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Atosuo J, Karhuvaara O, Suominen E, Virtanen J, Vilén L, Nuutila J. The role of gamma globulin, complement component 1q, factor B, properdin, body temperature, C-reactive protein and serum amyloid alpha to the activity and the function of the human complement system and its pathways. J Immunol Methods 2024; 531:113709. [PMID: 38862098 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2024.113709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
The complement system plays a crucial role in orchestrating the activation and regulation of inflammation within the human immune system. Three distinct activation pathways-classical, lectin, and alternative-converge to form the common lytic pathway, culminating in the formation of the membrane-attacking complex that disrupts the structure of pathogens. Dysregulated complement system activity can lead to tissue damage, autoimmune diseases, or immune deficiencies. In this study, the antimicrobial activity of human serum was investigated by using a bioluminescent microbe probe, Escherichia coli (pEGFPluxABCDEamp). This probe has previously been used to determine the antimicrobial activity of complement system and the polymorphonuclear neutrophils. In this study, blocking antibodies against key serum activators and components, including IgG, complement component 1q, factor B, and properdin, were utilized. The influence of body temperature and acute phase proteins, such as C reactive protein (CRP) and serum amyloid alpha (SAA), on the complement system was also examined. The study reveals the critical factors influencing complement system activity and pathway function. Alongside crucial factors like C1q and IgG, alternative pathway components factor B and properdin played pivotal roles. Results indicated that the alternative pathway accounted for approximately one third of the overall serum antimicrobial activity, and blocking this pathway disrupted the entire complement system. Contrary to expectations, elevated body temperature during inflammation did not enhance the antimicrobial activity of human serum. CRP demonstrated complement activation properties, but at higher physiological concentrations, it exhibited antagonistic tendencies, dampening the response. On the other hand, SAA enhanced the serum's activity. Overall, this study sheds a light on the critical factors affecting both complement system activity and pathway functionality, emphasizing the importance of a balanced immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janne Atosuo
- Laboratory of Immunochemistry, Department of Life Technologies, Faculty of Technology, University of Turku, 20140, Finland.
| | - Outi Karhuvaara
- Laboratory of Immunochemistry, Department of Life Technologies, Faculty of Technology, University of Turku, 20140, Finland.
| | - Eetu Suominen
- Laboratory of Immunochemistry, Department of Life Technologies, Faculty of Technology, University of Turku, 20140, Finland.
| | - Julia Virtanen
- Laboratory of Immunochemistry, Department of Life Technologies, Faculty of Technology, University of Turku, 20140, Finland
| | - Liisa Vilén
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Clinical Department, Faculty of Medicine, 20140, University of Turku, Finland.
| | - Jari Nuutila
- Laboratory of Immunochemistry, Department of Life Technologies, Faculty of Technology, University of Turku, 20140, Finland.
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Marcelo GA, Galhano J, Duarte MP, Capelo-Martínez JL, Lodeiro C, Oliveira E. Validation of a Standard Luminescence Method for the Fast Determination of the Antimicrobial Activity of Nanoparticles in Escherichia coli. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12132164. [PMID: 35807997 PMCID: PMC9268724 DOI: 10.3390/nano12132164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The use of nanoparticles in multiple industries has raised concerned voices about the assessment of their toxicity/antimicrobial activity and the development of standardized handling protocols. Issues emerge during the antimicrobial assaying of multiple cargo, colorimetric, colloidal nanoformulations, as standard protocols often rely on visual evaluations, or optical density (OD) measurements, leading to high variance inhibitory concentrations (MIC). Thus, a fast, luminescence-based assay for the effective assessment of the antimicrobial activity of nanoparticles is herein reported, using the bioluminescence of an in-house E. coli ATCC® 8739TM construct with the pMV306G13 + Lux plasmid (E. coli Lux). The new strain’s sensitivity to ofloxacin as a standard antibiotic was confirmed, and the methodology robustness verified against multiple nanoparticles and colorimetric drugs. The reduction of incubation from 24 to only 8 h, and the sole use of luminescence (LUX490) to accurately determine and distinguish MIC50 and MIC90, are two main advantages of the method. By discarding OD measurements, one can avoid turbidity and color interferences when calculating bacterial growth. This approach is an important tool that contributes to the standardization of methods, reducing samples’ background interference and focusing on luminescence as a direct probe for bacterial metabolic activity, growth and, most importantly, the correct assessment of nanomaterials’ antimicrobial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonçalo A. Marcelo
- BIOSCOPE Group, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Chemistry Department, NOVA School of Science and Technology, FCT NOVA, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; (G.A.M.); (J.G.); (J.L.C.-M.); (C.L.)
| | - Joana Galhano
- BIOSCOPE Group, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Chemistry Department, NOVA School of Science and Technology, FCT NOVA, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; (G.A.M.); (J.G.); (J.L.C.-M.); (C.L.)
| | - Maria Paula Duarte
- MEtRICs, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
- Correspondence: (M.P.D.); (E.O.)
| | - José Luis Capelo-Martínez
- BIOSCOPE Group, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Chemistry Department, NOVA School of Science and Technology, FCT NOVA, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; (G.A.M.); (J.G.); (J.L.C.-M.); (C.L.)
- PROTEOMASS Scientific Society, Rua dos Inventores, Madam Parque, Caparica Campus, 2825-182 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Carlos Lodeiro
- BIOSCOPE Group, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Chemistry Department, NOVA School of Science and Technology, FCT NOVA, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; (G.A.M.); (J.G.); (J.L.C.-M.); (C.L.)
- PROTEOMASS Scientific Society, Rua dos Inventores, Madam Parque, Caparica Campus, 2825-182 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Elisabete Oliveira
- BIOSCOPE Group, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Chemistry Department, NOVA School of Science and Technology, FCT NOVA, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; (G.A.M.); (J.G.); (J.L.C.-M.); (C.L.)
- PROTEOMASS Scientific Society, Rua dos Inventores, Madam Parque, Caparica Campus, 2825-182 Caparica, Portugal
- Correspondence: (M.P.D.); (E.O.)
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