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Heyne HO, Pajuste FD, Wanner J, Daniel Onwuchekwa JI, Mägi R, Palotie A, Kälviainen R, Daly MJ. Polygenic risk scores as a marker for epilepsy risk across lifetime and after unspecified seizure events. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6277. [PMID: 39054313 PMCID: PMC11272783 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50295-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
A diagnosis of epilepsy has significant consequences for an individual but is often challenging in clinical practice. Novel biomarkers are thus greatly needed. Here, we investigated how common genetic factors (epilepsy polygenic risk scores, [PRSs]) influence epilepsy risk in detailed longitudinal electronic health records (EHRs) of > 700k Finns and Estonians. We found that a high genetic generalized epilepsy PRS (PRSGGE) increased risk for genetic generalized epilepsy (GGE) (hazard ratio [HR] 1.73 per PRSGGE standard deviation [SD]) across lifetime and within 10 years after an unspecified seizure event. The effect of PRSGGE was significantly larger on idiopathic generalized epilepsies, in females and for earlier epilepsy onset. Analogously, we found significant but more modest focal epilepsy PRS burden associated with non-acquired focal epilepsy (NAFE). Here, we outline the potential of epilepsy specific PRSs to serve as biomarkers after a first seizure event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrike O Heyne
- Hasso Plattner Institute for Digital Engineering, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany.
- Hasso Plattner Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, US.
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
- Program for Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Fanny-Dhelia Pajuste
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Julian Wanner
- Hasso Plattner Institute for Digital Engineering, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jennifer I Daniel Onwuchekwa
- Hasso Plattner Institute for Digital Engineering, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Siegen, Siegen, Germany
| | - Reedik Mägi
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Aarno Palotie
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Program for Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Reetta Kälviainen
- Kuopio Epilepsy Center, Neurocenter, Kuopio University Hospital, Member of ERN EpiCARE, Kuopio, Finland
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mark J Daly
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Program for Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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Heyne HO, Pajuste FD, Wanner J, Onwuchekwa JID, Mägi R, Palotie A, Kälviainen R, Daly MJ. Polygenic risk scores as a marker for epilepsy risk across lifetime and after unspecified seizure events. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.11.27.23297542. [PMID: 38076931 PMCID: PMC10705659 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.27.23297542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
A diagnosis of epilepsy has significant consequences for an individual but is often challenging in clinical practice. Novel biomarkers are thus greatly needed. Here, we investigated how common genetic factors (epilepsy polygenic risk scores, [PRSs]) influence epilepsy risk in detailed longitudinal electronic health records (EHRs) of > 360k Finns spanning up to 50 years of individuals' lifetimes. Individuals with a high genetic generalized epilepsy PRS (PRSGGE) in FinnGen had an increased risk for genetic generalized epilepsy (GGE) (hazard ratio [HR] 1.55 per PRSGGE standard deviation [SD]) across their lifetime and after unspecified seizure events. Effect sizes of epilepsy PRSs were comparable to effect sizes in clinically curated data supporting our EHR-derived epilepsy diagnoses. Within 10 years after an unspecified seizure, the GGE rate was 37% when PRSGGE > 2 SD compared to 5.6% when PRSGGE < -2 SD. The effect of PRSGGE was even larger on GGE subtypes of idiopathic generalized epilepsy (IGE) (HR 2.1 per SD PRSGGE). We further report significantly larger effects of PRSGGE on epilepsy in females and in younger age groups. Analogously, we found significant but more modest focal epilepsy PRS burden associated with non-acquired focal epilepsy (NAFE). We found PRSGGE specifically associated with GGE in comparison with >2000 independent diseases while PRSNAFE was also associated with other diseases than NAFE such as back pain. Here, we show that epilepsy specific PRSs have good discriminative ability after a first seizure event i.e. in circumstances where the prior probability of epilepsy is high outlining a potential to serve as biomarkers for an epilepsy diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrike O Heyne
- Hasso Plattner Institute for Digital Engineering, University of Potsdam, Germany
- Hasso Plattner Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, NY, US
- Finnish Institute for Molecular Medicine (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Program for Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Fanny-Dhelia Pajuste
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Julian Wanner
- Hasso Plattner Institute for Digital Engineering, University of Potsdam, Germany
- Finnish Institute for Molecular Medicine (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jennifer I Daniel Onwuchekwa
- Hasso Plattner Institute for Digital Engineering, University of Potsdam, Germany
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Siegen, Germany
| | - Reedik Mägi
- Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Aarno Palotie
- Finnish Institute for Molecular Medicine (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Program for Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Reetta Kälviainen
- Kuopio Epilepsy Center, Neurocenter, Kuopio University Hospital, Member of ERN EpiCARE, Kuopio, Finland
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mark J Daly
- Finnish Institute for Molecular Medicine (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Program for Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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On epilepsy perception: Unravelling gaps and issues. Epilepsy Behav 2022; 137:108952. [PMID: 36306590 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2022.108952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological diseases, but it can sometimes be under-reported or have a time delay in diagnosis. This data is not surprising if we consider that a person often seeks medical attention only after presenting a generalized tonic-clonic seizure. Epilepsy diagnostic delay is caused by several factors: under-reporting by patients, under-diagnosed epileptic manifestations by inexperienced clinicians, and lack of time in the emergency setting. The consequences of this delay are increased accidents, a high rate of premature mortality, and economic expanses for the healthcare system. Moreover, people with epilepsy have a higher probability of comorbidities than the general population, such as mood disorders or cognitive problems. Along with recurrent seizures, these comorbid diseases promote isolation and stigmatization of people with epilepsy, who suffer from discrimination at school, in the workplace, and even in social relationships. Public awareness of epilepsy and its comorbidities is necessary to prevent diagnostic delays and overcome social and professional iniquities for people with epilepsy.
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Seiden LG, Connor GS. The importance of drug titration in the management of patients with epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav 2022; 128:108517. [PMID: 35066388 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2021.108517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The variable response to antiseizure medication (ASM) treatment and the numerous drug- and patient-related factors that must be considered when initiating therapy make drug titration to an optimal and tolerable dose an essential component in the pharmacologic treatment of patients with epilepsy. When initiating a new ASM, a "start low, go slow" titration approach is generally recommended and has been shown to reduce the risk of severe idiosyncratic reactions with certain medications and improve tolerability with regard to many frequently occurring central nervous system-related adverse effects (e.g., somnolence, dizziness). Many patients with epilepsy will require medication changes due to lack of efficacy or intolerability of the initial regimen. When this occurs, patients may be switched from one monotherapy to another or receive adjunctive therapy. When transitioning a patient from one ASM to another (referred to as monotherapy conversion or transitional polytherapy), there are several strategies for tapering the baseline ASM depending on the clinical scenario. Regardless of the particular strategy, the goal should be to discontinue the baseline ASM in order to prevent increased toxicity due to drug load. When adding on ASM therapy, flexible titration of the new ASM and adjustment of concomitant ASMs to achieve disease control with the lowest possible drug load (lowest numbers and lowest doses) may help improve tolerability of the add-on therapy. Communication with patients during the initiation of a new therapy may help patients adhere to the titration schedule, allowing them to reach their optimal maintenance dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence G Seiden
- The Multiple Sclerosis Center of Atlanta, 3200 Downwood Circle NW, Suite 550, Atlanta, GA 30327, USA.
| | - Gregory S Connor
- Neurological Center of Oklahoma, 6585 South Yale Avenue, Suite 620, Tulsa, OK 74136, USA
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Yang H, Chi Y, Zhu Z, Huang K, Xiang L, Xiao B, Tang W, Feng L. Attitudes Toward Epilepsy Among Parents of Children With Epilepsy in Southern China. Front Neurol 2021; 11:602000. [PMID: 33633657 PMCID: PMC7901895 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.602000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To evaluate the attitudes toward epilepsy among parents of children with epilepsy (CWE) in China and identify some related factors for future interventions for parents to offer more social support for CWE. Method: The Chinese Public Attitudes Toward Epilepsy (CPATE) scale was administered to 234 parents of CWE and 203 parents of normal children in Xiangya hospital during 2019–2020. Results: The cumulative score of the parents of CWE (26.427 ± 6.688) was significantly lower than that of the normal children group (32.330 ± 7.234, p < 0.001). Subanalysis showed more positive attitudes among parents of CWE than the control group (p < 0.001) toward education (4.765 ± 1.985 vs. 6.621 ± 2.419), social life (6.556 ± 2.456 vs. 8.010 ± 2.683), marriage (9.586 ± 2.675 vs. 11.025 ± 2.900), and employment (3.876 ± 1.364 vs. 4.5123 ± 1.283). The attitudes toward epilepsy among parents of CWE with seizures in public (27.16 ± 6.66) or during sleep (27.10 ± 6.38) were more negative than those without (25.35 ± 6.62 and 25.08 ± 7.10, respectively) (p < 0.05). In addition, female and low income were negatively related to parents' attitudes toward epilepsy. Conclusions: More active policy guidance and adequate social support should be given to parents of children with seizures in public or during sleep to instruct their children to form a positive perception about epilepsy, which is expected to have a positive impact on their social abilities in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haojun Yang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | | | - Ziqing Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Kailing Huang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lan Xiang
- Department of Neurology, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Bo Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Weiting Tang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Li Feng
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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