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Weinberg A, Johnson M, Crotteau M, Ghosh D, Vu T, Levin MJ. Trained Immunity Generated by the Recombinant Zoster Vaccine. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-4607744. [PMID: 39041035 PMCID: PMC11261968 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4607744/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Trained immunity may play a role in vaccine-induced protection against infections. We showed that the highly efficacious recombinant VZV-gE zoster vaccine (RZV) generated trained immunity in monocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, and dendritic cells (DCs) and that the less efficacious live zoster vaccine did not. RZV stimulated ex vivo gE-specific monocyte, DC and NK cell responses that did not correlate with CD4 + T-cell responses. These responses were also elicited in purified monocyte and NK cell cocultures stimulated with VZV-gE and persisted above prevaccination levels for ≥ 4 years post-RZV administration. RZV administration also increased ex vivo heterologous monocyte and NK cell responses to herpes simplex and cytomegalovirus antigens. ATAC-seq analysis and ex vivo TGFβ1 supplementation and inhibition experiments demonstrated that decreased tgfβ1 transcription resulting from RZV-induced chromatin modifications may explain the development of monocyte trained immunity. The role of RZV-trained immunity in protection against herpes zoster and other infections should be further studied.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Thao Vu
- University of Colorado Denver
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2
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Bharti R, Calabrese DR. Innate and adaptive effector immune drivers of cytomegalovirus disease in lung transplantation: a double-edged sword. FRONTIERS IN TRANSPLANTATION 2024; 3:1388393. [PMID: 38993763 PMCID: PMC11235306 DOI: 10.3389/frtra.2024.1388393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Up to 90% of the global population has been infected with cytomegalovirus (CMV), a herpesvirus that remains latent for the lifetime of the host and drives immune dysregulation. CMV is a critical risk factor for poor outcomes after solid organ transplant, though lung transplant recipients (LTR) carry the highest risk of CMV infection, and CMV-associated comorbidities compared to recipients of other solid organ transplants. Despite potent antivirals, CMV remains a significant driver of chronic lung allograft dysfunction (CLAD), re-transplantation, and death. Moreover, the extended utilization of CMV antiviral prophylaxis is not without adverse effects, often necessitating treatment discontinuation. Thus, there is a critical need to understand the immune response to CMV after lung transplantation. This review identifies key elements of each arm of the CMV immune response and highlights implications for lung allograft tolerance and injury. Specific attention is paid to cellular subsets of adaptive and innate immune cells that are important in the lung during CMV infection and reactivation. The concept of heterologous immune responses is reviewed in depth, including how they form and how they may drive tissue- and allograft-specific immunity. Other important objectives of this review are to detail the emerging role of NK cells in CMV-related outcomes, in addition to discussing perturbations in CMV immune function stemming from pre-existing lung disease. Finally, this review identifies potential mechanisms whereby CMV-directed treatments may alter the cellular immune response within the allograft.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reena Bharti
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Daniel R. Calabrese
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Medicine, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, United States
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Chan S, Morgan B, Yong MK, Margetts M, Farchione AJ, Lucas EC, Godsell J, Giang NA, Slade CA, von Borstel A, Bryant VL, Howson LJ. Cytomegalovirus drives Vδ1 + γδ T cell expansion and clonality in common variable immunodeficiency. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4286. [PMID: 38769332 PMCID: PMC11106253 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48527-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The function and phenotype of γδ T cells in the context of common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) has not been explored. CVID is a primary immunodeficiency disorder characterized by impaired antibody responses resulting in increased susceptibility to infections. γδ T cells are a subset of unconventional T cells that play crucial roles in host defence against infections. In this study, we aim to determine the roles and functions of γδ T cells in CVID. We observe a higher frequency of Vδ1+ γδ T cells compared to healthy controls, particularly in older patients. We also find a higher proportion of effector-memory Vδ1+ γδ T cells and a more clonal T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire in CVID. The most significant driver of the Vδ1+ γδ T cell expansion and phenotype in CVID patients is persistent cytomegalovirus (CMV) viremia. These findings provide valuable insights into γδ T cell biology and their contribution to immune defence in CVID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Chan
- Immunology Division, Walter & Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Clinical Immunology & Allergy, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Benjamin Morgan
- Immunology Division, Walter & Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Michelle K Yong
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- National Centre for Infections in Cancer, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Mai Margetts
- Immunology Division, Walter & Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Anthony J Farchione
- Immunology Division, Walter & Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Erin C Lucas
- Immunology Division, Walter & Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jack Godsell
- Department of Clinical Immunology & Allergy, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Austin Hospital, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - Nhi Ai Giang
- Department of Clinical Immunology & Allergy, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Charlotte A Slade
- Immunology Division, Walter & Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Clinical Immunology & Allergy, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Anouk von Borstel
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Department of Immunology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Vanessa L Bryant
- Immunology Division, Walter & Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Clinical Immunology & Allergy, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Lauren J Howson
- Immunology Division, Walter & Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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4
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Xie Q, Lu J, Cui X. Effects of therapeutic hypercapnia on the expression and function of γδT cells in transplanted lungs in rats. Immun Inflamm Dis 2024; 12:e1220. [PMID: 38506409 PMCID: PMC10953205 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.1220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of therapeutic hypercapnia on the expression and function of gamma delta T (γδ T) cells during ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) after lung transplantation. METHODS We randomly divided male Wistar rats into three groups (n = 6 in each group), the control group (group N), the IRI group (group I), and the therapeutic hypercapnia group (group H). We then assessed pulmonary edema, neutrophil infiltration, wet-to-dry (W/D) weight ratio, and microscopic histopathology and separately measured the levels of γδT cell surface antigen (TCR) and Interleukin-17 (IL-17) using flow cytometry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). RESULTS The infiltration of neutrophils and the expression of TCR and IL-17 were significantly increased in the I group compared to the control, and the biopsy edema in group I was more severe. Arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) was decreased after reperfusion in group I compared with the control group. W/D weight ratio, neutrophil infiltration, and the expression of TCR and IL-17 decreased drastically in the H group compared to the I group. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that γδ T lymphocytes were directly involved in lung injury. In addition, therapeutic hypercapnia effectively reduced the expression of γδ T cells and IL-17, and this has the potential to become a treatment strategy for IRI and an intervention to improve lung function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Xie
- Department of Anesthesia, First Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Jia Lu
- Department of Anesthesia, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical CollegeFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - XiaoGuang Cui
- Department of AnesthesiaFirst Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical CollegeHaikouHainanChina
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5
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Field KR, Wragg KM, Kent SJ, Lee WS, Juno JA. γδ T cells mediate robust anti-HIV functions during antiretroviral therapy regardless of immune checkpoint expression. Clin Transl Immunology 2024; 13:e1486. [PMID: 38299190 PMCID: PMC10825377 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives Although antiretroviral therapy (ART) efficiently suppresses HIV viral load, immune dysregulation and dysfunction persist in people living with HIV (PLWH). γδ T cells are functionally impaired during untreated HIV infection, but the extent to which they are reconstituted upon ART is currently unclear. Methods Utilising a cohort of ART-treated PLWH, we assessed the frequency and phenotype, characterised in vitro functional responses and defined the impact of immune checkpoint marker expression on effector functions of both Vδ1 and Vδ2 T cells. We additionally explore the in vitro expansion of Vδ2 T cells from PLWH on ART and the mechanisms by which such expanded cells may sense and kill HIV-infected targets. Results A matured NK cell-like phenotype was observed for Vδ1 T cells among 25 ART-treated individuals (PLWH/ART) studied compared to 17 HIV-uninfected controls, with heightened expression of 2B4, CD160, TIGIT and Tim-3. Despite persistent phenotypic perturbations, Vδ1 T cells from PLWH/ART exhibited strong CD16-mediated activation and degranulation, which were suppressed upon Tim-3 and TIGIT crosslinking. Vδ2 T cell degranulation responses to the phosphoantigen (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl pyrophosphate at concentrations up to 2 ng mL-1 were significantly impaired in an immune checkpoint-independent manner among ART-treated participants. Nonetheless, expanded Vδ2 T cells from PLWH/ART retained potent anti-HIV effector functions, with the NKG2D receptor contributing substantially to the elimination of infected cells. Conclusion Our findings highlight that although significant perturbations remain within the γδ T cell compartment throughout ART-treated HIV, both subsets retain the capacity for robust anti-HIV effector functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty R Field
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and ImmunityMelbourneVICAustralia
| | - Kathleen M Wragg
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and ImmunityMelbourneVICAustralia
| | - Stephen J Kent
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and ImmunityMelbourneVICAustralia
- Melbourne Sexual Health Centre and Department of Infectious Diseases, Central Clinical SchoolMonash UniversityMelbourneVICAustralia
| | - Wen Shi Lee
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and ImmunityMelbourneVICAustralia
| | - Jennifer A Juno
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and ImmunityMelbourneVICAustralia
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Rousselière A, Delbos L, Foureau A, Reynaud-Gaubert M, Roux A, Demant X, Le Pavec J, Kessler R, Mornex JF, Messika J, Falque L, Le Borgne A, Boussaud V, Tissot A, Hombourger S, Bressollette-Bodin C, Charreau B. Changes in HCMV immune cell frequency and phenotype are associated with chronic lung allograft dysfunction. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1143875. [PMID: 37187736 PMCID: PMC10175754 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1143875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection is common and often severe in lung transplant recipients (LTRs), and it is a risk factor associated with chronic lung allograft dysfunction (CLAD). The complex interplay between HCMV and allograft rejection is still unclear. Currently, no treatment is available to reverse CLAD after diagnosis, and the identification of reliable biomarkers that can predict the early development of CLAD is needed. This study investigated the HCMV immunity in LTRs who will develop CLAD. Methods This study quantified and phenotyped conventional (HLA-A2pp65) and HLA-E-restricted (HLA-EUL40) anti-HCMV CD8+ T (CD8 T) cell responses induced by infection in LTRs developing CLAD or maintaining a stable allograft. The homeostasis of immune subsets (B, CD4T, CD8 T, NK, and γδT cells) post-primary infection associated with CLAD was also investigated. Results At M18 post-transplantation, HLA-EUL40 CD8 T responses were less frequently found in HCMV+ LTRs (21.7%) developing CLAD (CLAD) than in LTRs (55%) keeping a functional graft (STABLE). In contrast, HLA-A2pp65 CD8 T was equally detected in 45% of STABLE and 47.8% of CLAD LTRs. The frequency of HLA-EUL40 and HLA-A2pp65 CD8 T among blood CD8 T cells shows lower median values in CLAD LTRs. Immunophenotype reveals an altered expression profile for HLA-EUL40 CD8 T in CLAD patients with a decreased expression for CD56 and the acquisition of PD-1. In STABLE LTRs, HCMV primary infection causes a decrease in B cells and inflation of CD8 T, CD57+/NKG2C+ NK, and δ2-γδT cells. In CLAD LTRs, the regulation of B, total CD8 T, and δ2+γδT cells is maintained, but total NK, CD57+/NKG2C+ NK, and δ2-γδT subsets are markedly reduced, while CD57 is overexpressed across T lymphocytes. Conclusions CLAD is associated with significant changes in anti-HCMV immune cell responses. Our findings propose that the presence of dysfunctional HCMV-specific HLA-E-restricted CD8 T cells together with post-infection changes in the immune cell distribution affecting NK and γδT cells defines an early immune signature for CLAD in HCMV+ LTRs. Such a signature may be of interest for the monitoring of LTRs and may allow an early stratification of LTRs at risk of CLAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amélie Rousselière
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, Inserm, Centre de Recherche Translationnelle en Transplantation et Immunologie, Nantes, France
| | - Laurence Delbos
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, Inserm, Centre de Recherche Translationnelle en Transplantation et Immunologie, Nantes, France
| | - Aurore Foureau
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, Inserm, Centre de Recherche Translationnelle en Transplantation et Immunologie, Nantes, France
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, Service de Pneumologie, Institut du thorax, Nantes, France
| | - Martine Reynaud-Gaubert
- CHU de Marseille, APHM, Hôpital Nord, Service de Pneumologie et Equipe de Transplantation pulmonaire; Marseille, France; Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Antoine Roux
- Hôpital Foch, Service de pneumologie, Suresnes, France
| | - Xavier Demant
- Hôpital Haut-Lévêque, Service de pneumologie, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Jérôme Le Pavec
- Service de Pneumologie et de Transplantation Pulmonaire, Groupe Hospitalier Marie-Lannelongue -Paris Saint Joseph, Le Plessis-Robinson, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
- UMR_S 999, Université Paris–Sud, Inserm, Groupe hospitalier Marie-Lannelongue-Saint Joseph, Le Plessis-Robinson, France
| | - Romain Kessler
- Groupe de transplantation pulmonaire des hôpitaux universitaires de Strasbourg, Inserm-Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Jean-François Mornex
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon1, INRAE, IVPC, Lyon, France
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, GHE, Service de Pneumologie, Inserm, Lyon, France
| | - Jonathan Messika
- APHP, Nord-Université Paris Cité, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Service de Pneumologie B et Transplantation Pulmonaire, Paris, France
- Physiopathology and Epidemiology of Respiratory Diseases, UMR1152 INSERM and Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Loïc Falque
- Service Hospitalier Universitaire Pneumologie et Physiologie, Pôle Thorax et Vaisseaux, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Véronique Boussaud
- Service de Pneumologie, Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou, Paris, France
| | - Adrien Tissot
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, Inserm, Centre de Recherche Translationnelle en Transplantation et Immunologie, Nantes, France
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, Service de Pneumologie, Institut du thorax, Nantes, France
| | - Sophie Hombourger
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, Inserm, Centre de Recherche Translationnelle en Transplantation et Immunologie, Nantes, France
| | - Céline Bressollette-Bodin
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, Inserm, Centre de Recherche Translationnelle en Transplantation et Immunologie, Nantes, France
- CHU Nantes, Nantes Université, Laboratoire de Virologie, Nantes, France
| | - Béatrice Charreau
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, Inserm, Centre de Recherche Translationnelle en Transplantation et Immunologie, Nantes, France
- CHU Nantes, Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), Nantes, France
- *Correspondence: Béatrice Charreau,
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Kotton CN, Torre-Cisneros J, Aguado JM, Alain S, Baldanti F, Baumann G, Boeken U, de la Calle M, Carbone J, Ciceri F, Comoli P, Couzi L, Danziger-Isakov L, Fernández-Ruiz M, Girmenia C, Grossi PA, Hirsch HH, Humar A, Kamar N, Kotton C, Ljungman P, Malagola M, Mira E, Mueller N, Sester M, Teng CLJ, Torre-Cisneros J, Ussetti P, Westall G, Wolf D, Zamora M. Cytomegalovirus in the transplant setting: Where are we now and what happens next? A report from the International CMV Symposium 2021. Transpl Infect Dis 2022; 24:e13977. [PMID: 36271650 PMCID: PMC10078482 DOI: 10.1111/tid.13977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The CMV Symposium in September 2021 was an international conference dedicated to cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection after solid organ or hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. This review provides an overview of the presentations given by the expert faculty, supplemented with educational clinical cases. Topics discussed include CMV epidemiology and diagnosis, the burden of CMV infection and disease, CMV-specific immunity and management of CMV in transplant settings. Major advances in the prevention and treatment of CMV in the past decade and increased understanding of CMV immunity have led to improved patient outcomes. In the future, management algorithms may be individualized based on the transplant recipient's immune profile, which will mark the start of a new era for patients with CMV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille N Kotton
- Transplant and Immunocompromised Host Infectious Diseases, Infectious Diseases Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Julián Torre-Cisneros
- Maimónides Institute for Biomedical Research of Cordoba (IMIBIC)/Reina Sofía University Hospital/University of Cordoba (UCO), Cordoba, Spain.,CIBERINFEC, ISCIII - CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - José Maria Aguado
- University Hospital 12 de Octubre, CIBERINFEC, ISCIII - CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sophie Alain
- French References Center for Herpes Viruses, Microbiology Department, CHU-Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Fausto Baldanti
- Università di Pavia, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Udo Boeken
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Javier Carbone
- Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fabio Ciceri
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Patrizia Comoli
- Cell Factory and Center for Advanced Therapies and Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Lionel Couzi
- Department of Nephrology, Transplantation, Dialysis and Apheresis, CHU Bordeaux CNRS-UMR 5164 ImmunoConcEpT, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France
| | - Lara Danziger-Isakov
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Per Ljungman
- Karolinska Hospital and Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Dana Wolf
- Hadassah University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Marty Zamora
- University of Colorado at Denver Anschutz Medical Center, Colorado, USA
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8
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Rousselière A, Delbos L, Bressollette C, Berthaume M, Charreau B. Mapping and Characterization of HCMV-Specific Unconventional HLA-E-Restricted CD8 T Cell Populations and Associated NK and T Cell Responses Using HLA/Peptide Tetramers and Spectral Flow Cytometry. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:263. [PMID: 35008688 PMCID: PMC8745070 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
HCMV drives complex and multiple cellular immune responses, which causes a persistent immune imprint in hosts. This study aimed to achieve both a quantitative determination of the frequency for various anti-HCMV immune cell subsets, including CD8 T, γδT, NK cells, and a qualitative analysis of their phenotype. To map the various anti-HCMV cellular responses, we used a combination of three HLApeptide tetramer complexes (HLA-EVMAPRTLIL, HLA-EVMAPRSLLL, and HLA-A2NLVPMVATV) and antibodies for 18 surface markers (CD3, CD4, CD8, CD16, CD19, CD45RA, CD56, CD57, CD158, NKG2A, NKG2C, CCR7, TCRγδ, TCRγδ2, CX3CR1, KLRG1, 2B4, and PD-1) in a 20-color spectral flow cytometry analysis. This immunostaining protocol was applied to PBMCs isolated from HCMV- and HCMV+ individuals. Our workflow allows the efficient determination of events featuring HCMV infection such as CD4/CD8 ratio, CD8 inflation and differentiation, HCMV peptide-specific HLA-EUL40 and HLA-A2pp65CD8 T cells, and expansion of γδT and NK subsets including δ2-γT and memory-like NKG2C+CD57+ NK cells. Each subset can be further characterized by the expression of 2B4, PD-1, KLRG1, CD45RA, CCR7, CD158, and NKG2A to achieve a fine-tuned mapping of HCMV immune responses. This assay should be useful for the analysis and monitoring of T-and NK cell responses to HCMV infection or vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Béatrice Charreau
- INSERM, Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, Nantes Université, UMR 1064, CHU Nantes, F-44000 Nantes, France; (A.R.); (L.D.); (C.B.); (M.B.)
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9
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Martini F, Champagne E. The Contribution of Human Herpes Viruses to γδ T Cell Mobilisation in Co-Infections. Viruses 2021; 13:v13122372. [PMID: 34960641 PMCID: PMC8704314 DOI: 10.3390/v13122372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
γδ T cells are activated in viral, bacterial and parasitic infections. Among viruses that promote γδ T cell mobilisation in humans, herpes viruses (HHVs) occupy a particular place since they infect the majority of the human population and persist indefinitely in the organism in a latent state. Thus, other infections should, in most instances, be considered co-infections, and the reactivation of HHV is a serious confounding factor in attributing γδ T cell alterations to a particular pathogen in human diseases. We review here the literature data on γδ T cell mobilisation in HHV infections and co-infections, and discuss the possible contribution of HHVs to γδ alterations observed in various infectious settings. As multiple infections seemingly mobilise overlapping γδ subsets, we also address the concept of possible cross-protection.
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10
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Gaballa A, Alagrafi F, Uhlin M, Stikvoort A. Revisiting the Role of γδ T Cells in Anti-CMV Immune Response after Transplantation. Viruses 2021; 13:v13061031. [PMID: 34072610 PMCID: PMC8228273 DOI: 10.3390/v13061031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Gamma delta (γδ) T cells form an unconventional subset of T lymphocytes that express a T cell receptor (TCR) consisting of γ and δ chains. Unlike conventional αβ T cells, γδ T cells share the immune signature of both the innate and the adaptive immunity. These features allow γδ T cells to act in front-line defense against infections and tumors, rendering them an attractive target for immunotherapy. The role of γδ T cells in the immune response to cytomegalovirus (CMV) has been the focus of intense research for several years, particularly in the context of transplantation, as CMV reactivation remains a major cause of transplant-related morbidity and mortality. Therefore, a better understanding of the mechanisms that underlie CMV immune responses could enable the design of novel γδ T cell-based therapeutic approaches. In this regard, the advent of next-generation sequencing (NGS) and single-cell TCR sequencing have allowed in-depth characterization of CMV-induced TCR repertoire changes. In this review, we try to shed light on recent findings addressing the adaptive role of γδ T cells in CMV immunosurveillance and revisit CMV-induced TCR reshaping in the era of NGS. Finally, we will demonstrate the favorable and unfavorable effects of CMV reactive γδ T cells post-transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Gaballa
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, 141 52 Stockholm, Sweden; (F.A.); (M.U.); (A.S.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Liver Institute, Menoufia University, Shebin Elkom 51132, Egypt
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +46-858-580-000
| | - Faisal Alagrafi
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, 141 52 Stockholm, Sweden; (F.A.); (M.U.); (A.S.)
- National Center for Biotechnology, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Michael Uhlin
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, 141 52 Stockholm, Sweden; (F.A.); (M.U.); (A.S.)
- Department of Applied Physics, Science for Life Laboratory, Royal Institute of Technology, 141 52 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, 141 52 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Arwen Stikvoort
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, 141 52 Stockholm, Sweden; (F.A.); (M.U.); (A.S.)
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