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Mertens KN, Retho M, Manach S, Zoffoli ML, Doner A, Schapira M, Bilien G, Séchet V, Lacour T, Robert E, Duval A, Terre-Terrillon A, Derrien A, Gernez P. An unprecedented bloom of Lingulodinium polyedra on the French Atlantic coast during summer 2021. HARMFUL ALGAE 2023; 125:102426. [PMID: 37220980 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2023.102426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
At the end of July 2021, a bloom of Lingulodinium polyedra developed along the French Atlantic coast and lasted six weeks. The REPHY monitoring network and the citizen participation project PHENOMER contributed to its observation. A maximum concentration of 3,600,000 cells/L was reached on the 6th of September, a level never recorded on French coastlines. Satellite observation confirmed that the bloom reached its highest abundance and spatial extension early September, covering about 3200 km2 on the 4th of September. Cultures were established, and morphology and ITS-LSU sequencing identified the species as L. polyedra. The thecae displayed the characteristic tabulation and sometimes a ventral pore. The pigment composition of the bloom was similar to that of cultured L. polyedra, confirming that phytoplankton biomass was dominated by this species. The bloom was preceded by Leptocylindrus sp., developed over Lepidodinium chlorophorum, and was succeeded by elevated Noctiluca scintillans concentrations. Afterwards, relatively high abundance of Alexandrium tamarense were observed in the embayment where the bloom started. Unusually high precipitation during mid-July increased river discharges from the Loire and Vilaine rivers, which likely fueled phytoplankton growth by providing nutrients. Water masses with high numbers of dinoflagellates were characterized by high sea surface temperature and thermohaline stratification. The wind was low during the bloom development, before drifting it offshore. Cysts were observed in the plankton towards the end of the bloom, with concentrations up to 30,000 cysts/L and relative abundances up to 99%. The bloom deposited a seed bank, with cyst concentrations up to 100,000 cysts/g dried sediment, particularly in fine-grained sediments. The bloom caused hypoxia events, and concentrations of yessotoxins up to 747 μg/kg were recorded in mussels, below the safety threshold of 3,750 μg/kg. Oysters, clams and cockles also were contaminated with yessotoxins, but at lower concentrations. The established cultures did not produce yessotoxins at detectable levels, although yessotoxins were detected in the sediment. The unusual environmental summertime conditions that triggered the bloom, as well as the establishment of considerable seed banks, provide important findings to understand future harmful algal blooms along the French coastline.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Maria Laura Zoffoli
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Scienze Marine (CNR-ISMAR), 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Anne Doner
- Ifremer, LITTORAL, F-29900 Concarneau, France
| | | | | | | | - Thomas Lacour
- Ifremer, PHYTOX, Laboratoire PHYSALG, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Elise Robert
- Ifremer, PHYTOX, Laboratoire GENALG, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | | | | | | | - Pierre Gernez
- Nantes Université, Institut des Substances et Organismes de la Mer, ISOMer, UR 2160, F-44000 Nantes, France
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Gómez F, Gast RJ. Rediscovery of the Gonyaulacoid Dinoflagellate
Schuettiella. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2022; 69:e12920. [DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rebecca J. Gast
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Woods Hole, MA 02543‐1049 USA
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Ahmad S, Iqbal K, Kothari R, Singh HM, Sari A, Tyagi V. A critical overview of upstream cultivation and downstream processing of algae-based biofuels: Opportunity, technological barriers and future perspective. J Biotechnol 2022; 351:74-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2022.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Hoppenrath M, Reñé A, Satta CT, Yamaguchi A, Selina MS. Molecular phylogeny and morphology of Carinadinium gen. nov. (Dinophyceae, Gonyaulacales), including marine sand-dwelling dinoflagellate species formerly classified within Thecadinium. Eur J Protistol 2021; 81:125835. [PMID: 34715455 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejop.2021.125835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Thecadinium is a morphologically heterogenous marine benthic genus. Its polyphyly has been discussed. After redefinition of the sensu stricto genus, sensu lato taxa now need reclassification. Heterotrophic, morphologically closely related species were studied in detail. Molecular phylogenetic data for three of the four known species (T. ornatum, T. acanthium, T. ovatum) and new morphological data were obtained, leading to an emended thecal plate pattern, including the presence of an apical pore complex and an additional hypothecal plate. The results confirm the close relationship of the species and justify the description of Carinadinium gen. nov., characterized by the tabulation APC 3/4' 1/0a 6″ 6c 5s 5‴ 2'‴, an epithecal plate of special morphology, an apical flange, a ventral pore, antapical appendages, a descending cingulum and lateral cell flattening. The genus can be separated into two sub-clades, one with a third precingular 'dimple'-plate, four apical and no anterior intercalary plates and the other with a 'multi-pimple'-plate as third precingular or its homolog plate, three apical and one anterior intercalary plate. Carinadinium is phylogenetically related to the planktonic genera Protoceratium, Pentaplacodinium, and Ceratocorys (family Protoceratiaceae), and clearly belongs into the order Gonyaulacales, but with uncertain family affiliation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Hoppenrath
- Senckenberg am Meer, German Centre for Marine Biodiversity Research (DZMB), Südstrand 44, D - 26382 Wilhelmshaven, Germany.
| | - Albert Reñé
- Institut de Ciències del Mar (CSIC), Departament de Biologia Marina i Oceanografia, Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37-49 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Cecilia T Satta
- Dipartimento di Architettura, Design e Urbanistica, University of Sassari, Via Piandanna 4, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Aika Yamaguchi
- Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Marina S Selina
- A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Palchevskogo Str17, Vladivostok 690041, Russia
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Tillmann U, Bantle A, Krock B, Elbrächter M, Gottschling M. Recommendations for epitypification of dinophytes exemplified by Lingulodinium polyedra and molecular phylogenetics of the Gonyaulacales based on curated rRNA sequence data. HARMFUL ALGAE 2021; 104:101956. [PMID: 34023073 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2020.101956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Gonyaulacales include a considerable number of harmful algae and to understand their origin and rise, knowledge of the evolutionary relationships is necessary. Many scientific names of protists introduced prior to the availability of DNA analytics are ambiguous and impede communication about biological species and their traits in the microbial world. Strains of Lingulodinium polyedra were established from its type locality in the Kiel Fjord (Germany) to clarify its taxonomy. Moreover, the phylogeny of Gonyaulacales was inferred based on 329 rRNA sequence accessions compiled in a curated sequence data base, with as much as possible type material equivalents included. Gonyaulacales were monophyletic and segregated into seven lineages at high systematic level, of which †Lingulodiniaceae constituted the first branch of the Gonyaulacales. Their type species had a plate formula APC (Po, X, cp), 3', 3a, 6'' 6c, 6s, 6''', 2'''' and is taxonomically clarified by epitypification. Recommendations for this important taxonomic tool are provided, with a focus on microorganisms. Most gonyaulacalean taxa established at generic rank are monophyletic, with Alexandrium, Coolia and Gonyaulax as notable exceptions. From an evolutionary perspective, gonyaulacalean dinophytes with quinqueform hypotheca are monophyletic and derive from a paraphyletic group showing the sexiform configuration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urban Tillmann
- Alfred-Wegener-Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, D - 27 570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Alexis Bantle
- Alfred-Wegener-Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, D - 27 570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Bernd Krock
- Alfred-Wegener-Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, D - 27 570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Malte Elbrächter
- Alfred-Wegener-Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Sylt, Hafenstr. 43, D - 25 992 List/Sylt, Germany
| | - Marc Gottschling
- Department Biologie, Systematische Botanik und Mykologie, GeoBio-Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Menzinger Str. 67, D - 80 638 München, Germany.
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Wang N, Mertens KN, Krock B, Luo Z, Derrien A, Pospelova V, Liang Y, Bilien G, Smith KF, De Schepper S, Wietkamp S, Tillmann U, Gu H. Cryptic speciation in Protoceratium reticulatum (Dinophyceae): Evidence from morphological, molecular and ecophysiological data. HARMFUL ALGAE 2019; 88:101610. [PMID: 31582156 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2019.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The cosmopolitan, potentially toxic dinoflagellate Protoceratium reticulatum possesses a fossilizable cyst stage which is an important paleoenvironmental indicator. Slight differences in the internal transcribed spacer ribosomal DNA (ITS rDNA) sequences of P. reticulatum have been reported, and both the motile stage and cyst morphology of P. reticulatum display phenotypic plasticity, but how these morpho-molecular variations are related with ecophysiological preferences is unknown. Here, 55 single cysts or cells were isolated from localities in the Northern (Arctic to subtropics) and Southern Hemispheres (Chile and New Zealand), and in total 34 strains were established. Cysts and/or cells were examined with light microscopy and/or scanning electron microscopy. Large subunit ribosomal DNA (LSU rDNA) and/or ITS rDNA sequences were obtained for all strains/isolates. All strains/isolates of P. reticulatum shared identical LSU sequences except for one strain from the Mediterranean Sea that differs in one position, however ITS rDNA sequences displayed differences at eight positions. Molecular phylogeny was inferred using maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference based on ITS rDNA sequences. The results showed that P. reticulatum comprises at least three ribotypes (designated as A, B, and C). Ribotype A included strains from the Arctic and temperate areas, ribotype B included strains from temperate regions only, and ribotype C included strains from the subtropical and temperate areas. The average ratios of process length to cyst diameter of P. reticulatum ranged from 15% in ribotype A, 22% in ribotype B and 17% in ribotype C but cyst size could overlap. Theca morphology was indistinguishable among ribotypes. The ITS-2 secondary structures of ribotype A displayed one CBC (compensatory change on two sides of a helix pairing) compared to ribotypes B and C. Growth response of one strain from each ribotype to various temperatures was examined. The strains of ribotypes A, B and C exhibited optimum growth at 15 °C, 20 °C and 20-25 °C, respectively, thus corresponding to cold, moderate and warm ecotypes. The profiles of yessotoxins (YTXs) were examined for 25 strains using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The parent compound yessotoxin (YTX) was produced by strains of ribotypes A and B, but not by ribotype C strains, which only produced the structural variant homoyessotoxin (homoYTX). Our results support the notion that there is significant intra-specific variability in Protoceratium reticulatum and the biogeography of the different ribotypes is consistent with specific ecological preferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Wang
- Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Kenneth Neil Mertens
- Ifremer, LER BO, Station de Biologie Marine, Place de la Croix, BP40537, F-29185 Concarneau CEDEX, France
| | - Bernd Krock
- Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, D-27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Zhaohe Luo
- Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Amélie Derrien
- Ifremer, LER BO, Station de Biologie Marine, Place de la Croix, BP40537, F-29185 Concarneau CEDEX, France
| | - Vera Pospelova
- School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of Victoria, OEASB A405, P. O. Box 1700 16 STN CSC, Victoria, British Columbia, V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Yubo Liang
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Gwenael Bilien
- Ifremer, LER BO, Station de Biologie Marine, Place de la Croix, BP40537, F-29185 Concarneau CEDEX, France
| | - Kirsty F Smith
- Cawthron Institute, 98 Halifax Street East, Private Bag 2, Nelson 7042, New Zealand
| | - Stijn De Schepper
- NORCE Climate, NORCE Norwegian Research Centre AS, Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Jahnebakken 5, 5007 Bergen, Norway
| | - Stephan Wietkamp
- Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, D-27570 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Urban Tillmann
- Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, D-27570 Bremerhaven, Germany.
| | - Haifeng Gu
- Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China.
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