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Biswas T, Azzopardi P, Anwar SN, de Vries TD, Encarnacion-Cruz LM, Hasan MM, Huda MM, Pervin S, Das Gupta R, Mitra DK, Rawal LB, Al Mamun A. Assuring Bangladesh's future: non-communicable disease risk factors among the adolescents and the existing policy responses. JOURNAL OF HEALTH, POPULATION, AND NUTRITION 2022; 41:22. [PMID: 35578321 PMCID: PMC9109415 DOI: 10.1186/s41043-022-00294-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study is to assess the current status of non-communicable disease (NCD) risk factors amongst adolescents in Bangladesh. We also critically reviewed the existing policy responses to NCD risk among adolescents in Bangladesh. METHODS This study used a mixed method approach. To quantify the NCD risk burden, we used data from the Global School-based Student Health Survey conducted in Bangladesh. To understand policy response, we reviewed NCD-related policy documents introduced by the Government of Bangladesh between 1971 and 2018 using the WHO recommended NCD Action Plan 2013-2020as study framework. Information from the policy documents was extracted using a matrix, mapping each document against the six objectives of the WHO 2013-2020 Action Plan. RESULTS Almost all adolescents in Bangladesh had at least one NCD risk factor, and there was a high prevalence of concurrent multiple NCD risk factors; 14% had one NCD risk factor while 22% had two, 29% had three, 34% had four or more NCD risk factors. Out of 38 policy documents, eight (21.1%) were related to research and/or surveys, eight (21.1%) were on established policies, and eleven (29%) were on legislation acts. Three policy documents (7.9%) were related to NCD guidelines and eight (21.1%) were strategic planning which were introduced by the government and non-government agencies/institutes in Bangladesh. CONCLUSIONS The findings emphasize the needs for strengthening NCD risk factors surveillance and introducing appropriate intervention strategies targeted to adolescents. Despite the Government of Bangladesh introducing several NCD-related policies and programs, the government also needs more focus on clear planning, implementation and monitoring and evaluation approaches to preventing NCD risk factors among the adolescents in Bangladesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuhin Biswas
- Institute for Social Science Research, The University of Queensland, QLD, Australia.
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Children and Families Over the Life Course, The University of Queensland, QLD, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | - Md Mehedi Hasan
- Institute for Social Science Research, The University of Queensland, QLD, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Children and Families Over the Life Course, The University of Queensland, QLD, Australia
| | - M Mamun Huda
- Institute for Social Science Research, The University of Queensland, QLD, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Children and Families Over the Life Course, The University of Queensland, QLD, Australia
| | - Sonia Pervin
- Institute for Social Science Research, The University of Queensland, QLD, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Children and Families Over the Life Course, The University of Queensland, QLD, Australia
- Maternal and Child Health Division (MCHD), icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Rajat Das Gupta
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Dipak Kumar Mitra
- Department of Public Health, North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Lal B Rawal
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, CQ University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Abdullah Al Mamun
- Institute for Social Science Research, The University of Queensland, QLD, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Children and Families Over the Life Course, The University of Queensland, QLD, Australia
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Sobngwi-Tambekou JL, Tsague-Agnoux M, Fezeu LK, Ndonko F. Teenage childbearing and school dropout in a sample of 18,791 single mothers in Cameroon. Reprod Health 2022; 19:10. [PMID: 35033103 PMCID: PMC8761331 DOI: 10.1186/s12978-021-01323-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Adolescent childbearing increases the risk of adverse health and social consequences including school dropout (SDO). However, it remains unclear why some teenage mothers drop out of school and others do not, especially in sub-Saharan Africa settings. We aimed to investigate the background and behavioral characteristics of single mothers, associated with school dropout in a sample of 18,791 Cameroonian girls, who had their first child during adolescence. Methods We used data from a national registry of single mothers, collected during the years 2005–2008 and 2010–2011. Both bivariate analysis and logistic binary regression models were used to explore the relationship between adolescence motherhood and SDO controlling for a range of socio-economic, family, sexual and health seeking behavior characteristics. Results Among the 18,791 single mothers, 41.6% had dropped out of school because of pregnancy. The multivariable regression model showed that SDO was more common in those who were evicted from their parental home (aOR: 1.85; 95% CI: 1.69–2.04), those who declared having other single mothers in their family (aOR: 1.16; 95% CI 1.08–1.25) and in mothers who had their first child before 15. Using modern contraceptive methods, having declared no sexual partner during the last year and having less than 2 children were associated with a reduced likelihood of school dropout. Conclusions Strong social support is essential to ensure school continuity in this vulnerable population. Dropping out of school may put the teenage mother more at risk of unsafe health behaviour and new pregnancies. There is compelling, worldwide evidence that pregnancy and birth during teenage years are significant contributors to high school dropout rates, especially in developing countries. Research has also shown that education continuity of teenage mothers can lessen the long term negative social consequences of teenage pregnancies and childbearing. In this study, we investigated the factors associated with school dropout in a sample of Cameroonian teenage mothers. The information collected included socio-economic, family, sexual characteristics, and health-seeking behavior. Among the 18,791 single mothers, 41.6% had dropped out of school because of pregnancy. School dropout was more common in those who were evicted from their parental home, those who declared having other single mothers in their family and in mothers who had their 1st child before 15. Using modern contraceptive methods, having declared no sexual partner during the last year and having less than 2 children were associated with a reduced likelihood of school dropout. In conclusion, strong social support is essential to ensure school continuity in this vulnerable population. Dropping out of school may put the teenage mother more at risk of unsafe health behaviour and new pregnancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joëlle L Sobngwi-Tambekou
- RSD Institute, Rue de l'Université, Po Box 7535, Yaoundé, Cameroon. .,Université Catholique d'Afrique Centrale (UCAC), Yaoundé, Cameroon. .,London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK.
| | | | - Léopold K Fezeu
- Sorbonne Paris Nord University, Inserm, Inrae, Cnam, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Epidemiology and Statistics Research Center-University of Paris (CRESS), 93017, Bobigny, France
| | - Flavien Ndonko
- Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH, Yaoundé, Cameroon
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Huda MM, Finlay JE, O'Flaherty M, Al Mamun A. Transition in social risk factors and adolescent motherhood in low- income and middle- income countries: Evidence from Demographic and Health Survey data, 1996-2018. PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 2:e0000170. [PMID: 36962188 PMCID: PMC10021223 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0000170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the dynamics of social risk factors in the occurrence of adolescent motherhood is vital in designing more appropriate prevention initiatives in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We aimed this study to examine the transition of social risk factors and their association with adolescent motherhood in LMICs since the initiation of the MDGs. We analysed 119967 adolescent girls (15-19 years) from 40-nationally representative Demographic Health Surveys in 20 LMICs that had at least two surveys: a survey in 1996-2003(baseline, near MDGs started) and another in 2014-2018(endline). Adolescent motherhood (having a live birth or being pregnant before age 20) was the outcome of interest, whereas social risk factors including household wealth, girls' level of education, and area of residence were the exposures. The association between adolescent motherhood and the social risk factors, as well as changes in the strength of the association over time were observed using multilevel logistic regression analysis. On an average, the proportion of adolescent mothers without education decreased by -15·61% (95% CI: -16·84, -14·38), whereas the poorest adolescent mother increased by 5·87% (95% CI: 4·74, 7·00). The national prevalence of adolescent motherhood remained unchanged or increased in 55·00% (11/20) of the studied countries. Comparing baseline to endline, the overall adjusted odds ratio (AOR) of adolescent motherhood increased for both poorest (AOR = 1·42, 95% CI: 1·28, 1·59) and rural residences (AOR = 1·09, 95% CI: 1·01, 1·17), and decreased, but not statistically significant for the low level of education (AOR = 0·92, 95% CI: 0·84, 1·01 for no education). Our study concludes that social risk factors of the adolescent mother had shifted in different directions during MDGs and SDGs eras, and adolescent mothers remained more disadvantaged than non-mothers in LMICs. Efforts need to be enhanced to improve adolescent girls' education. Intervention should be prioritised in disadvantaged communities to delay adolescent first birth and prevent adolescent motherhood in LMICs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mamun Huda
- Institute for Social Science Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Children and Families over the Life Course, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jocelyn E Finlay
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Martin O'Flaherty
- Institute for Social Science Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Children and Families over the Life Course, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Abdullah Al Mamun
- Institute for Social Science Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Children and Families over the Life Course, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Burgess RA, Jeffery M, Odero SA, Rose-Clarke K, Devakumar D. Overlooked and unaddressed: A narrative review of mental health consequences of child marriages. PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 2:e0000131. [PMID: 36962120 PMCID: PMC10021205 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0000131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Child Marriage (before the age of 18) affects over 12 million young women globally, annually. Despite acknowledgement of the negative impacts of the practice on reproductive health, mental health consequences are largely overlooked. Given the ability for poor mental health to intensify other health and social challenges, understanding the mental health consequences linked to child marriage is vital. Our study is the first to examine how mental health is approached in current literature on child marriage. Our conceptual framework was informed by a rapid assessment of key issues in the field. Systematic searches of papers published between 2000-2020 were completed on four electronic databases with no language restrictions. Our protocol was registered on Prospero (CRD42019139685). Articles were assessed using PRISMA guidelines, and their quality assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Tools. Of the 4,457 records identified, 21 papers meeting inclusion criteria were analysed using narrative synthesis. The final sample included 5 qualitative, 1 mixed-methods and 15 quantitative studies (14 cross-sectional and 1 longitudinal study) reporting on data from 12 countries, largely in the global south. Intimate partner violence, poverty, challenges in childbirth and isolation were identified as social factors linked to emotional distress by those married as children. Depression was the most reported mental disorder. Anxiety, phobias, psychological distress, substance misuse, negative well-being and anti-social personality disorder were reported less frequently. Findings highlight that while significant emotional distress and specific mental health conditions are linked to child marriage, gaps in our understanding remain. Future studies are needed to; clarify directionality in these relationships; understand the mental health needs of young men, LGBTQI communities and those in humanitarian settings. Given the well documented cyclical relationship between social determinants and mental health conditions, we outline a series of community-oriented interventions which blend psychological, social and structural support to promote mental health and wellbeing in the contexts of child marriage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rochelle A Burgess
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mairi Jeffery
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Kelly Rose-Clarke
- Department of Global and Social Medicine, Kings College London, London, United Kingdom
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Pérez W, Ekholm Selling K, Zelaya Blandón E, Peña R, Contreras M, Persson LÅ, Sysoev O, Källestål C. Trends and factors related to adolescent pregnancies: an incidence trend and conditional inference trees analysis of northern Nicaragua demographic surveillance data. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2021; 21:749. [PMID: 34740316 PMCID: PMC8569964 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-021-04215-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to identify the 2001-2013 incidence trend, and characteristics associated with adolescent pregnancies reported by 20-24-year-old women. METHODS A retrospective analysis of the Cuatro Santos Northern Nicaragua Health and Demographic Surveillance 2004-2014 data on women aged 15-19 and 20-24. To calculate adolescent birth and pregnancy rates, we used the first live birth at ages 10-14 and 15-19 years reported by women aged 15-19 and 20-24 years, respectively, along with estimates of annual incidence rates reported by women aged 20-24 years. We conducted conditional inference tree analyses using 52 variables to identify characteristics associated with adolescent pregnancies. RESULTS The number of first live births reported by women aged 20-24 years was 361 during the study period. Adolescent pregnancies and live births decreased from 2004 to 2009 and thereafter increased up to 2014. The adolescent pregnancy incidence (persons-years) trend dropped from 2001 (75.1 per 1000) to 2007 (27.2 per 1000), followed by a steep upward trend from 2007 to 2008 (19.1 per 1000) that increased in 2013 (26.5 per 1000). Associated factors with adolescent pregnancy were living in low-education households, where most adults in the household were working, and high proportion of adolescent pregnancies in the local community. Wealth was not linked to teenage pregnancies. CONCLUSIONS Interventions to prevent adolescent pregnancy are imperative and must bear into account the context that influences the culture of early motherhood and lead to socioeconomic and health gains in resource-poor settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilton Pérez
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
- Institute of Nutrition of Central America and Panama (INCAP), Calzada Roosevelt 6-25, Zona 11, Guatemala, Guatemala.
| | | | - Elmer Zelaya Blandón
- Asociación para el Desarrollo Económico y Sostenible de El Espino (APRODESE), Chinandega, Nicaragua
- Nicaraguan Autonomous National University, León (UNAN-León), León, Nicaragua
| | - Rodolfo Peña
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Pan American Health Organization, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - Mariela Contreras
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lars-Åke Persson
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Oleg Sysoev
- Department of Computer and Information Science, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Carina Källestål
- Department of Dental Research, Public Dental Service, Region Örebro County, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
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A Multilevel Analysis of Risk and Protective Factors for Adolescent Childbearing in Malawi. SOCIAL SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/socsci10080303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although teenage pregnancy and childbearing has declined throughout sub-Saharan Africa, the recent increase in teenage pregnancy in countries such as Malawi has prompted interest from social researchers. Using Malawi Demographic and Health Survey (MDHS) data from 2004 to 2015, this study employs multilevel logistic regression to examine the magnitude of change over time in risk and protective factors for teenage childbearing. During this period, teenage childbearing declined from 36.1% (C.I.: 31.5–36.7) in 2004 to 25.6% (C.I.: 24.0–27.3) in 2010 before increasing to 29.0% (C.I.: 27.4–30.7) in 2015. Age and being married (compared to never married) were consistently significantly associated with increased odds of teenage childbearing. However, delaying sexual debut, attaining secondary education, belonging to the richest quintile and rural residence offered protective effects against early motherhood, while Muslim affiliation (compared to Christian denominations) was associated with increased likelihood of teenage childbearing among adolescents. Teenage childbearing remains high in the country, largely influenced by adolescents’ early sexual debut and child marriage—risk factors that have hardly changed over time. While individual socioeconomic predictors are useful in explaining the apparent high risk of adolescent fertility among specific subgroups in Malawi, sustained declines in teenage childbearing were not evident at district level.
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7
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Feng C, Li R, Shamim AA, Ullah MB, Li M, Dev R, Wang Y, Zhao T, Liao J, Du Z, Ling Y, Lai Y, Hao Y. High-resolution mapping of reproductive tract infections among women of childbearing age in Bangladesh: a spatial-temporal analysis of the demographic and health survey. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:342. [PMID: 33579253 PMCID: PMC7881647 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-10360-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reproductive tract infections (RTIs) have become major but silent public health problems devastating women's lives in Bangladesh. Accurately and precisely identifying high-risk areas of RTIs through high-resolution risk maps is meaningful for resource-limited settings. METHODS We obtained data reported with RTI symptoms by women of childbearing age in the years 2007, 2011 and 2014 from Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey. High-spatial Environmental, socio-economic and demographic layers were downloaded from different open-access data sources. We applied Bayesian spatial-temporal models to identify important influencing factors and to estimate the infection risk at 5 km spatial resolution across survey years in Bangladesh. RESULTS We estimated that in Bangladesh, there were approximate 11.1% (95% Bayesian credible interval, BCI: 10.5-11.7%), 13.9% (95% BCI: 13.3-14.5%) and 13.4% (95% BCI: 12.8-14.0%) of women of childbearing age reported with RTI symptoms in 2007, 2011 and 2014, respectively. The risk of most areas shows an obvious increase from 2007 to 2011, then became stable between 2011 and 2014. High risk areas were identified in the southern coastal areas, the western Rajshahi Division, the middle of Khulna Division, and the southwestern Chittagong Division in 2014. The prevalence of Rajshahi and Nawabganj District were increasing during all the survey years. CONCLUSION The high-resolution risk maps of RTIs we produced can guide the control strategies targeted to priority areas cost-effectively. More than one eighth of women of childbearing age reported symptoms suggesting RTIs and the risk of RTIs varies in different geographical area, urging the government to pay more attention to the worrying situation of female RTIs in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyang Feng
- Department of Medical Statistics, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Information, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Ruixue Li
- Department of Medical Statistics, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Information, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Abu Ahmed Shamim
- James P Grant School of public Health, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Barkat Ullah
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, California, USA
| | - Mengjie Li
- Department of Medical Statistics, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rubee Dev
- Dhulikhel Hospital, Kathmandu University Hospital, Kavre, Nepal
| | - Yijing Wang
- Department of Medical Statistics, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tingting Zhao
- Department of Medical Statistics, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Liao
- Department of Medical Statistics, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Sun Yat-sen Global Health Institute, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhicheng Du
- Department of Medical Statistics, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuheng Ling
- CNRS UMR 6240, Universite de Corse Pascal Paoli, 20250, Corti, France
| | - Yingsi Lai
- Department of Medical Statistics, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China. .,Sun Yat-sen Global Health Institute, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Yuantao Hao
- Department of Medical Statistics, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Sun Yat-sen Global Health Institute, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Biswas T, Scott JG, Munir K, Renzaho AMN, Rawal LB, Baxter J, Mamun AA. Global variation in the prevalence of suicidal ideation, anxiety and their correlates among adolescents: A population based study of 82 countries. EClinicalMedicine 2020; 24:100395. [PMID: 33015595 PMCID: PMC7525128 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Suicidal ideation and anxiety are common among adolescents although their prevalence has predominantly been studied in high income countries. This study estimated the population prevalence of suicidal ideation and anxiety and their correlates with peer support, parent-adolescent relationship, peer victimization, conflict, isolation and loneliness across a range of low-income, lower-middle-income, upper-middle-income countries and high-income countries (LMIC-HICs). METHODS Data were drawn from the Global School-based Student Health Survey (GSHS) of adolescents aged 12-17 years between 2003 and 2015 in 82 LM-HICs from the six World Health Organization (WHO) regions. For those countries with repeated time point data in this study, we used data from the most recent survey. We estimated weighted prevalence of suicidal ideation and anxiety by country, region and at a global level with the following questions:-"Did you ever seriously consider attempting suicide during the past 12 months?" and "During the past 12 months, how often have you been so worried about something that you could not sleep at night?". We used multiple binary logistic regression to estimate the adjusted association between adolescent age, sex, socioeconomic status, peer support, parent-adolescent relationship, peer victimization, conflict, isolation and loneliness with suicidal ideation and anxiety. FINDINGS The sample comprised of 275,057 adolescents aged 12-17 years (mean age was 14.6 (SD 1.18) years of whom 51.8% were females). The overall 12 months pooled prevalence of suicidal ideation and anxiety were 14.0% (95% CI 10.0-17.0%) and 9.0% (7.0-12.0%) respectively. The highest pooled prevalence of suicidal ideation was observed in the Africa Region (21.0%; 20.0-21.0%) and the lowest was in the Asia region (8.0%, 8.0-9.0%). For anxiety, the highest pooled prevalence was observed in Eastern Mediterranean Region (17.0%, 16.0-17.0%) the lowest was in the European Region (4.0%, 4.0-5.0%). Being female, older age, having a lower socioeconomic status and having no close friends were associated with a greater risk of suicidal ideation and anxiety. A higher levels of parental control was positively associated with a greater likelihood of experiencing suicidal ideation (OR: 1.65, 1.45-1.87) and anxiety (1.53, 1.30-1.80). Parental understanding and monitoring were negatively associated with mental health problems. Similarly, the odds of experiencing suicidal ideation and anxiety were higher among adolescents who had been experiencing peer conflict (1.36, 1.24-1.50; 1.54, 1.40-1.70), peer victimization (1.26, 1.15-1.38; 1.13, 1.02-1.26), peer isolation (1.69, 1.53-1.86; 1.76, 1.61-1.92) and reported loneliness (2.56, 2.33-2.82; 5.63, 5.21-6.08). INTERPRETATIONS Suicidal ideation and anxiety are prevalent among adolescents although there is significant global variation. Parental and peer supports are protective factors against suicidal ideation and anxiety. Peer based interventions to enhance social connectedness and parent skills training to improve parent-child relationships may reduce suicidal ideation and anxiety. Research to inform the factors that influence country and regional level differences in adolescent mental health problems may inform preventative strategies. FUNDING None.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuhin Biswas
- Institute for Social Science Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Children and Families over the Life Course, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - James G Scott
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Qld, 4006, Australia
- Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, Australia
- Metro North Mental Health, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Wacol, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Kerim Munir
- Developmental Medicine Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Andre M N Renzaho
- School of Social Sciences and Psychology, Western Sydney University, Penrith 2751 NSW, Australia
| | - Lal B Rawal
- School of Social Sciences and Psychology, Western Sydney University, Penrith 2751 NSW, Australia
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Australia
| | - Janeen Baxter
- Institute for Social Science Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Children and Families over the Life Course, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Abdullah A Mamun
- Institute for Social Science Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Children and Families over the Life Course, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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Chirwa GC, Mazalale J, Likupe G, Nkhoma D, Chiwaula L, Chintsanya J. An evolution of socioeconomic related inequality in teenage pregnancy and childbearing in Malawi. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0225374. [PMID: 31747437 PMCID: PMC6867649 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Teenage pregnancies and childbearing are important health concerns in low-and middle-income countries (LMICs) including Malawi. Addressing these challenges requires, among other things, an understanding of the socioeconomic determinants of and contributors to the inequalities relating to these outcomes. This study investigated the trends of the inequalities and decomposed the underlying key socioeconomic factors which accounted for the inequalities in teenage pregnancy and childbearing in Malawi. METHODS The study used the 2004, 2010 and 2015-16 series of nationally representative Malawi Demographic Health Survey covering 12,719 women. We used concentration curves to examine the existence of inequalities, and then quantified the extent of inequalities in teenage pregnancies and childbearing using the Erreygers concentration index. Finally, we decomposed concentration index to find out the contribution of the determinants to socioeconomic inequality in teenage pregnancy and childbearing. RESULTS The teenage pregnancy and childbearing rate averaged 29% (p<0.01) between 2004 and 2015-16. Trends showed a "u-shape" in teenage pregnancy and childbearing rates, albeit a small one (34.1%; p<0.01) in 2004: (25.6%; p<0.01) in 2010, and (29%; p<0.01) in 2016. The calculated concentration indices -0.207 (p<0.01) in 2004, -0.133 (p<0.01) in 2010, and -0.217 (p<0.01) in 2015-16 indicated that inequality in teenage pregnancy and childbearing worsened to the disadvantage of the poor in the country. Additionally, the decomposition exercise suggested that the primary drivers to inequality in teenage pregnancy and child bearing were, early sexual debut (15.5%), being married (50%), and wealth status (13.8%). CONCLUSION The findings suggest that there is a need for sustained investment in the education of young women concerning the disadvantages of early sexual debut and early marriages, and in addressing the wealth inequalities in order to reduce the incidences of teenage pregnancies and childbearing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jacob Mazalale
- Department of Economics, University of Malawi, Chancellor College, Zomba, Malawi
| | - Gloria Likupe
- Health Nursing and Midwifery, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom
| | - Dominic Nkhoma
- Health Policy Unit, University of Malawi, College of Medicine, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Levison Chiwaula
- Department of Economics, University of Malawi, Chancellor College, Zomba, Malawi
| | - Jesman Chintsanya
- Department of Population Studies, University of Malawi, Chancellor College, Zomba, Malawi
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