nor fish age was evident. Algal cultures revealed rapid growth rates and high cell densities (up to 600,000 cells mL-1), as well as highly complex life cycle stages that can be easily overlooked in monitoring programs. In cell-based bioassays, Chilean P. verruculosa was only toxic to the RTgill-W1 cell line following exposures to high cell densities of lysed cells (>100,000 cells mL-1). Fatty acid profiles of a cultured strain showed elevated concentrations of potentially ichthyotoxic, long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) (69.7% ± 1.8%)- stearidonic (SDA, 18:4ω3-28.9%), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6ω3-22.3%), suggesting that lipid peroxidation may help to explain the mortalities, though superoxide production by Pseudochattonella was low (< 0.21 ± 0.19 pmol O2- cell-1 h-1). It therefore remains unknown what the mechanisms of salmon mortality were during the Pseudochattonella bloom. Multiple mitigation strategies were used by salmon farmers during the event, with only delayed seeding of juvenile fish into the cages and towing of cages to sanctuary sites being effective. Airlift pumping, used effectively against other fish-killing HABs in the US and Canada was not effective, perhaps because it brought subsurface layers of Pseudochattonella to the surface, or and it also may have lysed the fragile cells, rendering them more lethal. The present study highlights knowledge gaps and inefficiency of contingency plans by the fish farming industry to overcome future fish-killing algal blooms under future climate change scenarios. The use of new technologies based on molecular methods for species detection, good farm practices by fish farms, and possible mitigation strategies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge I Mardones
- Centro de Estudios de Algas Nocivas (CREAN), Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP), Puerto Montt, Chile; Centro FONDAP de Investigación en Dinámica de Ecosistemas Marinos de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Valdivia, Chile.
| | - Javier Paredes
- Centro de Estudios de Algas Nocivas (CREAN), Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP), Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Marcos Godoy
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Aplicadas (CIBA), Puerto Montt, Chile; Laboratorio de Biotecnología Aplicada, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria, Sede de la Patagonia, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile; Doctorado en acuicultura, Programa cooperativo Universidad de Chile, Universidad Católica del Norte, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Rudy Suarez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Aplicadas (CIBA), Puerto Montt, Chile; Laboratorio de Biotecnología Aplicada, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria, Sede de la Patagonia, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile; Magister en acuicultura, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Luis Norambuena
- Centro de Estudios de Algas Nocivas (CREAN), Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP), Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Valentina Vargas
- Centro de Estudios de Algas Nocivas (CREAN), Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP), Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Gonzalo Fuenzalida
- Centro de Estudios de Algas Nocivas (CREAN), Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP), Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Elias Pinilla
- CTPA-Putemún, Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP), Castro, Chile
| | - Osvaldo Artal
- CTPA-Putemún, Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP), Castro, Chile
| | - Ximena Rojas
- Instituto Tecnológico del Salmón (INTESAL), Juan Soler Manfredini 41, Of. 1802, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | | | - Kim J Lee Chang
- CSIRO Ocean and Atmosphere, GPO Box 1538, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
| | - Donald M Anderson
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), Woods Hole, MA, USA
| | - Gustaaf M Hallegraeff
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies (IMAS), University of Tasmania, Australia
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Fujiyoshi S, Yarimizu K, Miyashita Y, Rilling J, Acuña JJ, Ueki S, Gajardo G, Espinoza-González O, Guzmán L, Jorquera MA, Nagai S, Maruyama F. Suitcase Lab: new, portable, and deployable equipment for rapid detection of specific harmful algae in Chilean coastal waters. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:14144-14155. [PMID: 33206296 PMCID: PMC7673245 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11567-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Phytoplankton blooms, including harmful algal blooms (HABs), have serious impacts on ecosystems, public health, and productivity activities. Rapid detection and monitoring of marine microalgae are important in predicting and managing HABs. We developed a toolkit, the Suitcase Lab, to detect harmful algae species in the field. We demonstrated the Suitcase Lab's capabilities for sampling, filtration, DNA extraction, and loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) detection in cultured Alexandrium catenella cells as well as Chilean coastal waters from four sites: Repollal, Isla García, Puerto Montt, and Metri. A LAMP assay using the Suitcase Lab in the field confirmed microscopic observations of A. catenella in samples from Repollal and Isla García. The Suitcase Lab allowed the rapid detection of A. catenella, within 2 h from the time of sampling, even at a single cell per milliliter concentrations, demonstrating its usefulness for quick and qualitative on-site diagnosis of target toxic algae species. This method is applicable not only to detecting harmful algae but also to other field studies that seek a rapid molecular diagnostic test.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Fujiyoshi
- Office of Industry-Academia-Government and Community Collaboration, Hiroshima University, 1-3-2 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima City, Hiroshima, 739-8511, Japan.
- Center for holobiome and built Environment (CHOBE), Hiroshima University, 1-3-2 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima City, Hiroshima, 739-8511, Japan.
- Laboratorio de Ecología Microbiana Aplicada, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas y Recursos Naturales, Scientific and Biotechnological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN-UFRO), Universidad de La Frontera, Ave. Francisco Salazar 01145, Temuco, Chile.
| | - Kyoko Yarimizu
- Office of Industry-Academia-Government and Community Collaboration, Hiroshima University, 1-3-2 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima City, Hiroshima, 739-8511, Japan
| | - Yohei Miyashita
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, 2-20-1 Chuo, Kurashiki, Okayama, 710-0046, Japan
| | - Joaquín Rilling
- Laboratorio de Ecología Microbiana Aplicada, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas y Recursos Naturales, Scientific and Biotechnological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN-UFRO), Universidad de La Frontera, Ave. Francisco Salazar 01145, Temuco, Chile
| | - Jacquelinne J Acuña
- Center for holobiome and built Environment (CHOBE), Hiroshima University, 1-3-2 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima City, Hiroshima, 739-8511, Japan
- Laboratorio de Ecología Microbiana Aplicada, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas y Recursos Naturales, Scientific and Biotechnological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN-UFRO), Universidad de La Frontera, Ave. Francisco Salazar 01145, Temuco, Chile
| | - Shoko Ueki
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, 2-20-1 Chuo, Kurashiki, Okayama, 710-0046, Japan
| | - Gonzalo Gajardo
- Laboratorio de Genética, Acuicultura & Biodiversidad. Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Biodiversidad, Universidad de Los Lagos, Osorno, Chile
| | - Oscar Espinoza-González
- Centro de Estudios de Algas Nocivas (CREAN), Instituto de Fomento Pesquero (IFOP), Padre Harter 547, 5480000, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Leonardo Guzmán
- Instituto de Fomento Pesquero, IFOP, Balmaceda 252, 5480000, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Milko A Jorquera
- Center for holobiome and built Environment (CHOBE), Hiroshima University, 1-3-2 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima City, Hiroshima, 739-8511, Japan
- Laboratorio de Ecología Microbiana Aplicada, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas y Recursos Naturales, Scientific and Biotechnological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN-UFRO), Universidad de La Frontera, Ave. Francisco Salazar 01145, Temuco, Chile
| | - Satoshi Nagai
- Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Fisheries Stock Assessment Center, Bioinformatics and Biosciences Division, Genome Structure Analysis Group, 2-12-4 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-8648, Japan
| | - Fumito Maruyama
- Office of Industry-Academia-Government and Community Collaboration, Hiroshima University, 1-3-2 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima City, Hiroshima, 739-8511, Japan.
- Center for holobiome and built Environment (CHOBE), Hiroshima University, 1-3-2 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima City, Hiroshima, 739-8511, Japan.
- Laboratorio de Ecología Microbiana Aplicada, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas y Recursos Naturales, Scientific and Biotechnological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN-UFRO), Universidad de La Frontera, Ave. Francisco Salazar 01145, Temuco, Chile.
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Karlson B, Andersen P, Arneborg L, Cembella A, Eikrem W, John U, West JJ, Klemm K, Kobos J, Lehtinen S, Lundholm N, Mazur-Marzec H, Naustvoll L, Poelman M, Provoost P, De Rijcke M, Suikkanen S. Harmful algal blooms and their effects in coastal seas of Northern Europe. HARMFUL ALGAE 2021; 102:101989. [PMID: 33875185 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2021.101989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms (HAB) are recurrent phenomena in northern Europe along the coasts of the Baltic Sea, Kattegat-Skagerrak, eastern North Sea, Norwegian Sea and the Barents Sea. These HABs have caused occasional massive losses for the aquaculture industry and have chronically affected socioeconomic interests in several ways. This status review gives an overview of historical HAB events and summarises reports to the Harmful Algae Event Database from 1986 to the end of year 2019 and observations made in long term monitoring programmes of potentially harmful phytoplankton and of phycotoxins in bivalve shellfish. Major HAB taxa causing fish mortalities in the region include blooms of the prymnesiophyte Chrysochromulina leadbeateri in northern Norway in 1991 and 2019, resulting in huge economic losses for fish farmers. A bloom of the prymesiophyte Prymnesium polylepis (syn. Chrysochromulina polylepis) in the Kattegat-Skagerrak in 1988 was ecosystem disruptive. Blooms of the prymnesiophyte Phaeocystis spp. have caused accumulations of foam on beaches in the southwestern North Sea and Wadden Sea coasts and shellfish mortality has been linked to their occurrence. Mortality of shellfish linked to HAB events has been observed in estuarine waters associated with influx of water from the southern North Sea. The first bloom of the dictyochophyte genus Pseudochattonella was observed in 1998, and since then such blooms have been observed in high cell densities in spring causing fish mortalities some years. Dinoflagellates, primarily Dinophysis spp., intermittently yield concentrations of Diarrhetic Shellfish Toxins (DST) in blue mussels, Mytilus edulis, above regulatory limits along the coasts of Norway, Denmark and the Swedish west coast. On average, DST levels in shellfish have decreased along the Swedish and Norwegian Skagerrak coasts since approximately 2006, coinciding with a decrease in the cell abundance of D. acuta. Among dinoflagellates, Alexandrium species are the major source of Paralytic Shellfish Toxins (PST) in the region. PST concentrations above regulatory levels were rare in the Skagerrak-Kattegat during the three decadal review period, but frequent and often abundant findings of Alexandrium resting cysts in surface sediments indicate a high potential risk for blooms. PST levels often above regulatory limits along the west coast of Norway are associated with A. catenella (ribotype Group 1) as the main toxin producer. Other Alexandrium species, such as A. ostenfeldii and A. minutum, are capable of producing PST among some populations but are usually not associated with PSP events in the region. The cell abundance of A. pseudogonyaulax, a producer of the ichthyotoxin goniodomin (GD), has increased in the Skagerrak-Kattegat since 2010, and may constitute an emerging threat. The dinoflagellate Azadinium spp. have been unequivocally linked to the presence of azaspiracid toxins (AZT) responsible for Azaspiracid Shellfish Poisoning (AZP) in northern Europe. These toxins were detected in bivalve shellfish at concentrations above regulatory limits for the first time in Norway in blue mussels in 2005 and in Sweden in blue mussels and oysters (Ostrea edulis and Crassostrea gigas) in 2018. Certain members of the diatom genus Pseudo-nitzschia produce the neurotoxin domoic acid and analogs known as Amnesic Shellfish Toxins (AST). Blooms of Pseudo-nitzschia were common in the North Sea and the Skagerrak-Kattegat, but levels of AST in bivalve shellfish were rarely above regulatory limits during the review period. Summer cyanobacteria blooms in the Baltic Sea are a concern mainly for tourism by causing massive fouling of bathing water and beaches. Some of the cyanobacteria produce toxins, e.g. Nodularia spumigena, producer of nodularin, which may be a human health problem and cause occasional dog mortalities. Coastal and shelf sea regions in northern Europe provide a key supply of seafood, socioeconomic well-being and ecosystem services. Increasing anthropogenic influence and climate change create environmental stressors causing shifts in the biogeography and intensity of HABs. Continued monitoring of HAB and phycotoxins and the operation of historical databases such as HAEDAT provide not only an ongoing status report but also provide a way to interpret causes and mechanisms of HABs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bengt Karlson
- Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute, Research and Development, Oceanography, Sven Källfelts gata 15, SE-426 71 Västra Frölunda, Sweden.
| | - Per Andersen
- Aarhus University, Marine Ecology, Vejlsøvej 25, 8600 Silkeborg, Denmark
| | - Lars Arneborg
- Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute, Research and Development, Oceanography, Sven Källfelts gata 15, SE-426 71 Västra Frölunda, Sweden
| | - Allan Cembella
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Wenche Eikrem
- University of Oslo, Department of Biosciences, P. O. Box 1066 Blindern, Oslo 0316, Norway; Norwegian Institute for Water Research. Gaustadalleen 21, 0349 Oslo, Norway
| | - Uwe John
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany; Helmholtz Institute for Functional Marine Biodiversity, Ammerländer Heerstraße 231, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Jennifer Joy West
- CICERO Center for International Climate Research, P.O. Box 1129, 0318 Blindern, Oslo Norway
| | - Kerstin Klemm
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Justyna Kobos
- University of Gdansk, Institute of Oceanography, Division of Marine Biotechnology, Marszalka Pilsudskiego 46, 81-378 Gdynia; POLAND
| | - Sirpa Lehtinen
- Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), Marine Research Centre, Agnes Sjöbergin katu 2, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nina Lundholm
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, 1353 Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Hanna Mazur-Marzec
- University of Gdansk, Institute of Oceanography, Division of Marine Biotechnology, Marszalka Pilsudskiego 46, 81-378 Gdynia; POLAND
| | - Lars Naustvoll
- Institute of Marine Research, Flødevigen Marine Research Station, N-4817 His, Norway
| | - Marnix Poelman
- Wageningen UR, Wageningen Marine Research, P.O. box 77, 4400 AB, Yerseke, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter Provoost
- Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, Project Office for IODE, Wandelaarkaai 7/61 - 8400 Oostende, Belgium
| | - Maarten De Rijcke
- Flanders Marine Institute (VLIZ), Wandelaarkaai 7, B-8400 Oostende, Belgium
| | - Sanna Suikkanen
- Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), Marine Research Centre, Agnes Sjöbergin katu 2, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
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Han KY, Maciszewski K, Graf L, Yang JH, Andersen RA, Karnkowska A, Yoon HS. Dictyochophyceae Plastid Genomes Reveal Unusual Variability in Their Organization. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2019; 55:1166-1180. [PMID: 31325913 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Dictyochophyceae (silicoflagellates) are unicellular freshwater and marine algae (Heterokontophyta, stramenopiles). Despite their abundance in global oceans and potential ecological significance, discovered in recent years, neither nuclear nor organellar genomes of representatives of this group were sequenced until now. Here, we present the first complete plastid genome sequences of Dictyochophyceae, obtained from four species: Dictyocha speculum, Rhizochromulina marina, Florenciella parvula and Pseudopedinella elastica. Despite their comparable size and genetic content, these four plastid genomes exhibit variability in their organization: plastid genomes of F. parvula and P. elastica possess conventional quadripartite structure with a pair of inverted repeats, R. marina instead possesses two direct repeats with the same orientation and D. speculum possesses no repeats at all. We also observed a number of unusual traits in the plastid genome of D. speculum, including expansion of the intergenic regions, presence of an intron in the otherwise non-intron-bearing psaA gene, and an additional copy of the large subunit of RuBisCO gene (rbcL), the last of which has never been observed in any plastid genome. We conclude that despite noticeable gene content similarities between the plastid genomes of Dictyochophyceae and their relatives (pelagophytes, diatoms), the number of distinctive features observed in this lineage strongly suggests that additional taxa require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwi Young Han
- Department of Biological Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Korea
| | - Kacper Maciszewski
- Department of Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, Faculty of Biology, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Louis Graf
- Department of Biological Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Korea
| | - Ji Hyun Yang
- Department of Biological Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Korea
| | - Robert A Andersen
- Friday Harbor Laboratories, University of Washington, Friday Harbor, Washington, 98250, USA
| | - Anna Karnkowska
- Department of Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, Faculty of Biology, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Hwan Su Yoon
- Department of Biological Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Korea
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Montes RM, Rojas X, Artacho P, Tello A, Quiñones RA. Quantifying harmful algal bloom thresholds for farmed salmon in southern Chile. HARMFUL ALGAE 2018; 77:55-65. [PMID: 30005802 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2018.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms (HABs) have affected salmon farms in Chile since the early 1970's, causing massive losses in fish. Two large HABs occurred in 2002 and 2009, during which Alexandrium catenella blooms killed tons of salmon over an extended geographic area in southern Chile. At the beginning of 2016, high and persistent densities of Pseudochattonella cf. verruculosa and A. catenella were detected in the estuarine and marine ecosystems of southern Chile. Mortality for this latter event reached 27 million salmon and trout (i.e. 39,000 tons). Unfortunately, the threshold concentrations of algae that could be harmful to the health of farmed salmon in southern Chile have not yet been quantified. Here, to protect fish farms from HABs, critical concentration levels, i.e. thresholds at which the behavior of farmed Salmo salar is affected by harmful algae were quantified using generalized linear mixed models (GLMM). An extensive database from southern Chile covering the period from 1989 to 2016 was analyzed. The database included salmon behavior, cell abundance of microalgae and oceanographic factors. For both species analyzed, the higher the cell abundance, the greater the probability of detecting anomalous behavior. A threshold of 397 cells/mL was estimated for A. catenella, although it can increase up to ca. >975 cells/mL at a Secchi depth >6 m and up to 874 cells/mL during flood tide. A threshold value <1 cell/mL for Pseudochattonella cf. verruculosa was found to be associated with anomalous salmon behavior, which significantly increased at a water temperature of 11 °C. Evidence for a relationship between fish behavior and mortality is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo M Montes
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Universidad de Concepción, O'Higgins 1695, Concepción, Chile.
| | - Ximena Rojas
- Instituto Tecnológico del Salmon (INTESAL), Juan Soler Manfredini 41, Of. 1802, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Paulina Artacho
- Instituto Tecnológico del Salmon (INTESAL), Juan Soler Manfredini 41, Of. 1802, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Alfredo Tello
- Instituto Tecnológico del Salmon (INTESAL), Juan Soler Manfredini 41, Of. 1802, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Renato A Quiñones
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Universidad de Concepción, O'Higgins 1695, Concepción, Chile; Departamento de Oceanografía, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, P.O. Box 160-C, Concepción, Chile
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