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Liu Y, Zeng X, Zhang H. An Emerging Approach of Age-Related Hearing Loss Research: Application of Integrated Multi-Omics Analysis. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2024; 8:e2300613. [PMID: 38279573 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202300613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
As one of the most common otologic diseases in the elderly, age-related hearing loss (ARHL) usually characterized by hearing loss and cognitive disorders, which have a significant impact on the elderly's physical and mental health and quality of life. However, as a typical disease of aging, it is unclear why aging causes widespread hearing impairment in the elderly. As molecular biological experiments have been conducted for research recently, ARHL is gradually established at various levels with the application and development of integrated multi-omics analysis in the studies of ARHL. Here, the recent progress in the application of multi-omics analysis in the molecular mechanisms of ARHL development and therapeutic regimens, including the combined analysis of different omics, such as transcriptome, proteome, and metabolome, to screen for risk sites, risk genes, and differences in lipid metabolism, etc., is outlined and the integrated histological data further promote the profound understanding of the disease process as well as physiological mechanisms of ARHL. The advantages and disadvantages of multi-omics analysis in disease research are also discussed and the authors speculate on the future prospects and applications of this part-to-whole approach, which may provide more comprehensive guidance for ARHL and aging disease prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Major Obstetric Diseases, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, China
- Department of Otolaryngology, Longgang E.N.T. Hospital and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of E.N.T, Institute of E.N.T., Shenzhen, 518172, China
- Department of Graduate and Scientific Research, Zunyi Medical University Zhuhai Campus, Zhuhai, 519041, China
| | - Xianhai Zeng
- Department of Otolaryngology, Longgang E.N.T. Hospital and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of E.N.T, Institute of E.N.T., Shenzhen, 518172, China
- Department of Graduate and Scientific Research, Zunyi Medical University Zhuhai Campus, Zhuhai, 519041, China
| | - Huasong Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Major Obstetric Diseases, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, China
- Department of Otolaryngology, Longgang E.N.T. Hospital and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of E.N.T, Institute of E.N.T., Shenzhen, 518172, China
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Zhang Y, Luo L, Gan P, Chen X, Li X, Pang Y, Yu X, Yu K. Exposure to pentachlorophenol destructs the symbiotic relationship between zooxanthellae and host and induces pathema in coral Porites lutea. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 907:167956. [PMID: 37884147 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Stress from chemical pollutants is among the key issues that have adverse impacts on coral reefs. As a persistent organic pollutant, pentachlorophenol (PCP) has been detected in the seawater of Weizhou Island and was proved to have significant adverse effects on aquatic animals. However, little is known about its effects on scleractinian coral. Therefore, we investigated the response of the coral Porites lutea to PCP stress. Coral bleaching, photosynthesis parameters and antioxidant enzyme activities of P. lutea under PCP exposure were documented. After 96 h of exposure, significant tissue loss and bleaching occurred when the PCP concentration exceeded 100 μg/L. The density of symbiotic zooxanthellae decreased from 2.06 × 106 cells/cm2 to 0.93 × 106 cells/cm2 when the PCP concentration increased from 1 μg/L- 1000 μg/L. Long-term exposure of 120 days to PCP at 0.1 μg/L also led to coral bleaching, the maximum photochemical quantum yield of PSII in P. lutea nubbins significantly decreased to 0.482. The analysis of microbial community distribution indicated that the increase of the pathogenic bacterium Citrobacter may be one of the inducers of coral bleaching. Conjoint analysis of transcriptomics and proteomics showed that the metabolism of amino acids and carbohydrates in zooxanthellae was abnormal, leading to the destruction of its symbiotic relationship with the host. The immune system of the host was disrupted, which could be linked to the prevalence of coral pathema. The toxic responses of PCP on both zooxanthellae and its host were further confirmed by the upregulation of the differential metabolites including 1-naphthylamine and phosphatidylcholine, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Zhang
- School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519000, China
| | - Lan Luo
- School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Pin Gan
- School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Xuan Chen
- School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Xiaoli Li
- School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Yan Pang
- School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Xiaopeng Yu
- School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Kefu Yu
- School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519000, China.
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Wan H, Wang W, Liu J, Zhang Y, Yang B, Hua R, Chen H, Chen S, Hua Q. Cochlear metabolomics, highlighting novel insights of purine metabolic alterations in age-related hearing loss. Hear Res 2023; 440:108913. [PMID: 37939412 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2023.108913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Aging is an inevitable phase in mammals that leads to health impairments, including hearing loss. Age-related hearing loss (AHL) leads to psychosocial problems and cognitive decline in the elderly. In this study, mean thresholds of auditory brainstem responses (ABR) and distortion-product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAE) increased at multiple frequencies in aged rats (14 months old) compared to young rats (2 months old). Using untargeted ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy (LC-MS), we quantified molecular metabolic markers in the cochlea of aged rats with hearing loss. A total of 137 different metabolites were identified in two groups, highlighting several prominent metabolic pathways related to purine metabolism; glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism; arginine and proline metabolism; and pyrimidine metabolism. In addition, the beneficial effects of purine supplementation were demonstrated in a mimetic model of senescent marginal cells (MCs). Overall, altered metabolic profiling is both the cause and manifestation of pathology, and our results suggest that cellular senescence and dysfunctional cochlear metabolism may contribute to the progression of AHL. These findings are seminal in elucidating the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying AHL and serve as a basis for future clinical predictions and interventions in AHL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanzhi Wan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China; Research Institute of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China; The First Clinical School of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjing Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China; Research Institute of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China; The First Clinical School of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingchun Liu
- The First Clinical School of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunlong Zhang
- Research Institute of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China; The First Clinical School of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Bingqian Yang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China; Research Institute of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China; The First Clinical School of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Rongkai Hua
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China; Research Institute of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China; The First Clinical School of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Huidong Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China; Research Institute of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China; The First Clinical School of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiming Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China; Research Institute of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qingquan Hua
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China; Research Institute of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China.
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Yang Z, Man J, Liu Y, Zhang H, Wu D, Shao D, Hao B, Wang S. Study on the Alleviating Effect and Potential Mechanism of Ethanolic Extract of Limonium aureum (L.) Hill. on Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammatory Responses in Macrophages. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16272. [PMID: 38003461 PMCID: PMC10671607 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is the host response of immune cells during infection and traumatic tissue injury. An uncontrolled inflammatory response leads to inflammatory cascade, which in turn triggers a variety of diseases threatening human and animal health. The use of existing inflammatory therapeutic drugs is constrained by their high cost and susceptibility to systemic side effects, and therefore new therapeutic candidates for inflammatory diseases need to be urgently developed. Natural products are characterized by wide sources and rich pharmacological activities, which are valuable resources for the development of new drugs. This study aimed to uncover the alleviating effect and potential mechanism of natural product Limonium aureum (LAH) on LPS-induced inflammatory responses in macrophages. The experimental results showed that the optimized conditions for LAH ultrasound-assisted extraction via response surface methodology were an ethanol concentration of 72%, a material-to-solvent ratio of 1:37 g/mL, an extraction temperature of 73 °C, and an extraction power of 70 W, and the average extraction rate of LAH total flavonoids was 0.3776%. Then, data of 1666 components in LAH ethanol extracts were obtained through quasi-targeted metabolomics analysis. The ELISA showed that LAH significantly inhibited the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines while promoting the secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines. Finally, combined with the results of network pharmacology analysis and protein expression validation of hub genes, it was speculated that LAH may alleviate LPS-induced inflammatory responses of macrophages through the AKT1/RELA/PTGS2 signaling pathway and the MAPK3/JUN signaling pathway. This study preliminarily revealed the anti-inflammatory activity of LAH and the molecular mechanism of its anti-inflammatory action, and provided a theoretical basis for the development of LAH as a new natural anti-inflammatory drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Yang
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China; (Z.Y.); (Y.L.); (H.Z.); (D.W.); (D.S.)
| | - Jingyuan Man
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China;
| | - Yu Liu
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China; (Z.Y.); (Y.L.); (H.Z.); (D.W.); (D.S.)
| | - Hongjuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China; (Z.Y.); (Y.L.); (H.Z.); (D.W.); (D.S.)
| | - Di Wu
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China; (Z.Y.); (Y.L.); (H.Z.); (D.W.); (D.S.)
| | - Dan Shao
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China; (Z.Y.); (Y.L.); (H.Z.); (D.W.); (D.S.)
| | - Baocheng Hao
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China; (Z.Y.); (Y.L.); (H.Z.); (D.W.); (D.S.)
| | - Shengyi Wang
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China; (Z.Y.); (Y.L.); (H.Z.); (D.W.); (D.S.)
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Kong L, Domarecka E, Szczepek AJ. Histamine and Its Receptors in the Mammalian Inner Ear: A Scoping Review. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1101. [PMID: 37509031 PMCID: PMC10376984 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13071101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Histamine is a widely distributed biogenic amine with multiple biological functions mediated by specific receptors that determine the local effects of histamine. This review aims to summarize the published findings on the expression and functional roles of histamine receptors in the inner ear and to identify potential research hotspots and gaps. METHODS A search of the electronic databases PubMed, Web of Science, and OVID EMBASE was performed using the keywords histamine, cochlea*, and inner ear. Of the 181 studies identified, 18 eligible publications were included in the full-text analysis. RESULTS All four types of histamine receptors were identified in the mammalian inner ear. The functional studies of histamine in the inner ear were mainly in vitro. Clinical evidence suggests that histamine and its receptors may play a role in Ménière's disease, but the exact mechanism is not fully understood. The effects of histamine on hearing development remain unclear. CONCLUSIONS Existing studies have successfully determined the expression of all four histamine receptors in the mammalian inner ear. However, further functional studies are needed to explore the potential of histamine receptors as targets for the treatment of hearing and balance disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyi Kong
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ewa Domarecka
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Agnieszka J Szczepek
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Zielona Gora, 65-046 Zielona Gora, Poland
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Rao D, Zhao R, Hu Y, Li H, Chun Z, Zheng S. Revealing of Intracellular Antioxidants in Dendrobium nobile by High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Metabolites 2023; 13:702. [PMID: 37367860 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13060702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The medicinal plant Dendrobium nobile is an important natural antioxidant resource. To reveal the antioxidants of D. nobile, high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) was employed for metabolic analysis. The H2O2-induced oxidative damage was used in human embryonic kidney 293T (H293T) cells to assess intracellular antioxidant activities. Cells incubated with flower and fruit extracts showed better cell survival, lower levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and higher catalase and superoxide dismutase activities than those incubated with root, stem, and leaf extracts (p < 0.01). A total of 13 compounds were newly identified as intracellular antioxidants by association analysis, including coniferin, galactinol, trehalose, beta-D-lactose, trigonelline, nicotinamide-N-oxide, shikimic acid, 5'-deoxy-5'-(methylthio)adenosine, salicylic acid, isorhamnetin-3-O-neohespeidoside, methylhesperidin, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, and cis-aconitic acid (R2 > 0.8, Log2FC > 1, distribution > 0.1%, and p < 0.01). They showed lower molecular weight and higher polarity, compared to previously identified in vitro antioxidants in D. nobile (p < 0.01). The credibility of HPLC-MS/MS relative quantification was verified by common methods. In conclusion, some saccharides and phenols with low molecular weight and high polarity helped protect H293T cells from oxidative damage by increasing the activities of intracellular antioxidant enzymes and reducing intracellular ROS levels. The results enriched the database of safe and effective intracellular antioxidants in medicinal plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Rao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration, Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100041, China
| | - Ruoxi Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration, Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yadong Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration, Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Hongjie Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration, Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100041, China
| | - Ze Chun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration, Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
- Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Xiong'an Institute of Innovation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Shigang Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization & Ecological Restoration, Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
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Wang X, Liu Y, Kang N, Xu G. Wide identification of chemical constituents in fermented licorice and explore its efficacy of anti-neurodegeneration by combining quasi-targeted metabolomics and in-depth bioinformatics. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1156037. [PMID: 37274217 PMCID: PMC10234426 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1156037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Licorice (Gan-Cao in Chinese) is one of the most famous herbal medicines around the world. The fermentation of probiotics and herbs can change the chemical constituents and significantly improve the efficacy. However, it is still unknown whether licorice fermented with probiotics would produce beneficial therapeutic effects. This study aimed to comprehensively analyze the chemical constituents in fermented licorice via quasi-targeted metabolomics, predict the potential efficacy of fermentation products via diverse bioinformatic methods, and further verify the efficacy of fermentation products through in vitro and in vivo experiments. As a result, 1,435 compounds were identified totally. Among them, 424 natural medicinal products were classified with potentially important bioactivities, including 11 anthocyanins, 10 chalcones and dihydrochalcones, 25 flavanones, 45 flavones and flavonols, 117 flavonoids, 34 isoflavonoids, 21 phenols and its derivatives, 20 phenylpropanoids and polyketides, 96 terpenoids and 25 coumarins and derivatives. Interestingly, bioinformatic prediction showed that the targets of some important compounds were related to neurodegeneration, oxidoreductase activity and response to stress. In vitro and in vivo tests further verified that fermented licorice had excellent effects of DPPH clearance, anti-oxidation, anti-neurodegeneration, and anti-stress. Thus, this study would provide a reference method for related research and the development of fermented licorice-related products.
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