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Aye AMM, Bai X, Borrow R, Bory S, Carlos J, Caugant DA, Chiou CS, Dai VTT, Dinleyici EC, Ghimire P, Handryastuti S, Heo JY, Jennison A, Kamiya H, Tonnii Sia L, Lucidarme J, Marshall H, Putri ND, Saha S, Shao Z, Sim JHC, Smith V, Taha MK, Van Thanh P, Thisyakorn U, Tshering K, Vázquez J, Veeraraghavan B, Yezli S, Zhu B. Meningococcal disease surveillance in the Asia-Pacific region (2020): The global meningococcal initiative. J Infect 2020; 81:698-711. [PMID: 32730999 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2020.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The degree of surveillance data and control strategies for invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) varies across the Asia-Pacific region. IMD cases are often reported throughout the region, but the disease is not notifiable in some countries, including Myanmar, Bangladesh and Malaysia. Although there remains a paucity of data from many countries, specific nations have introduced additional surveillance measures. The incidence of IMD is low and similar across the represented countries (<0.2 cases per 100,000 persons per year), with the predominant serogroups of Neisseria meningitidis being B, W and Y, although serogroups A and X are present in some areas. Resistance to ciprofloxacin is also of concern, with the close monitoring of antibiotic-resistant clonal complexes (e.g., cc4821) being a priority. Meningococcal vaccination is only included in a few National Immunization Programs, but is recommended for high-risk groups, including travellers (such as pilgrims) and people with complement deficiencies or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Both polysaccharide and conjugate vaccines form part of recommendations. However, cost and misconceptions remain limiting factors in vaccine uptake, despite conjugate vaccines preventing the acquisition of carriage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xilian Bai
- Meningococcal Reference Unit, Public Health England, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Manchester M13 9WZ, UK.
| | - Ray Borrow
- Meningococcal Reference Unit, Public Health England, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Manchester M13 9WZ, UK.
| | | | - Josefina Carlos
- University of the East Ramon Magsaysay Memorial Medical Center, Quezon City, Philippines
| | | | | | - Vo Thi Trang Dai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pasteur Institute of Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | | | | | | | - Jung Yeon Heo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea.
| | | | - Hajime Kamiya
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Jay Lucidarme
- Meningococcal Reference Unit, Public Health England, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Manchester M13 9WZ, UK.
| | - Helen Marshall
- Robinson Research Institute and department of Paediatrics, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Nina Dwi Putri
- Dr Cipto Mangunkusumo National Central Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Senjuti Saha
- Child Health Research Foundation, Mohammadpur, Dhaka1207, Bangladesh.
| | - Zhujun Shao
- National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
| | | | - Vinny Smith
- Meningitis Research Foundation, Bristol, UK.
| | | | - Phan Van Thanh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pasteur Institute of Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Usa Thisyakorn
- Tropical Medicine Cluster, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kinley Tshering
- Jigme Dorji Wangchuck National Referral Hospital, Thimpu, Bhutan
| | - Julio Vázquez
- National Reference Laboratory for Meningococci, Institute of Health Carlos III, Spain.
| | | | - Saber Yezli
- Global Center for Mass Gatherings Medicine, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bingqing Zhu
- National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
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Variola minor in coalfield areas of England and Wales, 1921-34: Geographical determinants of a national smallpox epidemic that spread out of effective control. Soc Sci Med 2017; 180:160-169. [PMID: 28351006 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This paper uses techniques of binary logistic regression to identify the spatial determinants of the last national epidemic of smallpox to spread in England and Wales, the variola minor epidemic of 1921-34. Adjusting for age and county-level variations in vaccination coverage in infancy, the analysis identifies a dose-response gradient with increasing odds of elevated smallpox rates in local government areas with (i) medium (odds ratio [OR] = 5.32, 95% Confidence Interval [95% CI] 1.96-14.41) and high (OR = 11.32, 95% CI 4.20-31.59) coal mining occupation rates and (ii) medium (OR = 16.74, 95% CI 2.24-125.21) and high (OR = 63.43, 95% CI 7.82-497.21) levels of residential density. The results imply that the spatial transmission of variola virus was facilitated by the close spatial packing of individuals, with a heightened transmission risk in coal mining areas of the country. A syndemic interaction between common respiratory conditions arising from exposure to coal dust and smallpox virus transmission is postulated to have contributed to the findings. We suggest that further studies of the geographical intersection of coal mining and acute infections that are transmitted via respiratory secretions are warranted.
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