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Richard A, Charuel É, Cambier S, Turpin M, Baudin B, Moreno JP, Vaillant-Roussel H. Prescription-free consultation: A cross-sectional study in general practice. Therapie 2024; 79:319-326. [PMID: 37625938 DOI: 10.1016/j.therap.2023.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE In 2005, 10% of consultations in France ended without a prescription. In 2019, a review of the literature found 30 to 70% of prescription-free consultations in Northern Europe and 10 to 22% in Southern Europe and underlined the scarcity of quantitative data. Different factors contribute to this heterogeneity, such as product availability and status, modes of management, distribution channels, clinical practice recommendations, public policies targeting certain classes, etc. The main objective of our study was to quantify the rate of prescription-free consultations in general practice in France in 2021. The secondary objective was to characterize prescription-free consultations and analyze their determinants. METHODS This was a quantitative observational study conducted using self-questionnaires among patients in medical practices in Auvergne. RESULTS Out of 540 questionnaires, the rate of prescription-free consultations was 24% (95% CI [20.11-27.41]). Prescription-free consultations were for prevention, administrative problems, and gestures. The limiting factors are "feeling a need for a medication" (OR=0,006), "not knowing if a medication is needed" (OR=0.11) and "consultations for acute reasons" (OR=0.33). CONCLUSION Acute consultations limit prescription-free consultations. General practitioners (GPs) probably overestimate patients' expectation of drug prescription. The French GP must be supported in their decision to not prescribe drugs. This is a long-term investment of time, to educate patients and avoid new consultations for acute reasons. A tool to help doctors manage non-prescription during acute consultations will be created in a future study in France.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amélie Richard
- Department of General Practice, UFR Medicine and Medical Professions, University of Clermont Auvergne, 28, place Henri-Dunant, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Research Unit ACCePPT, Clermont Auvergne University, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Maison de santé pluriprofessionnelle des batignolles (MSP), 63350 Joze, France.
| | - Élodie Charuel
- Department of General Practice, UFR Medicine and Medical Professions, University of Clermont Auvergne, 28, place Henri-Dunant, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Research Unit ACCePPT, Clermont Auvergne University, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Maison de santé pluriprofessionnelle des batignolles (MSP), 63350 Joze, France
| | - Sébastien Cambier
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, DRCI, Biostatistics Unit, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Manon Turpin
- Department of General Practice, UFR Medicine and Medical Professions, University of Clermont Auvergne, 28, place Henri-Dunant, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Bruno Baudin
- Department of General Practice, UFR Medicine and Medical Professions, University of Clermont Auvergne, 28, place Henri-Dunant, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - José-Philippe Moreno
- University Multidisciplinary Health Centre of the 3 Provinces, 70122 Champlitte, France; Department of General Practice, Bourgogne Franche-Comté University, 25000 Besançon, France; Chrono-environnement Laboratory, Bourgogne Franche-Comté University, CNRS, UMR 6249, 25000 Besançon, France
| | - Hélène Vaillant-Roussel
- Department of General Practice, UFR Medicine and Medical Professions, University of Clermont Auvergne, 28, place Henri-Dunant, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Research Unit ACCePPT, Clermont Auvergne University, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Richard A, Mariotti B, Piñol-Domenech N, Vorilhon P, Vaillant-Roussel H. Prescription-free consultation in France and Europe: Rates' evolution, physicians' and patients' perceptions from 2005 to 2019, a systematic review. Therapie 2023; 78:733-741. [PMID: 36918318 DOI: 10.1016/j.therap.2023.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In 2005, the rate of prescription-free consultations in Europe varied widely: 57% in the Netherlands, 28% in Germany, 17% in Spain and 10% in France. OBJECTIVES To assess the number of prescription-free consultations in European countries since 2005 and to analyse the perceptions of patients and general practitioners (GPs). METHODS This was a systematic review of the literature from 2005 to 2019, including both quantitative and qualitative studies on prescription-free consultations. RESULTS Of 13,380 studies, 28 were included. The rates of prescription-free consultations were 30% in Belgium, 41% in Slovenia, 47% in the UK and 22% in France, according to the most recent figures. Swedish GPs estimated their prescription-free consultation rate at 70%. The only significant factor that decreased the number of prescription-free consultations was laboratory visits. According to the qualitative data, the main constraint was lack of time; the main facilitating factor was a shared medical decision. CONCLUSION Medical visits decreased the number of prescription-free consultations. According to qualitative studies, the main barrier was lack of time. The countries with the highest drug consumption levels were those with the lowest number of prescription-free consultations. Achieving prescription-free consultations to combat overmedication and for the quality of care and the environment is a priority. To understand and analyse consultations without prescriptions, a quantitative observational study was launched in France in 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amélie Richard
- Department of General Practice, Clermont-Auvergne University, 28, place Henri-Dunant, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Research Unit ACCePPT, Clermont-Auvergne University, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Multiprofessional health centre Batignolles, 63350 Joze, France.
| | - Bruno Mariotti
- Department of General Practice, Clermont-Auvergne University, 28, place Henri-Dunant, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | - Philippe Vorilhon
- Department of General Practice, Clermont-Auvergne University, 28, place Henri-Dunant, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Research Unit ACCePPT, Clermont-Auvergne University, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, DRCI, Biostatistics Unit, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Hélène Vaillant-Roussel
- Department of General Practice, Clermont-Auvergne University, 28, place Henri-Dunant, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Research Unit ACCePPT, Clermont-Auvergne University, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, DRCI, Biostatistics Unit, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Theodorou M, Kontemeniotis A, Kantaris M, Farmakas A. Disentangling prescribing behaviour of Cypriot physicians, within a complex framework of interacting. Int J Health Plann Manage 2022; 37:2410-2420. [PMID: 35429061 PMCID: PMC9545336 DOI: 10.1002/hpm.3480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the study is to investigate how physicians' prescribing behaviour in Cyprus adopts to the fragmented healthcare system and to the inadequacies of pharmaceutical market in times of economic crisis. A survey was carried out in using a postal questionnaire administered to a stratified sample of 320 physicians. The questionnaire used was the same with the one used in 2007 survey carried out in Greece and Cyprus, along with complementary questions for prescribing within economic crisis. The comparative analysis and assessment of the findings from the two surveys revealed that the current system and the inadequacies of pharmaceutical market in Cyprus expose physicians to a contrasting environment of public and private sector in terms of incentives, governance principles, financing and market structure. In contrast to public sector prescribers who have behaved in accordance with the governance principles, there is a strong motivation for private sector physicians to favour new branded products, and generally rejecting any ideas that could limit their clinical autonomy. Economic crisis seems to be unilaterally influential, as public sector physicians became more cost conscious while private sector prescribing is still resisting due to strong financial incentives. Prescribing behaviour of physicians in Cyprus amid economic crises. Pressures by patients, policy makers and pharma companies shape prescribing behaviour. Disentangling prescribing behaviour could lead to the revelation of opportunities for improvements. Differential prescribing could justify that decision‐making might be compromised for economic reasons.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marios Kantaris
- Health and Social Services Research Centre American University of Cyprus Larnaca Cyprus
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Taine M, Offredo L, Weill A, Dray-Spira R, Zureik M, Chalumeau M. Pediatric Outpatient Prescriptions in Countries With Advanced Economies in the 21st Century: A Systematic Review. JAMA Netw Open 2022; 5:e225964. [PMID: 35467734 PMCID: PMC9039774 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.5964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE An international comparison of pediatric outpatient prescriptions (POPs) is pivotal to investigate inadequate practices at the national scale and guide corrective actions. OBJECTIVE To compare annual POP prevalence among Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) member countries. EVIDENCE REVIEW Two independent reviewers systematically searched PubMed, Embase, and institutes of public health or drug agency websites for studies published since 2000 and reporting POP prevalence (expressed as number of patients aged <20 years with ≥1 POP per 1000 pediatric patients per year) in OECD member countries or large geographic areas within them. Risk of bias was assessed for exhaustiveness and representativeness. Prevalence ratios (PRs) were used to compare the highest and lowest POP prevalence among countries overall, by levels of Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) classification for the overall pediatric population, and by age group (ie, ages <5-6 vs ≥5-6 years), stratifying on prescription-only drug (POD) status. FINDINGS Among 11 studies performed on 3 regional and 8 national medicoadministrative databases in 11 countries, 35 552 550 pediatric patients were included. The overall risk of bias was low (10 studies were representative [90.9%], and the prevalence denominator included nonusers of health care for 9 studies [81.8%]). Prevalence of 1 or more POP per year ranged from 480 to 857 pediatric patients per 1000 in Sweden and France, respectively (PR, 1.8 [95% CI, 1.8-1.8]). Overall, among 8 studies reporting ATC level 1 drugs, Denmark had the lowest POP prevalence (eg, systemic hormonal preparations: 9 pediatric patients per 1000 per year) and France the highest (eg, systemic hormonal preparation: 216 pediatric patients per 1000 per year). Among 8 studies reporting ATC level 2 drugs for PODs, the PR between France and Denmark was 108.2 (95% CI, 108.2-108.2) for systemic corticosteroids and 2.1 (95% CI, 2.1-2.1) for drugs for obstructive airway disease. The PR for antibiotics was 3.4 (95% CI, 3.4-3.4) between New Zealand and Sweden. For pediatric patients aged 5 to 6 years or older, the PR for sex hormones was 2.1 (95% CI, 2.1-2.1) between Denmark and France. Among 7 studies reporting ATC level 5 drugs, the prevalence of the 10 most prevalent PODs was less than 100 pediatric patients per 1000 per year in Scandinavian countries and the Netherlands and less than 300 pediatric patients per 1000 per year in France and New Zealand. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE This study found large between-country variations in POPs, which may suggest substantial inappropriate prescriptions. The findings may suggest guidance for educational campaigns and regulatory decisions in some OECD member countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Taine
- EPI-PHARE Scientific Interest Group in Epidemiology of Health Products, French National Agency for the Safety of Medecines and Health Products, French National Health Insurance, Saint Denis, France
- Obstetrical, Perinatal and Pediatric Epidemiology Research Team, Centre of Research in Epidemiology and Statistics, Université de Paris, National Institute of Health and Medical Research, F-75004, Paris, France
| | - Lucile Offredo
- EPI-PHARE Scientific Interest Group in Epidemiology of Health Products, French National Agency for the Safety of Medecines and Health Products, French National Health Insurance, Saint Denis, France
- Obstetrical, Perinatal and Pediatric Epidemiology Research Team, Centre of Research in Epidemiology and Statistics, Université de Paris, National Institute of Health and Medical Research, F-75004, Paris, France
| | - Alain Weill
- EPI-PHARE Scientific Interest Group in Epidemiology of Health Products, French National Agency for the Safety of Medecines and Health Products, French National Health Insurance, Saint Denis, France
| | - Rosemary Dray-Spira
- EPI-PHARE Scientific Interest Group in Epidemiology of Health Products, French National Agency for the Safety of Medecines and Health Products, French National Health Insurance, Saint Denis, France
| | - Mahmoud Zureik
- EPI-PHARE Scientific Interest Group in Epidemiology of Health Products, French National Agency for the Safety of Medecines and Health Products, French National Health Insurance, Saint Denis, France
- Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines University, Versailles, France
| | - Martin Chalumeau
- Obstetrical, Perinatal and Pediatric Epidemiology Research Team, Centre of Research in Epidemiology and Statistics, Université de Paris, National Institute of Health and Medical Research, F-75004, Paris, France
- Department of General Pediatrics and Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université de Paris, Paris, France
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Koppner J, Chatziarzenis M, Faresjö T, Theodorsson E, Thorsell A, Nilsson S, Olsen O, Faresjö Å. Stress and perceived health among primary care visitors in two corners of Europe: Scandinavia and Greece. Int J Health Geogr 2020; 19:55. [PMID: 33276781 PMCID: PMC7716474 DOI: 10.1186/s12942-020-00248-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The global financial crisis emerging in 2008 struck Greece especially hard, whereas Scandinavian countries were less affected. This has created a unique opportunity to study the long-term effect of community stress on populations. Increasing frequencies of mental health issues and poorer perceived health among the Greek population have been reported. The physiological marker of long-term stress, cortisol in hair, is applied in this study together with measures of perceived health and stress, depression and anxiety. Our aim was to study self-reported and physiological stress, perceived health, including mental health, in the general population of Greece compared to Scandinavia, in order to assess long-term effects of the economic crisis on these parameters. METHODS A cross-sectional comparative study of adult (18-65 years) Primary Health Care visitors from semi-rural areas in Greece (n = 84) and Scandinavia (n = 140). Data collection was performed in 2012, and encompassed a questionnaire with a variety of health and stress indicators as well as hair samples for analyzes of cortisol levels. RESULTS The Greek sample reported significantly poorer overall health (p < 0.0001) than the Scandinavians and a significantly higher perceived stress (p < 0.0001). The Greeks were also less hopeful of the future (p < 0.0001), and to a larger extent fulfilled the HAD criteria for depression (p < 0.0001) and anxiety (p = 0.002). The strongest predictors explaining ill health in logistic regressions were being Greek (p = 0.001) and feeling hopeless about the future p = 0.001, OR = 6.00 (CI 2.10-14.88). Strong predictors in logistic regressions for high perceived stress were anxiety: high (p < 0.0001) and medium (p = 0.0001), as well as medium depression (p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS Greek adult Primary Health Care visitors perceived their health more negatively than the Scandinavians, including a higher presence of depression, anxiety, and a lower hope for the future. The Greeks also reported higher perceived stress, but this was not reflected in higher cortisol levels. The findings presented here, identify possible adverse long-term effects of the economic crisis in the examined Greek population that are not seen in the Scandinavian cohort. These differences may also be interpreted against the background of socio-cultural differences in the northern and south-eastern corners of Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Koppner
- Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences/General Practice, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
| | | | - Tomas Faresjö
- Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences/General Practice, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Elvar Theodorsson
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences/Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Annika Thorsell
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences/Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience, Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Staffan Nilsson
- Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences/General Practice, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Ole Olsen
- Department of Health and Care Sciences, University of Tromsö, Tromsö, Norway
| | - Åshild Faresjö
- Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences/Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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Desveaux L, Saragosa M, Kithulegoda N, Ivers NM. Family Physician Perceptions of Their Role in Managing the Opioid Crisis. Ann Fam Med 2019; 17:345-351. [PMID: 31285212 PMCID: PMC6827657 DOI: 10.1370/afm.2413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We examined the perspectives of family physicians (FPs) on opioid prescribing and management of chronic pain to better understand the barriers to safer prescribing in primary care and differences in perspectives that may be potential drivers of practice variation. METHODS We used an exploratory qualitative study design. Semistructured interviews were conducted in June and July 2017 with 22 FPs in Ontario and coded inductively. Thematic analysis was used to identify themes, and a framework analysis explored the influence of physician demographics on prescribing experience. RESULTS Three key themes emerged: the discrepancy between FPs' training and current practice, the tension between the FP's role and patient and system expectations, and the influence of length of time in practice and strength of therapeutic relationships on perspectives on opioid prescribing. There was an overarching sentiment among participants that FPs are unsupported in their efforts to manage chronic pain. More years in practice (≥15 years) seems to influence practice patterns by increasing trust in therapeutic relationships and decreasing reliance on emergent guidelines (vs clinical experience). CONCLUSION Number of years in practice influences FPs' response to emergent evidence, requiring initiatives to include strategies tailored to individual beliefs. Initiatives must move beyond dissemination and education to equip FPs with the skills they need to navigate emotionally charged conversations. External pressures and misaligned system and patient expectations place FPs at the center of a challenging situation, which may result in a higher risk of burnout compared with that of their specialist colleagues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Desveaux
- Women's College Research Institute, Toronto, Canada .,Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Kamekis A, Bertsias A, Moschandreas J, Petelos E, Papadakaki M, Tsiantou V, Saridaki A, Symvoulakis EK, Souliotis K, Papadakis N, Faresjö T, Faresjö A, Martinez L, Agius D, Uncu Y, Sengezer T, Samoutis G, Vlcek J, Abasaeed A, Merkouris B, Lionis C. Patients' intention to consume prescribed and non-prescribed medicines: A study based on the theory of planned behaviour in selected European countries. J Clin Pharm Ther 2017; 43:26-35. [PMID: 28833330 DOI: 10.1111/jcpt.12601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
WHAT IS KNOWN AND OBJECTIVE Polypharmacy has a significant impact on patients' health with overall expenditure on over-the-counter (OTC) medicines representing a substantial burden in terms of cost of treatment. The aim of this study, which was conducted within the framework of a European Project funded by the European Union under the Seventh Framework Programme and was entitled OTC-SOCIOMED, was to report on possible determinants of patient behaviour regarding the consumption of medicines, and particularly OTCs, in the context of primary care. METHODS A multicentre, cross-sectional study was designed and implemented in well-defined primary healthcare settings in Cyprus, the Czech Republic, France, Greece, Malta and Turkey. Patients completed a questionnaire constructed on the basis of the theory of planned behaviour (TPB), which was administered via face-to-face interviews. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The percentage of patients who had consumed prescribed medicines over a 6-month period was consistently high, ranging from 79% in the Czech Republic and 82% in Turkey to 97% in Malta and 100% in Cyprus. Reported non-prescribed medicine consumption ranged from 33% in Turkey to 92% in the Czech Republic and 97% in Cyprus. TPB behavioural antecedents explained 43% of the variability of patients' intention to consume medicines in Malta and 24% in Greece, but only 3% in Turkey. Subjective norm was a significant predictor of the intention to consume medicines in all three countries (Greece, Malta and Turkey), whereas attitude towards consumption was a significant predictor of the expectation to consume medicines, if needed. WHAT IS NEW AND CONCLUSION This study shows that parameters such as patients' beliefs and influence from family and friends could be determining factors in explaining the high rates of medicine consumption. Factors that affect patients' behavioural intention towards medicine consumption may assist in the formulation of evidence-based policy proposals and inform initiatives and interventions aimed at increasing the appropriate use of medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kamekis
- Clinic of Social and Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - A Bertsias
- Clinic of Social and Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - J Moschandreas
- Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - E Petelos
- Clinic of Social and Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - M Papadakaki
- Clinic of Social and Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - V Tsiantou
- Clinic of Social and Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece.,Department of Health Economics, National School of Public Health, Athens, Greece
| | - A Saridaki
- Clinic of Social and Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - E K Symvoulakis
- Clinic of Social and Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Crete, Greece
| | - K Souliotis
- Department of Health Economics, National School of Public Health, Athens, Greece.,Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Peloponnese, Corinth, Greece.,Department of Political Science, Faculty of Social Science, University of Crete, Crete, Greece
| | - N Papadakis
- Department of Political Science, Faculty of Social Science, University of Crete, Crete, Greece
| | - T Faresjö
- Division of Community Medicine, Primary Care, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - A Faresjö
- Division of Community Medicine, Primary Care, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - L Martinez
- Societe Francaise de Medecine Generale, Faculte de Medicine, Pierre et Marie Curie Universite, Paris, France
| | - D Agius
- Mediterranean Institute of Primary Care, Attard, Malta
| | - Y Uncu
- Department of Family Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Uludag, Bursa, Turkey
| | - T Sengezer
- Ankara Numune Research and Training Hospital, Turkey
| | - G Samoutis
- Community and Population Health, General Practice, St George's University of London Medical School, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - J Vlcek
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - A Abasaeed
- Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - B Merkouris
- Greek Association of General Practitioners, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - C Lionis
- Clinic of Social and Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Crete, Greece
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Tatsioni A, Lionis C. Responding to financial and economic crisis: what methodology and interventions we need in family practice research. Fam Pract 2016; 33:1-3. [PMID: 26787769 DOI: 10.1093/fampra/cmv105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Athina Tatsioni
- Research Unit for General Medicine and Primary Health Care, Faculty of Medicine, School for Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece, School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA and
| | - Christos Lionis
- Clinic of Social and Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
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