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Meeker A, Van Gampelaere J, Zhu L, Luo H, Zhang J. Spike Analysis of the Neural Activities Across the Rats' Auditory Brain Structures. JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE IN MEDICAL DIAGNOSTICS AND THERAPY 2024; 7:041002. [PMID: 38617390 PMCID: PMC11009913 DOI: 10.1115/1.4064652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Tinnitus is a health condition that affects a large population. Clinical diagnosis and treatment have been developed for treating tinnitus for years. However, there are still limitations because researchers have yet to elucidate the mechanisms underlying how tinnitus neural signals develop in brain structures. Abnormal neural interactions among the brain areas are considered to play an important role in tinnitus generation. Researchers have been studying neural activities in the auditory brain structures, including the dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN), inferior colliculus (IC), and auditory cortex (AC), to seek a better understanding of the information flow among these brain regions, especially in comparison with both health and tinnitus conditions. In this project, neural activities from the DCN, IC, and AC were collected and analyzed before and after the animals were noise-exposed and before and after their auditory cortices were electrically stimulated. These conditions in rats were used to estimate healthy animals, noise-trauma-induced tinnitus, and after auditory cortex electrical stimulation (ACES) treatment. The signal processing algorithms started with the raw measurement data and focused on the local field potentials (LFPs) and spikes in the time domain. The firing rate, shape of spikes, and time differences among channels were analyzed in the time domain, and phase-phase correlation was used to test the phase-frequency information. All the analysis results were summarized in plots and color-heat maps and also used to identify if any neural signal differs and cross-channel relation changes at various animal conditions and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Meeker
- College of Innovation and Technology, University of Michigan - Flint,Flint, MI 48502
- University of Michigan–Flint
| | - Jensen Van Gampelaere
- College of Health Sciences, University of Michigan - Flint,Flint, MI 48502
- University of Michigan–Flint
| | - Linda Zhu
- College of Innovation and Technology, University of Michigan - Flint,Flint, MI 48502
| | - Hao Luo
- Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202
- Henry Ford Health System
| | - Jinsheng Zhang
- School of Medicine, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202
- Wayne State University
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Fabrizio-Stover EM, Oliver DL, Burghard AL. Tinnitus mechanisms and the need for an objective electrophysiological tinnitus test. Hear Res 2024; 449:109046. [PMID: 38810373 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2024.109046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Tinnitus, the perception of sound with no external auditory stimulus, is a complex, multifaceted, and potentially devastating disorder. Despite recent advances in our understanding of tinnitus, there are limited options for effective treatment. Tinnitus treatments are made more complicated by the lack of a test for tinnitus based on objectively measured physiological characteristics. Such an objective test would enable a greater understanding of tinnitus mechanisms and may lead to faster treatment development in both animal and human research. This review makes the argument that an objective tinnitus test, such as a non-invasive electrophysiological measure, is desperately needed. We review the current tinnitus assessment methods, the underlying neural correlates of tinnitus, the multiple tinnitus generation theories, and the previously investigated electrophysiological measurements of tinnitus. Finally, we propose an alternate objective test for tinnitus that may be valid in both animal and human subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M Fabrizio-Stover
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Douglas L Oliver
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Alice L Burghard
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA.
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Cao W, Xiong S, Ji W, Wei H, Ma F, Mao L. Neuroprotection Role of Vitamin C by Upregulating Glutamate Transporter-1 in Auditory Cortex of Noise-Induced Tinnitus Animal Model. ACS Chem Neurosci 2024; 15:1197-1205. [PMID: 38451201 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Vitamin C (Vc) plays a pivotal role in a series of pathological processes, such as tumors, immune diseases, and neurological disorders. However, its therapeutic potential for tinnitus management remains unclear. In this study, we find that Vc relieves tinnitus in noise-exposed rats. In the 7-day therapy groups, spontaneous firing rate (SFR) increases from 1.17 ± 0.10 Hz to 1.77 ± 0.15 Hz after noise exposure. Vc effectively reduces the elevated SFR to 0.99 ± 0.07 and 0.55 ± 0.05 Hz at different doses. The glutamate level in auditory cortex of noise-exposed rats (3.78 ± 0.42 μM) increases relative to that in the control group (1.34 ± 0.22 μM). High doses of Vc (500 mg/kg/day) effectively reduce the elevated glutamate levels (1.49 ± 0.28 μM). Mechanistic studies show that the expression of glutamate transporter 1 (GLT-1) is impaired following noise exposure and that Vc treatment effectively restores GLT-1 expression in the auditory cortex. Meanwhile, the GLT-1 inhibitor, dl-threo-beta-benzyloxyaspartic acid (dl-TBOA), invalidates the protection role of Vc. Our finding shows that Vc substantially enhances glutamate clearance by upregulating GLT-1 and consequently alleviates noise-induced tinnitus. This study provides valuable insight into a novel biological target for the development of therapeutic interventions that may prevent the onset of tinnitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanxin Cao
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Shan Xiong
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Wenliang Ji
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Huan Wei
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Furong Ma
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Lanqun Mao
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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Morse K, Vander Werff KR. Onset-offset cortical auditory evoked potential amplitude differences indicate auditory cortical hyperactivity and reduced inhibition in people with tinnitus. Clin Neurophysiol 2023; 149:223-233. [PMID: 36963993 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2023.02.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The current study investigates evidence of hypothesized reduced central inhibition and/or increased excitation in individuals with tinnitus by evaluating cortical auditory onset versus offset responses. METHODS Cortical auditory evoked potentials (CAEPs) were recorded to the onset and offset of 3-second white noise stimuli in tinnitus and control groups matched in pairs by age, hearing, and sex (n = 26 total). Independent t-tests and 2-way mixed model ANOVA were used to evaluate onset-offset differences in amplitude, area, and latency of CAEP components by group. The predictive influence of tinnitus presence and associated participant characteristics on CAEP outcomes was assessed by multiple regression proportional reduction in error. RESULTS The tinnitus group had significantly larger onset minus offset P2 amplitudes (ΔP2 amplitudes) than control group participants. No other component variables differed significantly. ΔP2 amplitude was best predicted by tinnitus status and not significantly influenced by other variables such as hearing loss or age. CONCLUSIONS Hypothesized reduced central inhibition and/or increased excitation in tinnitus participants was partially supported by a group difference in ΔP2 amplitude. SIGNIFICANCE This was the first study to evaluate CAEP onset minus offset differences to investigate changes in central excitation/inhibition in individuals with tinnitus versus controls in matched groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Morse
- West Virginia University, Division of Communication Sciences and Disorders, USA.
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The Effect of Noise Trauma and Deep Brain Stimulation of the Medial Geniculate Body on Tissue Activity in the Auditory Pathway. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12081099. [PMID: 36009162 PMCID: PMC9405782 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12081099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tinnitus is defined as the phantom perception of sound. To date, there is no curative treatment, and contemporary treatments have failed to show beneficial outcomes. Deep brain stimulation has been suggested as a potential therapy for refractory tinnitus. However, the optimal target and stimulation regimens remain to be defined. Herein, we investigated metabolic and neuronal activity changes using cytochrome C oxidase histochemistry and c-Fos immunohistochemistry in a noise trauma-induced rat model of tinnitus. We also assessed changes in neuronal activity following medial geniculate body (MGB) high-frequency stimulation (HFS). Metabolic activity was reduced in the primary auditory cortex, MGB and CA1 region of the hippocampus in noise-exposed rats. Additionally, c-Fos expression was increased in the primary auditory cortex of those animals. Furthermore, MGB-HFS enhanced c-Fos expression in the thalamic reticular nucleus. We concluded that noise trauma alters tissue activity in multiple brain areas including the auditory and limbic regions. MGB-HFS resulted in higher neuronal activity in the thalamic reticular nucleus. Given the prominent role of the auditory thalamus in tinnitus, these data provide more rationales towards targeting the MGB with HFS as a symptom management tool in tinnitus.
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Almasabi F, Alosaimi F, Corrales-Terrón M, Wolters A, Strikwerda D, Smit JV, Temel Y, Janssen MLF, Jahanshahi A. Post-Mortem Analysis of Neuropathological Changes in Human Tinnitus. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12081024. [PMID: 36009087 PMCID: PMC9406157 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12081024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Tinnitus is the phantom perception of a sound, often accompanied by increased anxiety and depressive symptoms. Degenerative or inflammatory processes, as well as changes in monoaminergic systems, have been suggested as potential underlying mechanisms. Herein, we conducted the first post-mortem histopathological assessment to reveal detailed structural changes in tinnitus patients’ auditory and non-auditory brain regions. Tissue blocks containing the medial geniculate body (MGB), thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN), central part of the inferior colliculus (CIC), and dorsal and obscurus raphe nuclei (DRN and ROb) were obtained from tinnitus patients and matched controls. Cell density and size were assessed in Nissl-stained sections. Astrocytes and microglia were assessed using immunohistochemistry. The DRN was stained using antibodies raised against phenylalanine hydroxylase-8 (PH8) and tyrosine-hydroxylase (TH) to visualize serotonergic and dopaminergic cells, respectively. Cell density in the MGB and CIC of tinnitus patients was reduced, accompanied by a reduction in the number of astrocytes in the CIC only. Quantification of cell surface size did not reveal any significant difference in any of the investigated brain regions between groups. The number of PH8-positive cells was reduced in the DRN and ROb of tinnitus patients compared to controls, while the number of TH-positive cells remained unchanged in the DRN. These findings suggest that both neurodegenerative and inflammatory processes in the MGB and CIC underlie the neuropathology of tinnitus. Moreover, the reduced number of serotonergic cell bodies in tinnitus cases points toward a potential role of the raphe serotonergic system in tinnitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faris Almasabi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands; (F.A.); (F.A.); (Y.T.)
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands; (M.C.-T.); (A.W.); (D.S.); (J.V.S.); (M.L.F.J.)
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faisal Alosaimi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands; (F.A.); (F.A.); (Y.T.)
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands; (M.C.-T.); (A.W.); (D.S.); (J.V.S.); (M.L.F.J.)
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Rabigh 25732, Saudi Arabia
| | - Minerva Corrales-Terrón
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands; (M.C.-T.); (A.W.); (D.S.); (J.V.S.); (M.L.F.J.)
| | - Anouk Wolters
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands; (M.C.-T.); (A.W.); (D.S.); (J.V.S.); (M.L.F.J.)
| | - Dario Strikwerda
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands; (M.C.-T.); (A.W.); (D.S.); (J.V.S.); (M.L.F.J.)
| | - Jasper V. Smit
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands; (M.C.-T.); (A.W.); (D.S.); (J.V.S.); (M.L.F.J.)
- Department of Ear, Nose, Throat, Head and Neck Surgery, Zuyderland Medical Center, 6419 PC Heerlen, The Netherlands
| | - Yasin Temel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands; (F.A.); (F.A.); (Y.T.)
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands; (M.C.-T.); (A.W.); (D.S.); (J.V.S.); (M.L.F.J.)
| | - Marcus L. F. Janssen
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands; (M.C.-T.); (A.W.); (D.S.); (J.V.S.); (M.L.F.J.)
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ali Jahanshahi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands; (F.A.); (F.A.); (Y.T.)
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands; (M.C.-T.); (A.W.); (D.S.); (J.V.S.); (M.L.F.J.)
- Correspondence:
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Clifford RE, Maihofer AX, Stein MB, Ryan AF, Nievergelt CM. Novel Risk Loci in Tinnitus and Causal Inference With Neuropsychiatric Disorders Among Adults of European Ancestry. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2020; 146:1015-1025. [PMID: 32970095 PMCID: PMC7516809 DOI: 10.1001/jamaoto.2020.2920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Importance Tinnitus affects at least 16 million US adults, but its pathophysiology is complicated, and treatment options remain limited. A heritable component has been identified in family and twin studies; however, no large-scale genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have been accomplished. Objective To identify genetic risk loci associated with tinnitus, determine genetic correlations, and infer possible relationships of tinnitus with hearing loss and neuropsychiatric disorders and traits. Design, Setting, and Participants A GWAS of self-reported tinnitus was performed in the UK Biobank (UKB) cohort using a linear mixed-model method implemented in BOLT-LMM (linear mixed model). Replication of significant findings was sought in the nonoverlapping US Million Veteran Program (MVP) cohort. A total of 172 995 UKB (discovery) and 260 832 MVP (replication) participants of European ancestry with self-report regarding tinnitus and hearing loss underwent genomic analysis. Linkage-disequilibrium score regression and mendelian randomization were performed between tinnitus and hearing loss and neuropsychiatric disorders. Data from the UKB were acquired and analyzed from September 24, 2018, to December 13, 2019. Data acquisition for the MVP cohort was completed July 22, 2019. Data analysis for both cohorts was completed on February 11, 2020. Main Outcomes and Measures Estimates of single nucleotide variation (SNV)-based heritability for tinnitus, identification of genetic risk loci and genes, functional mapping, and replication were performed. Genetic association and inferred causality of tinnitus compared with hearing loss and neuropsychiatric disorders and traits were analyzed. Results Of 172 995 UKB participants (53.7% female; mean [SD], 58.0 [8.2] years), 155 395 unrelated participants underwent SNV-based heritability analyses across a range of tinnitus phenotype definitions that explained approximately 6% of the heritability. The GWAS based on the most heritable model in the full UKB cohort identified 6 genome-wide significant loci and 27 genes in gene-based analyses, with replication of 3 of 6 loci and 8 of 27 genes in 260 832 MVP cohort participants (92.8% men; mean [SD] age, 63.8 [13.2] years). Mendelian randomization indicated that major depressive disorder had a permissive effect (β = 0.133; P = .003) and years of education had a protective effect (β = -0.322, P = <.001) on tinnitus, whereas tinnitus and hearing loss inferred a bidirectional association (β = 0.072, P = .001 and β = 1.546, P = <.001, respectively). Conclusions and Relevance This large GWAS characterizes the genetic architecture of tinnitus, demonstrating modest but significant heritability and a polygenic profile with multiple significant risk loci and genes. Genetic correlation and inferred causation between tinnitus and major depressive disorder, educational level, and hearing impairment were identified, consistent with clinical and neuroimaging evidence. These findings may guide gene-based diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to this pervasive disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Royce E Clifford
- Division of Otolaryngology, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
- Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California
| | - Adam X Maihofer
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Murray B Stein
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
- Psychiatry Service, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California
| | - Allen F Ryan
- Division of Otolaryngology, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California
| | - Caroline M Nievergelt
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
- Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California
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Kapolowicz MR, Thompson LT. Plasticity in Limbic Regions at Early Time Points in Experimental Models of Tinnitus. Front Syst Neurosci 2020; 13:88. [PMID: 32038184 PMCID: PMC6992603 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2019.00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Tinnitus is one of the most prevalent auditory disorders worldwide, manifesting in both chronic and acute forms. The pathology of tinnitus has been mechanistically linked to induction of harmful neural plasticity stemming from traumatic noise exposure, exposure to ototoxic medications, input deprivation from age-related hearing loss, and in response to injuries or disorders damaging the conductive apparatus of the ears, the cochlear hair cells, the ganglionic cells of the VIIIth cranial nerve, or neurons of the classical auditory pathway which link the cochlear nuclei through the inferior colliculi and medial geniculate nuclei to auditory cortices. Research attempting to more specifically characterize the neural plasticity occurring in tinnitus have used a wide range of techniques, experimental paradigms, and sampled at different windows of time to reach different conclusions about why and which specific brain regions are crucial in the induction or ongoing maintenance of tinnitus-related plasticity. Despite differences in experimental methodologies, evidence reveals similar findings that strongly suggest that immediate and prolonged activation of non-classical auditory structures (i.e., amygdala, hippocampus, and cingulate cortex) may contribute to the initiation and development of tinnitus in addition to the ongoing maintenance of this devastating condition. The overarching focus of this review, therefore, is to highlight findings from the field supporting the hypothesis that abnormal early activation of non-classical sensory limbic regions are involved in tinnitus induction, with activation of these regions continuing to occur at different temporal stages. Since initial/early stages of tinnitus are difficult to control and to quantify in human clinical populations, a number of different animal paradigms have been developed and assessed in experimental investigations. Reviews of traumatic noise exposure and ototoxic doses of sodium salicylate, the most prevalently used animal models to induce experimental tinnitus, indicate early limbic system plasticity (within hours, minutes, or days after initial insult), supports subsequent plasticity in other auditory regions, and contributes to the pathophysiology of tinnitus. Understanding this early plasticity presents additional opportunities for intervention to reduce or eliminate tinnitus from the human condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle R. Kapolowicz
- Center for Hearing Research, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Lucien T. Thompson
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, United States
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Winne J, Boerner BC, Malfatti T, Brisa E, Doerl J, Nogueira I, Leão KE, Leão RN. Anxiety-like behavior induced by salicylate depends on age and can be prevented by a single dose of 5-MeO-DMT. Exp Neurol 2020; 326:113175. [PMID: 31923390 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Salicylate intoxication is a cause of tinnitus and comorbidly associated with anxiety in humans. In a previous work, we showed that salicylate induces anxiety-like behavior and hippocampal type 2 theta oscillations (theta2) in mice. Here we investigate if the anxiogenic effect of salicylate is dependent on age and previous tinnitus experience. We also tested whether a single dose of DMT can prevent this effect. Using microwire electrode arrays, we recorded local field potential in young (4-5- month-old) and old (11-13-month-old) mice to study the electrophysiological effect of tinnitus in the ventral hippocampus (vHipp) and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) in an open field arena and elevated plus maze 1h after salicylate (300mg/kg) injection. We found that anxiety-like behavior and increase in theta2 oscillations (4-6 Hz), following salicylate pre-treatment, only occurs in young (normal hearing) mice. We also show that theta2 and slow gamma oscillations increase in the vHipp and mPFC in a complementary manner during anxiety tests in the presence of salicylate. Finally, we show that pre-treating mice with a single dose of the hallucinogenic 5-MeO-DMT prevents anxiety-like behavior and the increase in theta2 and slow gamma oscillations after salicylate injection in normal hearing young mice. This work further support the hypothesis that anxiety-like behavior after salicylate injection is triggered by tinnitus and require normal hearing. Moreover, our results show that hallucinogenic compounds can be effective in treating tinnitus-related anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Winne
- Neurodynamics Lab, Brain Institute, Federal University of the Rio Grande do Norte, Av. Nascimento de Castro 2155, 59560-450 Natal/RN, Brazil; Developmental Genetics Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Husarg 3, Uppsala 75234, Sweden
| | - Barbara C Boerner
- Neurodynamics Lab, Brain Institute, Federal University of the Rio Grande do Norte, Av. Nascimento de Castro 2155, 59560-450 Natal/RN, Brazil
| | - Thawann Malfatti
- Neurodynamics Lab, Brain Institute, Federal University of the Rio Grande do Norte, Av. Nascimento de Castro 2155, 59560-450 Natal/RN, Brazil
| | - Elis Brisa
- Neurodynamics Lab, Brain Institute, Federal University of the Rio Grande do Norte, Av. Nascimento de Castro 2155, 59560-450 Natal/RN, Brazil
| | - Jhulimar Doerl
- Neural Development and Environment Lab, Brain Institute, Federal University of the Rio Grande do Norte, Av. Nascimento de Castro 2155, 59560-450 Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Ingrid Nogueira
- Neurodynamics Lab, Brain Institute, Federal University of the Rio Grande do Norte, Av. Nascimento de Castro 2155, 59560-450 Natal/RN, Brazil
| | - Katarina E Leão
- Neurodynamics Lab, Brain Institute, Federal University of the Rio Grande do Norte, Av. Nascimento de Castro 2155, 59560-450 Natal/RN, Brazil
| | - Richardson N Leão
- Neurodynamics Lab, Brain Institute, Federal University of the Rio Grande do Norte, Av. Nascimento de Castro 2155, 59560-450 Natal/RN, Brazil; Neural Development and Environment Lab, Brain Institute, Federal University of the Rio Grande do Norte, Av. Nascimento de Castro 2155, 59560-450 Natal, RN, Brazil.
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10
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Zhang J. Blast-induced tinnitus: Animal models. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2019; 146:3811. [PMID: 31795642 DOI: 10.1121/1.5132551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Blast-induced tinnitus is a prevalent problem among military personnel and veterans, as blast-related trauma damages the vulnerable microstructures within the cochlea, impacts auditory and non-auditory brain structures, and causes tinnitus and other disorders. Thus far, there is no effective treatment of blast-induced tinnitus due to an incomplete understanding of its underlying mechanisms, necessitating development of reliable animal models. This article focuses on recent animal studies using behavioral, electrophysiological, imaging, and pharmacological tools. The mechanisms underlying blast-induced tinnitus are largely similar to those underlying noise-induced tinnitus: increased spontaneous firing rates, bursting, and neurosynchrony, Mn++ accumulation, and elevated excitatory synaptic transmission. The differences mainly lie in the data variability and time course. Noise trauma-induced tinnitus mainly originates from direct peripheral deafferentation at the cochlea, and its etiology subsequently develops along the ascending auditory pathways. Blast trauma-induced tinnitus, on the other hand, results from simultaneous impact on both the peripheral and central auditory systems, and the resultant maladaptive neuroplasticity may also be related to the additional traumatic brain injury. Consequently, the neural correlates of blast-induced tinnitus have different time courses and less uniform manifestations of its neural correlates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsheng Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 4201 Saint Antoine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
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11
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Shore SE, Wu C. Mechanisms of Noise-Induced Tinnitus: Insights from Cellular Studies. Neuron 2019; 103:8-20. [PMID: 31271756 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Tinnitus, sound perception in the absence of physical stimuli, occurs in 15% of the population and is the top-reported disability for soldiers after combat. Noise overexposure is a major factor associated with tinnitus but does not always lead to tinnitus. Furthermore, people with normal audiograms can get tinnitus. In animal models, equivalent cochlear damage occurs in animals with and without behavioral evidence of tinnitus. But cochlear-nerve-recipient neurons in the brainstem demonstrate distinct, synchronized spontaneous firing patterns only in animals that develop tinnitus, driving activity in central brain regions and ultimately giving rise to phantom perception. Examining tinnitus-specific changes in single-cell populations enables us to begin to distinguish neural changes due to tinnitus from those that are due to hearing loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan E Shore
- Kresge Hearing Research Institute, Department of Otolaryngology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Calvin Wu
- Kresge Hearing Research Institute, Department of Otolaryngology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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12
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Zhang L, Wu C, Martel DT, West M, Sutton MA, Shore SE. Remodeling of cholinergic input to the hippocampus after noise exposure and tinnitus induction in Guinea pigs. Hippocampus 2019; 29:669-682. [PMID: 30471164 PMCID: PMC7357289 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.23058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Here, we investigate remodeling of hippocampal cholinergic inputs after noise exposure and determine the relevance of these changes to tinnitus. To assess the effects of noise exposure on the hippocampus, guinea pigs were exposed to unilateral noise for 2 hr and 2 weeks later, immunohistochemistry was performed on hippocampal sections to examine vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) expression. To evaluate whether the changes in VAChT were relevant to tinnitus, another group of animals was exposed to the same noise band twice to induce tinnitus, which was assessed using gap-prepulse Inhibition of the acoustic startle (GPIAS) 12 weeks after the first noise exposure, followed by immunohistochemistry. Acoustic Brainstem Response (ABR) thresholds were elevated immediately after noise exposure for all experimental animals but returned to baseline levels several days after noise exposure. ABR wave I amplitude-intensity functions did not show any changes after 2 or 12 weeks of recovery compared to baseline levels. In animals assessed 2-weeks following noise-exposure, hippocampal VAChT puncta density decreased on both sides of the brain by 20-60% in exposed animals. By 12 weeks following the initial noise exposure, changes in VAChT puncta density largely recovered to baseline levels in exposed animals that did not develop tinnitus, but remained diminished in animals that developed tinnitus. These tinnitus-specific changes were particularly prominent in hippocampal synapse-rich layers of the dentate gyrus and areas CA3 and CA1, and VAChT density in these regions negatively correlated with tinnitus severity. The robust changes in VAChT labeling in the hippocampus 2 weeks after noise exposure suggest involvement of this circuitry in auditory processing. After chronic tinnitus induction, tinnitus-specific changes occurred in synapse-rich layers of the hippocampus, suggesting that synaptic processing in the hippocampus may play an important role in the pathophysiology of tinnitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqin Zhang
- Kresge Hearing Research Institute, Department of Otolaryngology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Molecular & Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Xiangya Medical School, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Calvin Wu
- Kresge Hearing Research Institute, Department of Otolaryngology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - David T. Martel
- Kresge Hearing Research Institute, Department of Otolaryngology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Michael West
- Kresge Hearing Research Institute, Department of Otolaryngology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Michael A. Sutton
- Kresge Hearing Research Institute, Department of Otolaryngology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Molecular & Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Correspondence to: Michael A. Sutton, Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, 5067, BSRB, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA. Tel: 734-615-2445; ; Susan E. Shore, Kresge Hearing Research Institute, 5434, Medical Science Building, 1100 W. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA. Tel: 734-647-2116;
| | - Susan E. Shore
- Kresge Hearing Research Institute, Department of Otolaryngology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Correspondence to: Michael A. Sutton, Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, 5067, BSRB, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA. Tel: 734-615-2445; ; Susan E. Shore, Kresge Hearing Research Institute, 5434, Medical Science Building, 1100 W. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA. Tel: 734-647-2116;
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13
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Jones A, May BJ. Improving the Reliability of Tinnitus Screening in Laboratory Animals. J Assoc Res Otolaryngol 2016; 18:183-195. [PMID: 27807642 DOI: 10.1007/s10162-016-0597-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Behavioral screening remains a contentious issue for animal studies of tinnitus. Most paradigms base a positive tinnitus test on an animal's natural tendency to respond to the "sound" of tinnitus as if it were an actual sound. As a result, animals with tinnitus are expected to display sound-conditioned behaviors when no sound is present or to miss gaps in background sounds because tinnitus "fills in the gap." Reliable confirmation of the behavioral indications of tinnitus can be problematic because the reinforcement contingencies of conventional discrimination tasks break down an animal's tendency to group tinnitus with sound. When responses in silence are rewarded, animals respond in silence regardless of their tinnitus status. When responses in silence are punished, animals stop responding. This study introduces stimulus classification as an alternative approach to tinnitus screening. Classification procedures train animals to respond to the common perceptual features that define a group of sounds (e.g., high pitch or narrow bandwidth). Our procedure trains animals to drink when they hear tinnitus and to suppress drinking when they hear other sounds. Animals with tinnitus are revealed by their tendency to drink in the presence of unreinforced probe sounds that share the perceptual features of the tinnitus classification. The advantages of this approach are illustrated by taking laboratory rats through a testing sequence that includes classification training, the experimental induction of tinnitus, and postinduction screening. Behavioral indications of tinnitus are interpreted and then verified by simulating a known tinnitus percept with objective sounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aikeen Jones
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Traylor Research Building, Room 521, 720 Rutland Avenue, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Bradford J May
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Traylor Research Building, Room 521, 720 Rutland Avenue, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
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Kapolowicz MR, Thompson LT. Acute high-intensity noise induces rapid Arc protein expression but fails to rapidly change GAD expression in amygdala and hippocampus of rats: Effects of treatment with D-cycloserine. Hear Res 2016; 342:69-79. [PMID: 27702572 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2016.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Tinnitus is a devastating auditory disorder impacting a growing number of people each year. The aims of the current experiment were to assess neuronal mechanisms involved in the initial plasticity after traumatic noise exposure that could contribute to the emergence of tinnitus and to test a potential pharmacological treatment to alter this early neural plasticity. Specifically, this study addressed rapid effects of acute noise trauma on amygdalo-hippocampal circuitry, characterizing biomarkers of both excitation and inhibition in these limbic regions, and compared them to expression of these same markers in primary auditory cortex shortly after acute noise trauma. To assess excitatory plasticity, activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated (Arc) protein expression was evaluated in male rats 45 min after bilateral exposure to acute high-intensity noise (16 kHz, 115 dB SPL, for 1 h), sufficient to cause acute cochlear trauma, a common cause of tinnitus in humans and previously shown sufficient to induce tinnitus in rat models of this auditory neuropathology. Western blot analyses confirmed that up-regulation of amygdalo-hippocampal Arc expression occurred rapidly post-noise trauma, corroborating several lines of evidence from our own and other laboratories indicating that limbic brain structures, i.e. outside of the classical auditory pathways, exhibit plasticity early in the initiation of tinnitus. Western blot analyses revealed no noise-induced changes in amygdalo-hippocampal expression of glutamate decarboxylase (GAD), the biosynthetic enzyme required for GABAergic inhibition. No changes in either Arc or GAD protein expression were observed in primary auditory cortex in this immediate post-noise exposure period, confirming other reports that auditory cortical plasticity may not occur until later in the development of tinnitus. As a further control, our experiments compared Arc protein expression between groups exposed to the quiet background of a sound-proof chamber to those exposed not only to the traumatic noise described above, but also to an intermediate, non-traumatic noise level (70 dB SPL) for the same duration in each of these three brain regions. We found that non-traumatic noise did not up-regulate Arc protein expression in these brain regions. To see if changes in Arc expression due to acute traumatic noise exposure were stress-related, we compared circulating serum corticosterone in controls and rats exposed to traumatic noise at the time when changes in Arc were observed, and found no significant differences in this stress hormone in our experimental conditions. Finally, the ability of D-cycloserine (DCS; an NMDA-receptor NR1 partial agonist) to reduce or prevent the noise trauma-related plastic changes in the biomarker, Arc, was tested. D-cycloserine prevented traumatic noise-induced up-regulation of Arc protein expression in amygdala but not in hippocampus, suggesting that DCS alone is not fully effective in eliminating regionally-specific early plastic changes after traumatic noise exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Kapolowicz
- Behavioral & Brain Sciences, Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800W. Campbell Rd., BSB 14, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA
| | - L T Thompson
- Behavioral & Brain Sciences, Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800W. Campbell Rd., BSB 14, Richardson, TX, 75080, USA.
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