1
|
Abstract
The overload cytosolic free Ca2+ (cCa2+) influx-mediated excessive generation of oxidative stress in the pathophysiological conditions induces neuronal and cellular injury via the activation of cation channels. TRPM2 and TRPV4 channels are activated by oxidative stress, and their specific antagonists have not been discovered yet. The antioxidant and anti-Covid-19 properties of carvacrol (CARV) were recently reported. Hence, I suspected possible antagonist properties of CARV against oxidative stress (OS)/ADP-ribose (ADPR)-induced TRPM2 and GSK1016790A (GSK)-mediated TRPV4 activations in neuronal and kidney cells. I investigated the antagonist role of CARV on the activations of TRPM2 and TRPV4 in SH-SY5Y neuronal, BV-2 microglial, and HEK293 cells. The OS/ADPR and GSK in the cells caused to increase of TRPM2/TRPV4 current densities and overload cytosolic free Ca2+ (cCa2+) influx with an increase of mitochondrial membrane potential, cytosolic (cROS), and mitochondrial (mROS) ROS. The changes were not observed in the absence of TRPM2 and TRPV4 or the presence of Ca2+ free extracellular buffer and PARP-1 inhibitors (PJ34 and DPQ). When OS-induced TRPM2 and GSK-induced TRPV4 activations were inhibited by the treatment of CARV, the increase of cROS, mROS, lipid peroxidation, apoptosis, cell death, cCa2+ concentration, caspase -3, and caspase -9 levels were restored via upregulation of glutathione and glutathione peroxidase. In conclusion, the treatment of CARV modulated the TRPM2 and TRPV4-mediated overload Ca2+ influx and may provide an avenue for protecting TRPM2 and TRPV4-mediated neurodegenerative diseases associated with the increase of mROS and cCa2+. The possible TRPM2 and TRPV4 blocker action of carvacrol (CARV) via the modulation oxidative stress and apoptosis in the SH-SY5Y neuronal cells. TRPM2 is activated by DNA damage-induced (via PARP-1 activation) ADP-ribose (ADPR) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) (H2O2), although it is inhibited by nonspecific inhibitors (ACA and 2-APB). TRPV4 is activated by the treatments of GSK1016790A (GSK), although it is inhibited by a nonspecific inhibitor (ruthenium red, RuRe). The treatment of GSK induces excessive generation of ROS. The accumulation of free cytosolic Ca2+ (cCa2+) via the activations of TRPM2 and TRPV4 in the mitochondria causes the increase of mitochondrial membrane depolarization (ΔΨm). In turn, the increase of ΔΨm causes the excessive generation of ROS. The TRPM2 and TRPV4-induced the excessive generations of ROS result in the increase of apoptosis and cell death via the activations of caspase -3 (Casp-3) and caspase -9 (Casp-9) in the neuronal cells, although their oxidant actions decrease the glutathione (GSH) and glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx) levels. The oxidant and apoptotic adverse actions of TRPM2 and TRPV4 are modulated by the treatment of CARV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Nazıroğlu
- Drug Discovery Unit, BSN Health, Analyses, Innovation, Consultancy, Organization, Agriculture and Trade Ltd, Isparta, TR-32260, Turkey.
- Departments of Biophysics and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, TR-32260, Turkey.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hayakawa S, Tanaka T, Ogawa R, Ito S, Ueno S, Koyama H, Tomotaka O, Sagawa H, Tanaka T, Iwakura H, Takahashi H, Matsuo Y, Mitsui A, Kimura M, Takahashi S, Takiguchi S. Potential Role of TRPV4 in Stretch-Induced Ghrelin Secretion and Obesity. Int J Endocrinol 2022; 2022:7241275. [PMID: 36397882 PMCID: PMC9666045 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7241275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is an important health problem, which can be prevented through appetite control. Ghrelin is an appetite-stimulating hormone considered to promote obesity. Thus, we examined whether gastric stretching affects ghrelin secretion. We investigated the role of transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) in gastric glands in the regulation of ghrelin secretion. TRPV4 immunostaining was performed in tissue samples from 57 patients who underwent gastrectomy. TRPV4 expression was compared between patients with (body mass index (BMI) ≥ 30) and without (BMI <30) obesity. For in vitro experiments, we used MGN3-1 cells, a ghrelin-producing cell line derived from mice. To investigate the bioactivity of TRPV4, MGN3-1 cells were treated with TRPV4 agonists and antagonists, and changes in intracellular Ca2+ concentration were confirmed. The concentration of ghrelin in the cell supernatant was measured using the ELISA with and without 120% stretch stimulation. TRPV4 expression was significantly higher in patients with obesity than in those without at all sites, except the fornix. Immunostaining confirmed the expression of TRPV4 in MGN3-1 cells. TRPV4 agonist administration increased intracellular Ca2+ concentration and ghrelin secretion in MGN3-1 cells, whereas the administration of the agonist combined with the antagonist decreased intracellular Ca2+ concentration and ghrelin secretion. Ghrelin secretion significantly increased in response to a 120% stretch in MGN3-1 cells. However, secretion was not increased by stretch when cells were treated with a TRPV4 antagonist. TRPV4 regulates ghrelin secretion in response to stretch in the stomach, which may affect body weight.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Hayakawa
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Tanaka
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Ryo Ogawa
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Sunao Ito
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Shuhei Ueno
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Koyama
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Okubo Tomotaka
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Sagawa
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Tanaka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Iwakura
- Department of Pharmacotherapeutics, Wakayama Medical University, Kimiidera, Wakayama, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Hiroki Takahashi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yoichi Matsuo
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Akira Mitsui
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kimura
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Satoru Takahashi
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Tumor Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Shuji Takiguchi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bührer C, Endesfelder S, Scheuer T, Schmitz T. Paracetamol (Acetaminophen) and the Developing Brain. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11156. [PMID: 34681816 PMCID: PMC8540524 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Paracetamol is commonly used to treat fever and pain in pregnant women, but there are growing concerns that this may cause attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder in the offspring. A growing number of epidemiological studies suggests that relative risks for these disorders increase by an average of about 25% following intrauterine paracetamol exposure. The data analyzed point to a dose-effect relationship but cannot fully account for unmeasured confounders, notably indication and genetic transmission. Only few experimental investigations have addressed this issue. Altered behavior has been demonstrated in offspring of paracetamol-gavaged pregnant rats, and paracetamol given at or prior to day 10 of life to newborn mice resulted in altered locomotor activity in response to a novel home environment in adulthood and blunted the analgesic effect of paracetamol given to adult animals. The molecular mechanisms that might mediate these effects are unknown. Paracetamol has diverse pharmacologic actions. It reduces prostaglandin formation via competitive inhibition of the peroxidase moiety of prostaglandin H2 synthase, while its metabolite N-arachidonoyl-phenolamine activates transient vanilloid-subtype 1 receptors and interferes with cannabinoid receptor signaling. The metabolite N-acetyl-p-benzo-quinone-imine, which is pivotal for liver damage after overdosing, exerts oxidative stress and depletes glutathione in the brain already at dosages below the hepatic toxicity threshold. Given the widespread use of paracetamol during pregnancy and the lack of safe alternatives, its impact on the developing brain deserves further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Bührer
- Department of Neonatology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13344 Berlin, Germany; (S.E.); (T.S.); (T.S.)
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Endocannabinoid System Dysregulation from Acetaminophen Use May Lead to Autism Spectrum Disorder: Could Cannabinoid Treatment Be Efficacious? Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26071845. [PMID: 33805951 PMCID: PMC8037883 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26071845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent deficits in social communication and interaction, and restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests or activities, are the core items characterizing autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Strong inflammation states have been reported to be associated with ASD. The endocannabinoid system (ECS) may be involved in ASD pathophysiology. This complex network of lipid signaling pathways comprises arachidonic acid and 2-arachidonoyl glycerol-derived compounds, their G-protein-coupled receptors (cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2) and the associated enzymes. Alterations of the ECS have been reported in both the brain and the immune system of ASD subjects. ASD children show low EC tone as indicated by low blood levels of endocannabinoids. Acetaminophen use has been reported to be associated with an increased risk of ASD. This drug can act through the ECS to produce analgesia. It may be that acetaminophen use in children increases the risk for ASD by interfering with the ECS.This mini-review article summarizes the current knowledge on this topic.
Collapse
|
5
|
Przybyła GW, Szychowski KA, Gmiński J. Paracetamol - An old drug with new mechanisms of action. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2021; 48:3-19. [PMID: 32767405 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Paracetamol (acetaminophen) is the most commonly used over-the-counter (OTC) drug in the world. Despite its popularity and use for many years, the safety of its application and its mechanism of action are still unclear. Currently, it is believed that paracetamol is a multidirectional drug and at least several metabolic pathways are involved in its analgesic and antipyretic action. The mechanism of paracetamol action consists in inhibition of cyclooxygenases (COX-1, COX-2, and COX-3) and involvement in the endocannabinoid system and serotonergic pathways. Additionally, paracetamol influences transient receptor potential (TRP) channels and voltage-gated Kv7 potassium channels and inhibits T-type Cav3.2 calcium channels. It also exerts an impact on L-arginine in the nitric oxide (NO) synthesis pathway. However, not all of these effects have been clearly confirmed. Therefore, the aim of our paper was to summarize the current state of knowledge of the mechanism of paracetamol action with special attention to its safety concerns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Konrad A Szychowski
- Department of Lifestyle Disorders and Regenerative Medicine, University of Information Technology and Management in Rzeszow, Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Jan Gmiński
- Department of Lifestyle Disorders and Regenerative Medicine, University of Information Technology and Management in Rzeszow, Rzeszow, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Liu N, Liu J, Wen X, Bai L, Shao R, Bai J. TRPV4 contributes to ER stress: Relation to apoptosis in the MPP +-induced cell model of Parkinson's disease. Life Sci 2020; 261:118461. [PMID: 32961227 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Parkinson's disease (PD) is a multifactorial neurodegenerative disorder. Its molecular mechanism is still unclear. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress has been highlighted in PD. Transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) is a kind of nonselective calcium cation channel. A defined role for TRPV4 in PD has not been reported. The purpose of the present research was to investigate the molecular mechanisms by which TRPV4 regulates ER stress induced by the 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion (MPP+) in PC12 cells. MAIN METHODS PC12 cells were pretreated with the TRPV4-specific antagonist HC067047 or transfected with TRPV4 siRNA followed by treatment with MPP+. Cell viability was measured by the CCK-8 Assay. The expression of TRPV4, sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase 2 (SERCA2), glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78), glucose-regulated protein 94 (GRP94), C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), procaspase-12, and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) was detected by western blot and RT-PCR. KEY FINDINGS The expression of TRPV4 was upregulated, while cell viability was decreased by MPP+, which was reversed by HC067047. The ER stress common molecular signature SERCA2 was depressed by MPP+. Moreover, MPP+ induced upregulation of GRP78, GRP94, CHOP, and decrease in procaspase-12 and TH. HC067047 and TRPV4 siRNA reversed MPP+-induced ER stress and restored TH production. SIGNIFICANCE TRPV4 functions upstream of ER stress induced by MPP+ and holds promise as a prospective pharmacotherapy target for PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Na Liu
- Faculty of Life science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China; Department of Anesthesiology, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Jinyu Liu
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Xianbin Wen
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Liping Bai
- Faculty of Life science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Ruifei Shao
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Jie Bai
- Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China.
| |
Collapse
|