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Vasić K, Knez Ž, Leitgeb M. Multifunctional Iron Oxide Nanoparticles as Promising Magnetic Biomaterials in Drug Delivery: A Review. J Funct Biomater 2024; 15:227. [PMID: 39194665 DOI: 10.3390/jfb15080227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2024] [Revised: 08/09/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
A wide range of applications using functionalized magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) in biomedical applications, such as in biomedicine as well as in biotechnology, have been extensively expanding over the last years. Their potential is tremendous in delivery and targeting systems due to their advantages in biosubstance binding. By applying magnetic materials-based biomaterials to different organic polymers, highly advanced multifunctional bio-composites with high specificity, efficiency, and optimal bioavailability are designed and implemented in various bio-applications. In modern drug delivery, the importance of a successful therapy depends on the proper targeting of loaded bioactive components to specific sites in the body. MNPs are nanocarrier-based systems that are magnetically guided to specific regions using an external magnetic field. Therefore, MNPs are an excellent tool for different biomedical applications, in the form of imaging agents, sensors, drug delivery targets/vehicles, and diagnostic tools in managing disease therapy. A great contribution was made to improve engineering skills in surgical diagnosis, therapy, and treatment, while the advantages and applicability of MNPs have opened up a large scope of studies. This review highlights MNPs and their synthesis strategies, followed by surface functionalization techniques, which makes them promising magnetic biomaterials in biomedicine, with special emphasis on drug delivery. Mechanism of the delivery system with key factors affecting the drug delivery efficiency using MNPs are discussed, considering their toxicity and limitations as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Vasić
- Laboratory for Separation Processes and Product Design, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova ulica 17, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Željko Knez
- Laboratory for Separation Processes and Product Design, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova ulica 17, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Taborska ulica 8, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Maja Leitgeb
- Laboratory for Separation Processes and Product Design, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova ulica 17, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Taborska ulica 8, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
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Kareemi AF, Likhitkar S. Applications and advancements of polysaccharide-based nanostructures for enhanced drug delivery. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2024; 238:113883. [PMID: 38615389 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2024.113883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Growing demand for highly effective, site-specific delivery of pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals using nano-sized carriers has prompted increased scrutiny of carrier biocompatibility and biodegradability. To address these concerns, biodegradable natural polymers have emerged as a transformative domain, offering non-toxic, precisely targetable carriers capable of finely modulating cargo pharmacokinetics while generating innocuous decomposition by-products. This comprehensive review illuminates the emergence of polysaccharide-based nanoparticulate drug delivery systems. These systems establish an interactive interface between drug and targeted organs, guided by strategic modifications to polysaccharide backbones, which facilitate the creation of morphologically, constitutionally, and characteristically vibrant nanostructures through various fabrication routes, underpinning their pivotal role in biomedical applications. Advancements crucial to enhancing polysaccharide-based drug delivery, such as surface modifications and bioinspired modifications for enhanced targeting, and stimuli-responsive release, strategies to overcome biological barriers, enhance tumor penetration, and optimize therapeutic outcomes are highlighted. This review also examines some potent challenges, and the contemporary way out of them, and discusses future perspectives in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asra Fatimah Kareemi
- Department of Chemistry, St. Aloysius College (Autonomous), Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh 482001, India
| | - Sweta Likhitkar
- Department of Chemistry, St. Aloysius College (Autonomous), Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh 482001, India.
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Saad H, Nour El-Dien FA, El-Gamel NEA, Abo Dena AS. Removal of bromophenol blue from polluted water using a novel azo-functionalized magnetic nano-adsorbent. RSC Adv 2024; 14:1316-1329. [PMID: 38174277 PMCID: PMC10763660 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra04222g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Water pollution from organic dyes poses a serious danger to the environment. In the present work, we report a novel adsorbent (ADFS) based on azo-dye-functionalized superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) for the removal of the anionic dye bromophenol blue (BPB) from contaminated water. The fabricated SPIONs, azo dye, and ADFS adsorbent were characterized with FTIR and UV-vis absorption spectroscopy, 1HNMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, SEM imaging, dynamic light scattering (DLS), zeta potential measurements, vibrating sample magnetometry, thermogravimetric analysis, differential thermal analysis, and X-ray diffraction analysis. DLS measurements showed a particle size of 46.1 and 176.5 nm for the SPIONs and the ADFS, respectively. The adsorbent exhibited an adsorption capacity of 7.43 mg g-1 and followed the pseudo-second-order kinetics model (r2 = 0.9981). The ADFS could efficiently remove BPB from water after stirring for 120 minutes at room temperature and pH 2. The adsorption process was proved to occur via physisorption, as revealed by the Freundlich isotherm (n = 1.82 and KF = 11.5). Thermodynamic studies implied that the adsorption is spontaneous (-8.03 ≤ ΔG ≤ -0.58 kJ mol-1) and enthalpy-driven might take place via van der Waals interactions and/or hydrogen bonding (ΔH = -82.19 kJ mol-1 and ΔS = -0.24 kJ mol-1 K-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadeel Saad
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University Giza 12613 Egypt
- General Organization for Export and Import Control Ramses Street Cairo Egypt
| | - F A Nour El-Dien
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University Giza 12613 Egypt
| | - Nadia E A El-Gamel
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University Giza 12613 Egypt
| | - Ahmed S Abo Dena
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, National Organization for Drug Control and Research (NODCAR) Giza Egypt
- Faculty of Oral and Dental Medicine, Future University in Egypt (FUE) New Cairo Egypt
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Warsi MH, Mohapatra S, Asfer M, Yusuf M, Ali A, Rahman MA, Ali A, Qadir A, Jain GK. Development and Antibacterial Investigation of Linezolid-Loaded SPIONs and HPLC Method Development for Quantitative Analysis of Linezolid. J AOAC Int 2023; 106:1180-1189. [PMID: 37307094 DOI: 10.1093/jaoacint/qsad071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Linezolid (LNZ) is extremely prone to resistance. The development of resistance to LNZ should be taken into consideration when selecting this drug as a therapeutic option. It is well established that reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by iron oxide nanoparticles (MNPs) could kill the infecting bacteria. So, we hypothesized the synergistic antibacterial effect of iron oxide nanoparticles and LNZ. OBJECTIVE To study the release and antibacterial effects of LNZ-loaded superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) on Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae. METHOD Ferrofluid containing SPIONs was synthesized via chemical co-precipitation method and stabilized by sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS). SPIONs were then loaded with LNZ and characterized for particle size, FT-IR, XRD, and entrapment efficiency. Further antibacterial activity of SPIONs and LNZ-loaded SPIONs was investigated. For the in vitro release findings, HPLC analytical method development and validation were performed. RESULTS Isolation of LNZ was accomplished on a C-18 column with methanol-TBHS (tetra butyl ammonium hydrogen sulphate, 50:50, v/v). The eluate was monitored at 247 nm with a retention time of 4.175 min. The MNP's DLS measurement revealed monodispersed particles with an average size of 16.81 ± 1.07 nm and PDI 0.176 ± 0.012. In optimized formulation, 25 ± 1.75% (w/w) of the drug was found to be entrapped. XRD revealed uniform coating of oleic acid covering the entire magnetic particles' surface with no change in its crystallinity. An effective antimicrobial activity was observed at the lowered dose of drug. CONCLUSIONS A robust HPLC method was developed to quantify the LNZ in MNPs, and outcomes showed that the reduced dose of LNZ incorporated in SPIONs was able to show similar activity as the marketed product. HIGHLIGHTS Successfully reduction of the dose of LNZ was established with the aid of biocompatible MNPs to attain the equivalent antibacterial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Musarrat Husain Warsi
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sharmistha Mohapatra
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Delhi Pharmaceutical Science and Research University, Govt. of NCT of Delhi, Pushp Vihar, Sector III, New Delhi-110017, India
| | - Mohammed Asfer
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Shaqra University, Dawadmi, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Yusuf
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abuzer Ali
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Akhlaquer Rahman
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amena Ali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdul Qadir
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Gaurav K Jain
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Delhi Pharmaceutical Science and Research University, Govt. of NCT of Delhi, Pushp Vihar, Sector III, New Delhi-110017, India
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Akhtar N, Mohammed HA, Yusuf M, Al-Subaiyel A, Sulaiman GM, Khan RA. SPIONs Conjugate Supported Anticancer Drug Doxorubicin's Delivery: Current Status, Challenges, and Prospects. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:3686. [PMID: 36296877 PMCID: PMC9611558 DOI: 10.3390/nano12203686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Considerable efforts have been directed towards development of nano-structured carriers to overcome the limitations of anticancer drug, doxorubicin's, delivery to various cancer sites. The drug's severe toxicity to cardio and hepatic systems, low therapeutic outcomes, inappropriate dose-demands, metastatic and general resistance, together with non-selectivity of the drug have led to the development of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs)-based drug delivery modules. Nano-scale polymeric co-encapsulation of the drug, doxorubicin, with SPIONs, the SPIONs surface end-groups' cappings with small molecular entities, as well as structural modifications of the SPIONs' surface-located functional end-groups, to attach the doxorubicin, have been achieved through chemical bonding by conjugation and cross-linking of natural and synthetic polymers, attachments of SPIONs made directly to the non-polymeric entities, and attachments made through mediation of molecular-spacer as well as non-spacer mediated attachments of several types of chemical entities, together with the physico-chemical bondings of the moieties, e.g., peptides, proteins, antibodies, antigens, aptamers, glycoproteins, and enzymes, etc. to the SPIONs which are capable of targeting multiple kinds of cancerous sites, have provided stable and functional SPIONs-based nano-carriers suitable for the systemic, and in vitro deliveries, together with being suitable for other biomedical/biotechnical applications. Together with the SPIONs inherent properties, and ability to respond to magnetic resonance, fluorescence-directed, dual-module, and molecular-level tumor imaging; as well as multi-modular cancer cell targeting; magnetic-field-inducible drug-elution capacity, and the SPIONs' magnetometry-led feasibility to reach cancer action sites have made sensing, imaging, and drug and other payloads deliveries to cancerous sites for cancer treatment a viable option. Innovations in the preparation of SPIONs-based delivery modules, as biocompatible carriers; development of delivery route modalities; approaches to enhancing their drug delivery-cum-bioavailability have explicitly established the SPIONs' versatility for oncological theranostics and imaging. The current review outlines the development of various SPIONs-based nano-carriers for targeted doxorubicin delivery to different cancer sites through multiple methods, modalities, and materials, wherein high-potential nano-structured platforms have been conceptualized, developed, and tested for, both, in vivo and in vitro conditions. The current state of the knowledge in this arena have provided definite dose-control, site-specificity, stability, transport feasibility, and effective onsite drug de-loading, however, with certain limitations, and these shortcomings have opened the field for further advancements by identifying the bottlenecks, suggestive and plausible remediation, as well as more clear directions for future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naseem Akhtar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Dentistry & Pharmacy, Buraydah Private Colleges, P.O. Box 31717, Buraydah 51418, Qassim, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hamdoon A. Mohammed
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Qassim, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Yusuf
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Mecca, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amal Al-Subaiyel
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Qassim, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghassan M. Sulaiman
- Division of Biotechnology, Department of Applied Sciences, University of Technology, Baghdad 10066, Iraq
| | - Riaz A. Khan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Qassim, Saudi Arabia
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A comparative evaluation of anti-tumor activity following oral and intravenous delivery of doxorubicin in a xenograft model of breast tumor. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL INVESTIGATION 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40005-022-00595-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose
Natural materials have been extensively studied for oral drug delivery due to their biodegradability and other unique properties. In the current research, we fabricated sodium caseinate nanomicelles (NaCNs) using casein as a natural polymer to develop a controlled-release oral delivery system that would improve the therapeutic potential of doxorubicin (DOX) and reduce its toxicity.
Methods
DOX-loaded NaCNs were synthesized and thoroughly characterized, then subjected to in vivo anti-tumor evaluation and bio-distribution analysis in a 4T1-induced breast cancer model.
Results
Our findings indicated that the tumor would shrink by eight-fold in the group orally treated with DOX-NaCNs when compared to free DOX. The tumor accumulated drug 1.27-fold more from the orally administered DOX-NaCNs compared to the intravenously administered DOX-NaCNs, 6.8-fold more compared to free DOX, and 8.34-times more compared to orally administered free DOX. In comparison, the orally administered DOX-NaCNs lead to a significant reduction in tumor size (5.66 ± 4.36 mm3) compared to intravenously administered DOX-NaCNs (10.29 ± 4.86 mm3) on day 17 of the experiment. NaCNs were well tolerated at a single dose of 2000 mg/kg in an acute oral toxicity study.
Conclusion
The enhanced anti-tumor effects of oral DOX-NaCNs might be related to the controlled release of DOX from the delivery system when compared to free DOX and the intravenous formulation of DOX-NaCNs. Moreover, NaCNs is recognized as a safe and non-toxic delivery system with excellent bio-distribution profile and high anti-tumor effects that has a potential for oral chemotherapy.
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Rakhshani N, Hassanzadeh Nemati N, Saadatabadi AR, Sadrnezhaad S. Fabrication of novel poly(N-vinylcaprolactam)-coated UiO-66-NH2 metal organic framework nanocarrier for the controlled release of doxorubicin against A549 lung cancer cells. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Starch-based magnetic nanocomposite as an efficient absorbent for anticancer drug removal from aqueous solution. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 184:509-521. [PMID: 34171254 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.06.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this study, carboxymethyl cassava starch (CMCS)-functionalized magnetic nanoparticles (CMCS@Fe3O4) were synthesized via a simple one-pot co-precipitation method using CMCS materials with varying degrees of substitution, and used for the adsorption/removal of doxorubicin hydrochloride (Dox; a clinically available anti-cancer drug) from aqueous solution. The adsorption of Dox was studied using experimental conditions with varied pH, temperature, initial Dox concentration, and CMCS@Fe3O4 dosage. The CMCS@Fe3O4 adsorbents were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, and vibrating sample magnetometry. Each CMCS@Fe3O4 adsorbent exhibited a cubic inverse spinel iron oxide phase, small particle size, favorable magnetic properties, and good thermal stability. Batch adsorption experiments showed that the Dox adsorption efficiency reached 85.46% at a CMCS@Fe3O4 concentration of 20 mg mL-1 at 303 K in pH 7.0. The adsorption experimental results indicated that the adsorption kinetics followed a pseudo-second-order model and the Langmuir equation. Considering the environmentally nontoxic nature of Fe3O4 and starch, the CMCS@Fe3O4 material demonstrated significant potential for removing Dox from aqueous solution and in magnetic targeted drug delivery systems for synergistic tumor treatments.
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Pooresmaeil M, Namazi H. Developments on carboxymethyl starch-based smart systems as promising drug carriers: A review. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 258:117654. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.117654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Siafaka PI, Okur NÜ, Karantas ID, Okur ME, Gündoğdu EA. Current update on nanoplatforms as therapeutic and diagnostic tools: A review for the materials used as nanotheranostics and imaging modalities. Asian J Pharm Sci 2021; 16:24-46. [PMID: 33613728 PMCID: PMC7878458 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2020.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, the use of nanotheranostics as emerging diagnostic and therapeutic tools for various diseases, especially cancer, is held great attention. Up to date, several approaches have been employed in order to develop smart nanotheranostics, which combine bioactive targeting on specific tissues as well as diagnostic properties. The nanotheranostics can deliver therapeutic agents by concomitantly monitor the therapy response in real-time. Consequently, the possibility of over- or under-dosing is decreased. Various non-invasive imaging techniques have been used to quantitatively monitor the drug delivery processes. Radiolabeling of nanomaterials is widely used as powerful diagnostic approach on nuclear medicine imaging. In fact, various radiolabeled nanomaterials have been designed and developed for imaging tumors and other lesions due to their efficient characteristics. Inorganic nanoparticles as gold, silver, silica based nanomaterials or organic nanoparticles as polymers, carbon based nanomaterials, liposomes have been reported as multifunctional nanotheranostics. In this review, the imaging modalities according to their use in various diseases are summarized, providing special details for radiolabeling. In further, the most current nanotheranostics categorized via the used nanomaterials are also summed up. To conclude, this review can be beneficial for medical and pharmaceutical society as well as material scientists who work in the field of nanotheranostics since they can use this research as guide for producing newer and more efficient nanotheranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panoraia I. Siafaka
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Neslihan Üstündağ Okur
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ioannis D. Karantas
- 2nd Clinic of Internal Medicine, Hippokration General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Mehmet Evren Okur
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
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Cai X, Wang Y, Du X, Xing X, Zhu G. Stability of pH-responsive Pickering emulsion stabilized by carboxymethyl starch/xanthan gum combinations. Food Hydrocoll 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2020.106093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Khizar S, Ahmad NM, Ahmed N, Manzoor S, Elaissari A. Encapsulation of doxorubicin in magnetic‐polymer hybrid colloidal particles of Eudragit E100 and their hyperthermia and drug release studies. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sumera Khizar
- Polymer Research LabSchool of Chemical and Materials Engineering (SCME), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST) Islamabad Pakistan
| | - Nasir M. Ahmad
- Polymer Research LabSchool of Chemical and Materials Engineering (SCME), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST) Islamabad Pakistan
| | - Naveed Ahmed
- Department of PharmacyQuaid‐i‐Azam University Islamabad Pakistan
| | - Sadia Manzoor
- Department of PhysicsCOMSAT University Islamabad Islamabad Pakistan
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