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Audira G, Lee JS, Vasquez RD, Roldan MJM, Lai YH, Hsiao CD. Assessments of carbon nanotubes toxicities in zebrafish larvae using multiple physiological and molecular endpoints. Chem Biol Interact 2024; 392:110925. [PMID: 38452846 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2024.110925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have become one of the most promising materials for the technology industry. However, due to the extensive usage of these materials, they may be released into the environment, and cause toxicities to the organism. Here, their acute toxicities in zebrafish embryos and larvae were evaluated by using various assessments that may provide us with a novel perspective on their effects on aquatic animals. Before conducting the toxicity assessments, the CNTs were characterized as multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) functionalized with hydroxyl and carboxyl groups, which improved their solubility and dispersibility. Based on the results, abnormalities in zebrafish behaviors were observed in the exposed groups, indicated by a reduction in tail coiling frequency and alterations in the locomotion as the response toward photo and vibration stimuli that might be due to the disruption in the neuromodulatory system and the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by MWCNTs. Next, based on the respiratory rate assay, exposed larvae consumed more oxygen, which may be due to the injuries in the larval gill by the MWCNTs. Finally, even though no irregularity was observed in the exposed larval cardiac rhythm, abnormalities were shown in their cardiac physiology and blood flow with significant downregulation in several cardiac development-related gene expressions. To sum up, although the following studies are necessary to understand the exact mechanism of their toxicity, the current study demonstrated the environmental implications of MWCNTs in particularly low concentrations and short-term exposure, especially to aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilbert Audira
- Department of Bioscience Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li, 320314, Taiwan; Department of Chemistry, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li, 320314, Taiwan
| | - Jiann-Shing Lee
- Department of Applied Physics, National Pingtung University, Pingtung, 900391, Taiwan
| | - Ross D Vasquez
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, 1015, Philippines; Research Center for the Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, 1015, Philippines; The Graduate School, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, 1015, Philippines
| | - Marri Jmelou M Roldan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, The Graduate School, University of Santo Tomas, Espana Blvd., Manila, 1015, Philippines
| | - Yu-Heng Lai
- Department of Chemistry, Chinese Culture University, Taipei, 11114, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Der Hsiao
- Department of Bioscience Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li, 320314, Taiwan; Department of Chemistry, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li, 320314, Taiwan; Center of Nanotechnology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li, 320314, Taiwan; Center for Aquatic Toxicology and Pharmacology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chung-Li, 320314, Taiwan.
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Rele S, Thakur CK, Khan F, Baral B, Saini V, Karthikeyan C, Moorthy NSHN, Jha HC. Curcumin coating: a novel solution to mitigate inherent carbon nanotube toxicity. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2024; 35:24. [PMID: 38526738 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-024-06789-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Multi-walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNTs) are inert structures with high aspect ratios that are widely used as vehicles for targeted drug delivery in cancer and many other diseases. They are largely non-toxic in nature however, when cells are exposed to these nanotubes for prolonged durations or at high concentrations, they show certain adverse effects. These include cytotoxicity, inflammation, generation of oxidative stress, and genotoxicity among others. To combat such adverse effects, various moieties can be attached to the surface of these nanotubes. Curcumin is a known anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and cytoprotective compound derived from a medicinal plant called Curcuma longa. In this study, we have synthesized and characterized Curcumin coated-lysine functionalized MWCNTs and further evaluated the cytoprotective, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antiapoptotic effect of Curcumin coating on the surface of MWCNTs. The results show a significant decrease in the level of inflammatory molecules like IL-6, IL-8, IL-1β, TNFα and NFκB in cells exposed to Curcumin-coated MWCNTs as compared to the uncoated ones at both transcript and protein levels. Further, compared to the uncoated samples, there is a reduction in ROS production and upregulation of antioxidant enzyme-Catalase in the cells treated with Curcumin-coated MWCNTs. Curcumin coating also helped in recovery of mitochondrial membrane potential in the cells exposed to MWCNTs. Lastly, cells exposed to Curcumin-coated MWCNTs showed reduced cell death as compared to the ones exposed to uncoated MWCNTs. Our findings suggest that coating of Curcumin on the surface of MWCNTs reduces its ability to cause inflammation, oxidative stress, and cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samiksha Rele
- Infection Bioengineering Group, Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, Indore, MP, 453552, India
| | - Chanchal Kiran Thakur
- Cancept Therapeutics Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Indira Gandhi National Tribal University, Lalpur, Amarkantak, MP, 484887, India
| | - Fatima Khan
- Cancept Therapeutics Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Indira Gandhi National Tribal University, Lalpur, Amarkantak, MP, 484887, India
| | - Budhadev Baral
- Infection Bioengineering Group, Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, Indore, MP, 453552, India
| | - Vaishali Saini
- Infection Bioengineering Group, Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, Indore, MP, 453552, India
| | - Chandrabose Karthikeyan
- Cancept Therapeutics Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Indira Gandhi National Tribal University, Lalpur, Amarkantak, MP, 484887, India
| | - N S Hari Narayana Moorthy
- Cancept Therapeutics Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Indira Gandhi National Tribal University, Lalpur, Amarkantak, MP, 484887, India.
| | - Hem Chandra Jha
- Infection Bioengineering Group, Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, Indore, MP, 453552, India.
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Carneiro KDS, Franchi LP, Rocha TL. Carbon nanotubes and nanofibers seen as emerging threat to fish: Historical review and trends. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 913:169483. [PMID: 38151128 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Since the discovery of the third allotropic carbon form, carbon-based one-dimensional nanomaterials (1D-CNMs) became an attractive and new technology with different applications that range from electronics to biomedical and environmental technologies. Despite their broad application, data on environmental risks remain limited. Fish are widely used in ecotoxicological studies and biomonitoring programs. Thus, the aim of the current study was to summarize and critically analyze the literature focused on investigating the bioaccumulation and ecotoxicological impacts of 1D-CNMs (carbon nanotubes and nanofibers) on different fish species. In total, 93 articles were summarized and analyzed by taking into consideration the following aspects: bioaccumulation, trophic transfer, genotoxicity, mutagenicity, organ-specific toxicity, oxidative stress, neurotoxicity and behavioral changes. Results have evidenced that the analyzed studies were mainly carried out with multi-walled carbon nanotubes, which were followed by single-walled nanotubes and nanofibers. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) was the main fish species used as model system. CNMs' ecotoxicity in fish depends on their physicochemical features, functionalization, experimental design (e.g. exposure time, concentration, exposure type), as well as on fish species and developmental stage. CNMs' action mechanism and toxicity in fish are associated with oxidative stress, genotoxicity, hepatotoxicity and cardiotoxicity. Overall, fish are a suitable model system to assess the ecotoxicity of, and the environmental risk posed by, CNMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla da Silva Carneiro
- Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology and Ecotoxicology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Pereira Franchi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Thiago Lopes Rocha
- Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology and Ecotoxicology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil.
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Goyal N, Nawaz A, Chandel KS, Devnarayan D, Gupta L, Singh S, Khan MS, Lee M, Sharma AK. A cohesive effort to assess the suitability and disparity of carbon nanotubes for water treatment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:124832-124853. [PMID: 36168008 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-23137-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Population growth, industrialization, and the extensive use of chemicals in daily life have all contributed to an increase in waste generation and an intensified release of organic pollutants into the aquatic environment. To ensure the quality of water (including natural resources), the removal of these pollutants from wastewater has become a challenging task for scientific community. Conventional physical, chemical, and biological treatment methods are commonly used in combinations and are not very effective. Recently, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) emerged as the most reliable and adaptable choice for efficient water treatment due to their extraordinary material properties appearing as a single-step solution for water treatment. High surface area, exceptional porosities, hollow and layered structures, and ease of chemical activation and functionalization are some properties which makes it excellent adsorption material. Hence, this review paper discusses the recent advances in the synthesis, purification, and functionalization of CNTs for water and wastewater treatment. In addition, this study also also provides a quick overview of CNTs-based advance technologies employed in water treatment and carefully assesses the benefits versus risks during large-scale water treatment. Furthermore, it concludes that identified risks to the environment and human health cannot be easily ignored and strict regulatory requirements are a must for producing low-cost innoxious CNTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishu Goyal
- Department of Allied Sciences, School of Health Sciences and Technology, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248007, India
| | - Alam Nawaz
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 749-719, Republic of Korea
| | - Kuldeep Singh Chandel
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248007, India
| | - Devraja Devnarayan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M1 3AL, UK
| | - Lalit Gupta
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248007, India
| | - Siddharth Singh
- Department of Allied Sciences, School of Health Sciences and Technology, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248007, India
| | - Mohd Shariq Khan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Dhofar University, 211, Salalah, Oman
| | - Moonyong Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 749-719, Republic of Korea
| | - Amit Kumar Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Applied Science Clusters and Centre for Alternate Energy Research (CAER), School of Engineering, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies, Uttarakhand, 248007, Dehradun, India.
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Chen Q, Cao X, Yan B, Guo Z, Xi Z, Li J, Ci N, Yan M, Ci L. Ecotoxicological evaluation of functional carbon nanodots using zebrafish (Danio rerio) model at different developmental stages. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 333:138970. [PMID: 37207902 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Considering functional carbon nanodots (FCNs) are potential to be applied in many areas, their risk and toxicity to organisms are imperative to be evaluated. Thus, this study conducted acute toxicity test of zebrafish (Danio rerio) at embryonic and adult stage to estimate the toxicity of FCNs. Results show that the toxic effects of FCNs and nitrogen doped FCNs (N-FCNs) at their 10% lethal concentration (LC10) values on zebrafish are expressed in developmental retardation, cardiovascular toxicity, renal damage and hepatotoxicity. There are interactive relationships between these effects, but the main reason should be ascribed to the undesirable oxidative damage induced by high doses of materials, as well as the biodistribution of FCNs and N-FCNs in vivo. Even so, FCNs and N-FCNs can promote the antioxidant activity in zebrafish tissues to cope with the oxidative stress. FCNs and N-FCNs are not easy to cross the physical barriers in zebrafish embryos or larvae, and can be excreted from intestine by adult fish, which proves their biosecurity to zebrafish. In addition, because of the differences in physicochemical properties, especially nano-size and surface chemical property, FCNs show higher biosecurity to zebrafish than N-FCNs. The effects of FCNs and N-FCNs on hatching rates, mortality rates and developmental malformations are dose-dependent and time-dependent. The LC50 values of FCNs and N-FCNs on zebrafish embryo at 96 hpf are 1610 mg/L and 649 mg/L, respectively. According to the Acute Toxicity Rating Scale of the Fish and Wildlife Service, the toxicity grades of FCNs and N-FCNs are both defined as "practically nontoxic", and FCNs are "Relatively Harmless" to embryos because their LC50 values are above 1000 mg/L. Our results prove the biosecurity of FCNs-based materials for future practical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, PR China
| | - Xiufeng Cao
- School of Municipal & Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan, 250101, PR China.
| | - Biao Yan
- Research Center for Carbon Nanomaterials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250061, PR China
| | - Zhijiang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, PR China
| | - Zhenjie Xi
- Research Center for Carbon Nanomaterials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250061, PR China
| | - Jianwei Li
- Research Center for Carbon Nanomaterials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250061, PR China
| | - Naixuan Ci
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, PR China
| | - Mei Yan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, PR China.
| | - Lijie Ci
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518055, PR China; Research Center for Carbon Nanomaterials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250061, PR China.
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Bosch S, Botha TL, Wepener V. Influence of different functionalized CdTe quantum dots on the accumulation of metals, developmental toxicity and respiration in different development stages of the zebrafish ( Danio rerio). FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2023; 5:1176172. [PMID: 37200940 PMCID: PMC10185758 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2023.1176172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The bioaccumulation and differential effects of cadmium tellurium quantum dot (CdTe QDs) nanomaterials with different functional groups are poorly understood in aquatic organisms. This study aimed to investigate the metal uptake, developmental effects, and respiratory effects of CdTe QDs with different functional groups (COOH, NH3, and PEG) on zebrafish embryos. Methods: Zebrafish embryos were exposed to carboxylate (COOH), ammonia (NH3), and polyethylene glycol (PEG) functionalized CdTe QDs at nominal concentrations of 0.5, 2, 4, 6, and 20 mg QDs/L. The materials were characterized in E3 exposure media and the metal uptake, developmental effects, and respiratory effects of zebrafish embryos were recorded. Results: The total Cd or Te concentrations in the larvae could not be explained by the metal concentrations or dissolution of the materials in the exposure media. The metal uptake in the larvae was not dose-dependent, except for the QD-PEG treatment. The QD-NH3 treatment caused respiration inhibition at the highest exposure concentration and hatching delays and severe malformations at low concentrations. The toxicities observed at low concentrations were attributed to particles crossing the pores in the chorion, and toxicities at higher concentrations were linked to the aggregation of particle agglomerates to the surface of the chorion impairing respiration. Developmental defects were recorded following exposure to all three functional groups, but the QD-NH3 group had the most severe response. The LC50 values for embryo development of QD-COOH and QD-PEG groups were higher than 20 mg/L, and the LC50 of the QD-NH3 group was 20 mg/L. Discussion: The results of this study suggest that CdTe QDs with different functional groups have differential effects on zebrafish embryos. The QD-NH3 treatment caused the most severe effects, including respiration inhibition and developmental defects. These findings provide valuable information for understanding the effects of CdTe QDs on aquatic organisms and highlight the need for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suanne Bosch
- Water Research Group, School of Biological Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
- *Correspondence: Suanne Bosch,
| | - Tarryn Lee Botha
- Water Research Group, School of Biological Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
- Department of Zoology, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Victor Wepener
- Water Research Group, School of Biological Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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Singh R, Kumar S. Cancer Targeting and Diagnosis: Recent Trends with Carbon Nanotubes. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12132283. [PMID: 35808119 PMCID: PMC9268713 DOI: 10.3390/nano12132283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cancer belongs to a category of disorders characterized by uncontrolled cell development with the potential to invade other bodily organs, resulting in an estimated 10 million deaths globally in 2020. With advancements in nanotechnology-based systems, biomedical applications of nanomaterials are attracting increasing interest as prospective vehicles for targeted cancer therapy and enhancing treatment results. In this context, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have recently garnered a great deal of interest in the field of cancer diagnosis and treatment due to various factors such as biocompatibility, thermodynamic properties, and varied functionalization. In the present review, we will discuss recent advancements regarding CNT contributions to cancer diagnosis and therapy. Various sensing strategies like electrochemical, colorimetric, plasmonic, and immunosensing are discussed in detail. In the next section, therapy techniques like photothermal therapy, photodynamic therapy, drug targeting, gene therapy, and immunotherapy are also explained in-depth. The toxicological aspect of CNTs for biomedical application will also be discussed in order to ensure the safe real-life and clinical use of CNTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ragini Singh
- College of Agronomy, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China;
| | - Santosh Kumar
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Optical Communication Science and Technology, School of Physics Science and Information Technology, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China
- Correspondence:
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Reproductive and Developmental Nanotoxicity of Carbon Nanoparticles. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12101716. [PMID: 35630937 PMCID: PMC9144754 DOI: 10.3390/nano12101716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The presented review aims to summarize the knowledge regarding the reproductive and developmental toxicity of different types of carbon nanoparticles, such as graphene, graphene oxide, multi- and single-walled nanotubes, fullerenes, and nanodiamonds. Carbon nanoparticles have unique chemical and physical properties that make them an excellent material that can be applied in many fields of human activity, including industry, food processing, the pharmaceutical industry, or medicine. Although it has a high degree of biocompatibility, possible toxic effects on different tissue types must also be taken into account. Carbon nanoparticles are known to be toxic to the respiratory, cardiovascular, nervous, digestive system, etc., and, according to current studies, they also have a negative effect on reproduction and offspring development.
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Zhao T, Ren B, Zhao Y, Chen H, Wang J, Li Y, Liang H, Li L, Liang H. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes impact on the enantioselective bioaccumulation and toxicity of the chiral insecticide bifenthrin to zebrafish (Danio rerio). CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 294:133690. [PMID: 35063547 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The effects of different multi-walled carbon nanotubes on the enantioselective bioaccumulation and toxicity of the chiral pesticide bifenthrin to zebrafish were investigated in this work. The results showed that MWCNTs and MWCNTs-COOH did not affect the preferential bioaccumulation of 1R-cis-BF in zebrafish following exposure to cis-BF enantiomers for 28 days, but which increased cis-BF accumulation amount by 1.03-1.48 times. Further research demonstrated that the genes related to immunity, endocrine activity and neurotoxicity showed enantioselective expression in different zebrafish tissues, and sex-specific differences were observed. The levels of c-fos, th, syn2a, 17β-hsd and cc-chem were expressed as 1.09-2.84 times higher in females and males treated with 1R-cis-BF than in the 1S-cis-BF-treated groups. However, in the presence of MWCNTs or MWCNTs-COOH, c-fos, th, syn2a, 17β-hsd and cc-chem levels were expressed as 1.53-14.92 times higher in females and males treated with 1S-cis-BF than in 1R-cis-BF-treated groups, which indicated that enantioselective expression was altered. The effects of different types of MWCNTs on the enantioselective bioaccumulation and toxicity of BF in zebrafish have little difference. In summary, the presence of MWCNTs or MWCNTs-COOH increased the impact of BF on zebrafish. Therefore, the risks posed by coexisting nanomaterials and chiral pesticides in aquatic environments should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zhao
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control & Waste Resource Reuse, School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, The Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Hohhot College Road No. 235, 010021, China
| | - Bo Ren
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control & Waste Resource Reuse, School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, The Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Hohhot College Road No. 235, 010021, China
| | - Yuexing Zhao
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control & Waste Resource Reuse, School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, The Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Hohhot College Road No. 235, 010021, China
| | - Haiyue Chen
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control & Waste Resource Reuse, School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, The Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Hohhot College Road No. 235, 010021, China
| | - Ju Wang
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control & Waste Resource Reuse, School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, The Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Hohhot College Road No. 235, 010021, China
| | - Yanhong Li
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control & Waste Resource Reuse, School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, The Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Hohhot College Road No. 235, 010021, China
| | - Hanlin Liang
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control & Waste Resource Reuse, School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, The Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Hohhot College Road No. 235, 010021, China
| | - Li Li
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan, PR China
| | - Hongwu Liang
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control & Waste Resource Reuse, School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, The Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Hohhot College Road No. 235, 010021, China.
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Parhi S, Pal S, Das SK, Ghosh P. Strategies toward development of antimicrobial biomaterials for dental healthcare applications. Biotechnol Bioeng 2021; 118:4590-4622. [PMID: 34599764 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Several approaches for elimination of oral pathogens are being explored at the present time since oral diseases remain prevalent affecting approximately 3.5 billion people worldwide. Need for antimicrobial biomaterials in dental healthcare include but is not restricted to designing resin composites and adhesives for prevention of dental caries. Constant efforts are also being made to develop antimicrobial strategies for clearance of endodontic space prior root canal treatment and for treatment of periimplantitis and periodontitis. This article discusses various conventional and nanotechnology-based strategies to achieve antimicrobial efficacy in dental biomaterials. Recent developments in the design and synthesis of antimicrobial peptides and antifouling zwitterionic polymers to effectively lessen the risks of antimicrobial drug resistance are also outlined in this review. Further, the role of contemporary strategies such as use of smart biomaterials, ionic solvent-based biomaterials and quorum quenchers incorporated biomaterials in the elimination of dental pathogens are described in detail. Lastly, we mentioned the approach of using polymers to print custom-made three-dimensional antibacterial dental products via additive manufacturing technologies. This review provides a critical perspective on the chemical, biomimetic, and engineering strategies intended for developing antimicrobial biomaterials that have the potential to substantially improve the dental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivangi Parhi
- Division of Structural Biology and Bioinformatics, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), AcSIR Headquarters CSIR-HRDC Campus, Ghaziabad, India
| | - Sreyasi Pal
- Division of Structural Biology and Bioinformatics, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Sujoy K Das
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), AcSIR Headquarters CSIR-HRDC Campus, Ghaziabad, India.,Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Paulomi Ghosh
- Division of Structural Biology and Bioinformatics, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), AcSIR Headquarters CSIR-HRDC Campus, Ghaziabad, India
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Rothe LE, Botha TL, Feld CK, Weyand M, Zimmermann S, Smit NJ, Wepener V, Sures B. Effects of conventionally-treated and ozonated wastewater on mortality, physiology, body length, and behavior of embryonic and larval zebrafish (Danio rerio). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 286:117241. [PMID: 33975214 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
To date, micropollutants from anthropogenic sources cannot be completely removed from effluents of wastewater treatment plants and therefore enter freshwater systems, where they may impose adverse effects on aquatic organisms, for example, on fish. Advanced treatment such as ozonation aims to reduce micropollutants in wastewater effluents and, thus, to mitigate adverse effects on the environment. To investigate the impact and efficiency of ozonation, four different water types were tested: ozonated wastewater (before and after biological treatment), conventionally-treated wastewater, and water from a river (River Ruhr, Germany) upstream of the wastewater treatment plant effluent. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos were used to study lethal and sublethal effects in a modified fish early life-stage test. Mortality occurred during exposure in the water samples from the wastewater treatment plant and the river in the first 24 h post-fertilization, ranging from 12% (conventional wastewater) to 40% (river water). Regarding sublethal endpoints, effects compared to the negative control resulted in significantly higher heart rates (ozonated wastewater), and significantly reduced swimming activity (highly significant in ozonated wastewater and ozone reactor water, significant in only the last time interval in river water). Moreover, the respiration rates were highly increased in both ozonated wastewater samples in comparison to the negative control. Significant differences between the ozonated wastewater samples occurred in the embryonic behavior and heart rates, emphasizing the importance of subsequent biological treatment of the ozonated wastewater. Only the conventionally-treated wastewater sample did not elicit negative responses in zebrafish, indicating that the discharge of conventional wastewater poses no greater risk to embryonic and larval zebrafish than water from the river Ruhr itself. The sublethal endpoints embryonic- and larval behavior, heart rates, and respiration were found to be the most sensitive endpoints in this fish early life-stage test and can add valuable information on the toxicity of environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louisa E Rothe
- Aquatic Ecology and Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, 45141, Essen, Germany.
| | - Tarryn L Botha
- Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, 11 Hoffman St, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa; Agricultural Research Council - Soil, Climate and Water, Private Bag X79, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
| | - Christian K Feld
- Aquatic Ecology and Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Michael Weyand
- Ruhrverband, Department of River Basin Management, Kronprinzenstr. 37, 45128, Essen, Germany
| | - Sonja Zimmermann
- Aquatic Ecology and Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, 45141, Essen, Germany; Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, 11 Hoffman St, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - Nico J Smit
- Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, 11 Hoffman St, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - Victor Wepener
- Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, 11 Hoffman St, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - Bernd Sures
- Aquatic Ecology and Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstr. 5, 45141, Essen, Germany
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12
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Saleem S, Kannan RR. Zebrafish: A Promising Real-Time Model System for Nanotechnology-Mediated Neurospecific Drug Delivery. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2021; 16:135. [PMID: 34424426 PMCID: PMC8382796 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-021-03592-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Delivering drugs to the brain has always remained a challenge for the research community and physicians. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) acts as a major hurdle for delivering drugs to specific parts of the brain and the central nervous system. It is physiologically comprised of complex network of capillaries to protect the brain from any invasive agents or foreign particles. Therefore, there is an absolute need for understanding of the BBB for successful therapeutic interventions. Recent research indicates the strong emergence of zebrafish as a model for assessing the permeability of the BBB, which is highly conserved in its structure and function between the zebrafish and mammals. The zebrafish model system offers a plethora of advantages including easy maintenance, high fecundity and transparency of embryos and larvae. Therefore, it has the potential to be developed as a model for analysing and elucidating the permeability of BBB to novel permeation technologies with neurospecificity. Nanotechnology has now become a focus area within the industrial and research community for delivering drugs to the brain. Nanoparticles are being developed with increased efficiency and accuracy for overcoming the BBB and delivering neurospecific drugs to the brain. The zebrafish stands as an excellent model system to assess nanoparticle biocompatibility and toxicity. Hence, the zebrafish model is indispensable for the discovery or development of novel technologies for neurospecific drug delivery and potential therapies for brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suraiya Saleem
- Neuroscience Lab, Centre for Molecular and Nanomedical Sciences, Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, School of Bio and Chemical Engineering, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology (Deemed to be University), Jeppiaar Nagar, Rajiv Gandhi Salai, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600119, India
| | - Rajaretinam Rajesh Kannan
- Neuroscience Lab, Centre for Molecular and Nanomedical Sciences, Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, School of Bio and Chemical Engineering, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology (Deemed to be University), Jeppiaar Nagar, Rajiv Gandhi Salai, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600119, India.
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13
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Alagarsamy KN, Mathan S, Yan W, Rafieerad A, Sekaran S, Manego H, Dhingra S. Carbon nanomaterials for cardiovascular theranostics: Promises and challenges. Bioact Mater 2021; 6:2261-2280. [PMID: 33553814 PMCID: PMC7829079 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2020.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death worldwide. Heart attack and stroke cause irreversible tissue damage. The currently available treatment options are limited to "damage-control" rather than tissue repair. The recent advances in nanomaterials have offered novel approaches to restore tissue function after injury. In particular, carbon nanomaterials (CNMs) have shown significant promise to bridge the gap in clinical translation of biomaterial based therapies. This family of carbon allotropes (including graphenes, carbon nanotubes and fullerenes) have unique physiochemical properties, including exceptional mechanical strength, electrical conductivity, chemical behaviour, thermal stability and optical properties. These intrinsic properties make CNMs ideal materials for use in cardiovascular theranostics. This review is focused on recent efforts in the diagnosis and treatment of heart diseases using graphenes and carbon nanotubes. The first section introduces currently available derivatives of graphenes and carbon nanotubes and discusses some of the key characteristics of these materials. The second section covers their application in drug delivery, biosensors, tissue engineering and immunomodulation with a focus on cardiovascular applications. The final section discusses current shortcomings and limitations of CNMs in cardiovascular applications and reviews ongoing efforts to address these concerns and to bring CNMs from bench to bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keshav Narayan Alagarsamy
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Sajitha Mathan
- Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials (CeNTAB), Department of Bioengineering, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, 613 401, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Weiang Yan
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
- Section of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Alireza Rafieerad
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Saravanan Sekaran
- Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials (CeNTAB), Department of Bioengineering, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, 613 401, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Hanna Manego
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Sanjiv Dhingra
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
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14
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Riedel J, Calienni MN, Bernabeu E, Calabro V, Lázaro-Martinez JM, Prieto MJ, Gonzalez L, Martinez CS, Alonso SDV, Montanari J, Evelson P, Chiappetta DA, Moretton MA. Paclitaxel and curcumin co-loaded mixed micelles: Improving in vitro efficacy and reducing toxicity against Abraxane®. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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15
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Cordeiro MF, Gomides LS, Vian CO, Carboni MT, Santos AP, Bruch GE, Horn AP, Barros DM. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes functionalized with pyrene-PEG via π-π interactions: toxicological assessment in zebrafish embryos. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 31:465103. [PMID: 32857732 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/abae2f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) have many promising biological applications, even though functionalization is needed for better biocompatibility. Functionalization of MWCNT with polyethylene glycol (PEG) is a promising and widely studied approach, but the best PEGylation method is still under investigation. In this work, we have tested the biological implications of MWCNT functionalized via π-stacking with pyrene-PEG (MWCNT-Pyr-PEG) in zebrafish embryos. As Pyr toxicity is well documented and represents a major concern for the safety of the proposed approach, we have also tested the effects of the exposure to the isolated conjugate (Pyr-PEG). The resulting suspensions were stable in saline medium and well dispersed. Zebrafish embryos at 24 h post-fertilization (hpf) were dechorionated and randomly assigned to seven experimental groups (n = 50 per group): control, MWCNT-Pyr-PEG at 0.2, 2.0, and 20.0 mg l-1, and Pyr-PEG at the same concentrations, and exposures were performed in 96-well plates. Specimens were observed for heart rate, malformations, body length, mortality, traveled distance, and number of new movements. Heart rate was reduced in embryos exposed to any tested concentration of MWCNT-Pyr-PEG, while this effect was observed with Pyr-PEG from 2 mg l-1. The highest concentration of MWCNT-Pyr-PEG also led to increased occurrence of malformations, shortened body length and reduced traveled distance. The functionalization approach shows promise due to the stability in saline media, even though toxic effects were observed in the highest tested concentrations, being the MWCNT the main actors underlying these outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos F Cordeiro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociências e Saúde (PPGBS), Universidade do Oeste de Santa Catarina (UNOESC), Joaçaba, SC, Brazil. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas (PPGCF), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
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16
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Ribeiro LNM, Rodrigues da Silva GH, Couto VM, Castro SR, Breitkreitz MC, Martinez CS, Igartúa DE, Prieto MJ, de Paula E. Functional Hybrid Nanoemulsions for Sumatriptan Intranasal Delivery. Front Chem 2020; 8:589503. [PMID: 33282832 PMCID: PMC7689160 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.589503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, advanced nanohybrid materials processed as pharmaceuticals have proved to be very advantageous. Triptans, such as the commercially available intranasal sumatriptan (SMT), are drugs employed in the treatment of painful migraine symptoms. However, SMT effectiveness by the intranasal route is limited by its high hydrophilicity and poor mucoadhesion. Therefore, we designed hybrid nanoemulsions (NE) composed of copaiba oil as the organic component plus biopolymers (xanthan, pectin, alginate) solubilized in the continuous aqueous phase, aiming at the intranasal release of SMT (2% w/v). Firstly, drug-biopolymer complexes were optimized in order to decrease the hydrophilicity of SMT. The resultant complexes were further encapsulated in copaiba oil-based nanoparticles, forming NE formulations. Characterization by FTIR-ATR, DSC, and TEM techniques exposed details of the molecular arrangement of the hybrid systems. Long-term stability of the hybrid NE at 25°C was confirmed over a year, regarding size (~ 120 nm), polydispersity (~ 0.2), zeta potential (~ −25 mV), and nanoparticle concentration (~ 2.1014 particles/mL). SMT encapsulation efficiency in the formulations ranged between 41–69%, extending the in vitro release time of SMT from 5 h (free drug) to more than 24 h. The alginate-based NE was selected as the most desirable system and its in vivo nanotoxicity was evaluated in a zebrafish model. Hybrid NE treatment did not affect spontaneous movement or induce morphological changes in zebrafish larvae, and there was no evidence of mortality or cardiotoxicity after 48 h of treatment. With these results, we propose alginate-based nanoemulsions as a potential treatment for migraine pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lígia N. M. Ribeiro
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Gustavo H. Rodrigues da Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Verônica M. Couto
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Simone R. Castro
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Márcia C. Breitkreitz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Carolina S. Martinez
- Department of Science and Technology, National University of Quilmes, Bernal, Argentina
| | - Daniela E. Igartúa
- Department of Science and Technology, National University of Quilmes, Bernal, Argentina
| | - Maria J. Prieto
- Department of Science and Technology, National University of Quilmes, Bernal, Argentina
| | - Eneida de Paula
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Eneida de Paula
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17
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Yan H, Xue Z, Xie J, Dong Y, Ma Z, Sun X, Kebebe Borga D, Liu Z, Li J. Toxicity of Carbon Nanotubes as Anti-Tumor Drug Carriers. Int J Nanomedicine 2019; 14:10179-10194. [PMID: 32021160 PMCID: PMC6946632 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s220087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticle drug formulations have enormous application prospects owing to achievement of targeted and sustained release drug delivery, improvement in drug solubility and reduction of adverse drug reactions. Recently, a variety of efficient drug nanometer carriers have been developed, among which carbon nanotubes (CNT) have been increasingly utilized in the field of cancer therapy. However, these nanotubes exert various toxic effects on the body due to their unique physical and chemical properties. CNT-induced toxicity is related to surface modification, degree of aggregation in vivo, and nanoparticle concentration. This review has focused on the potential toxic effects of CNTs utilized as anti-tumor drug carriers. The main modes by which CNTs enter target sites, the toxicity expressive types and the factors affecting toxicity are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongli Yan
- Engineering Research Center of Modern Chinese Medicine Discovery and Preparation Technique, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhifeng Xue
- Engineering Research Center of Modern Chinese Medicine Discovery and Preparation Technique, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiarong Xie
- Engineering Research Center of Modern Chinese Medicine Discovery and Preparation Technique, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, People's Republic of China
| | - Yixiao Dong
- Engineering Research Center of Modern Chinese Medicine Discovery and Preparation Technique, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhe Ma
- Engineering Research Center of Modern Chinese Medicine Discovery and Preparation Technique, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinru Sun
- Engineering Research Center of Modern Chinese Medicine Discovery and Preparation Technique, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, People's Republic of China
| | - Dereje Kebebe Borga
- Engineering Research Center of Modern Chinese Medicine Discovery and Preparation Technique, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, People's Republic of China.,School of Pharmacy, Institute of Health Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Zhidong Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Modern Chinese Medicine Discovery and Preparation Technique, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiawei Li
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, People's Republic of China
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