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Khanmiri HH, Yazdanfar F, Mobed A, Rezamohammadi F, Rahmani M, Haghgouei T. Biosensors; noninvasive method in detection of C-reactive protein (CRP). Biomed Microdevices 2023; 25:27. [PMID: 37498420 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-023-00666-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Early diagnosis of C reactive protein (CRP) is critical to applying effective therapies for related diseases. Diagnostic technology in today's healthcare systems is mostly deployed in central laboratories, involves expensive and time-consuming processes, and is operated by specialized personnel. For example, the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), considered the gold standard diagnostic method, is labor-intensive and requires complex procedures such as multiple washing and labeling steps. Due to these limitations of current diagnostic techniques, it is difficult for people to regularly monitor their health and ultimately the disease is more likely to be diagnosed at a later stage. The problem is exacerbated for economically disadvantaged people living in underdeveloped countries. To address these challenges in the traditional diagnostic field, point-of-care (POC) biosensors have emerged as a promising alternative. This allows patients to have their health checked regularly at or near their bedside without resorting to laboratory tests. Nanotechnology-based methods such as biosensors have been extensively researched and developed. Among biosensors, there are also label-free biosensors with high sensitivity that do not require complicated procedures and reduce test time. However, some drawbacks such as high cost, bulky size and need for trained personnel to operate have not been improved. In this review article, we provide an overview of routine methods in CRP diagnosis and then introduce biosensors as a modern, advanced alternative to older methods. Readers of this article can learn about biosensing and its benefits while being aware of the limitations of routine methods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fatemeh Yazdanfar
- Department of Basic Sciences, Maragheh Branch, Islamic Azad University, Maragheh, Iran
- Neuroscience Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ahmad Mobed
- Neuroscience Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | | | - Mehrnoush Rahmani
- Research Center of Physiology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Tannaz Haghgouei
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
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2
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Baralić M, Pažitná L, Brković V, Laušević M, Gligorijević N, Katrlík J, Nedić O, Robajac D. Prediction of Mortality in Patients on Peritoneal Dialysis Based on the Fibrinogen Mannosylation. Cells 2023; 12:cells12030351. [PMID: 36766693 PMCID: PMC9913213 DOI: 10.3390/cells12030351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
As we already reported, fibrinogen fucosylation emerged as a prognostic marker of peritoneal membrane function in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients on peritoneal dialysis. After a follow-up period of 18 months, we estimated the ability of employed lectins, as well as other biochemical parameters, to serve as mortality predictors in these patients. Following a univariate Cox regression analysis, ferritin, urea clearance, residual diuresis, hyperglycemia, and an increase in the signal intensity obtained with Galanthus nivalis lectin (GNL) emerged as potential mortality predictors, but additional multivariate Cox regression analysis pointed only to glucose concentration and GNL as mortality predictors. Higher signal intensity obtained with GNL in patients that died suggested the importance of paucimannosidic/highly mannosidic N-glycan structures on fibrinogen as factors that are related to unwanted cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality and can possibly be seen as a prediction tool. Altered glycan structures composed of mannose residues are expected to affect the reactivity of mannosylated glycoproteins with mannose-binding lectin and possibly the entire cascade of events linked to this lectin. Since patients with ESRD are prone to cardiovascular complications and the formation of atherosclerotic plaques, one can hypothesize that fibrinogen with increasingly exposed mannose residues may contribute to the unwanted events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Baralić
- School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Clinic of Nephrology, University Clinical Centre of Serbia, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Lucia Pažitná
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 84538 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Voin Brković
- School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Clinic of Nephrology, University Clinical Centre of Serbia, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Mirjana Laušević
- School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Clinic of Nephrology, University Clinical Centre of Serbia, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nikola Gligorijević
- Institute for the Application of Nuclear Energy (INEP), University of Belgrade, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jaroslav Katrlík
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 84538 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Olgica Nedić
- Institute for the Application of Nuclear Energy (INEP), University of Belgrade, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dragana Robajac
- Institute for the Application of Nuclear Energy (INEP), University of Belgrade, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia
- Correspondence:
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Ahmmed MK, Bhowmik S, Giteru SG, Zilani MNH, Adadi P, Islam SS, Kanwugu ON, Haq M, Ahmmed F, Ng CCW, Chan YS, Asadujjaman M, Chan GHH, Naude R, Bekhit AEDA, Ng TB, Wong JH. An Update of Lectins from Marine Organisms: Characterization, Extraction Methodology, and Potential Biofunctional Applications. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20070430. [PMID: 35877723 PMCID: PMC9316650 DOI: 10.3390/md20070430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lectins are a unique group of nonimmune carbohydrate-binding proteins or glycoproteins that exhibit specific and reversible carbohydrate-binding activity in a non-catalytic manner. Lectins have diverse sources and are classified according to their origins, such as plant lectins, animal lectins, and fish lectins. Marine organisms including fish, crustaceans, and mollusks produce a myriad of lectins, including rhamnose binding lectins (RBL), fucose-binding lectins (FTL), mannose-binding lectin, galectins, galactose binding lectins, and C-type lectins. The widely used method of extracting lectins from marine samples is a simple two-step process employing a polar salt solution and purification by column chromatography. Lectins exert several immunomodulatory functions, including pathogen recognition, inflammatory reactions, participating in various hemocyte functions (e.g., agglutination), phagocytic reactions, among others. Lectins can also control cell proliferation, protein folding, RNA splicing, and trafficking of molecules. Due to their reported biological and pharmaceutical activities, lectins have attracted the attention of scientists and industries (i.e., food, biomedical, and pharmaceutical industries). Therefore, this review aims to update current information on lectins from marine organisms, their characterization, extraction, and biofunctionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirja Kaizer Ahmmed
- Department of Food Sciences, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand or (M.K.A.); (S.G.G.); (P.A.)
- Department of Fishing and Post-Harvest Technology, Faculty of Fisheries, Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chittagong 4225, Bangladesh
| | - Shuva Bhowmik
- Centre for Bioengineering and Nanomedicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Division of Health Sciences, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand;
- Department of Fisheries and Marine Science, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali 3814, Bangladesh
| | - Stephen G. Giteru
- Department of Food Sciences, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand or (M.K.A.); (S.G.G.); (P.A.)
- Alliance Group Limited, Invercargill 9840, New Zealand
| | - Md. Nazmul Hasan Zilani
- Department of Pharmacy, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore 7408, Bangladesh;
| | - Parise Adadi
- Department of Food Sciences, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand or (M.K.A.); (S.G.G.); (P.A.)
| | - Shikder Saiful Islam
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Launceston 7250, Australia;
- Fisheries and Marine Resource Technology Discipline, Life Science School, Khulna University, Khulna 9208, Bangladesh
| | - Osman N. Kanwugu
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Ural Federal University, Mira Street 28, 620002 Yekaterinburg, Russia;
| | - Monjurul Haq
- Department of Fisheries and Marine Bioscience, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore 7408, Bangladesh;
| | - Fatema Ahmmed
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand;
| | | | - Yau Sang Chan
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China;
| | - Md. Asadujjaman
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, Khulna Agricultural University, Khulna 9100, Bangladesh;
| | - Gabriel Hoi Huen Chan
- Division of Science, Engineering and Health Studies, College of Professional and Continuing Education, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China;
| | - Ryno Naude
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa;
| | - Alaa El-Din Ahmed Bekhit
- Department of Food Sciences, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand or (M.K.A.); (S.G.G.); (P.A.)
- Correspondence: (A.E.-D.A.B.); (J.H.W.)
| | - Tzi Bun Ng
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China;
| | - Jack Ho Wong
- School of Health Sciences, Caritas Institute of Higher Education, Hong Kong, China
- Correspondence: (A.E.-D.A.B.); (J.H.W.)
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Kumar A, Dhadi SR, Mai N, Taylor C, Roy JW, Barnett DA, Lewis SM, Ghosh A, Ouellette RJ. The polysaccharide chitosan facilitates the isolation of small extracellular vesicles from multiple biofluids. J Extracell Vesicles 2021; 10:e12138. [PMID: 34478244 PMCID: PMC8409086 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have demonstrated the potential uses of extracellular vesicles (EVs) for liquid biopsy-based diagnostic tests and therapeutic applications; however, clinical use of EVs presents a challenge as many currently-available EV isolation methods have limitations related to efficiency, purity, and complexity of the methods. Moreover, many EV isolation methods do not perform efficiently in all biofluids due to their differential physicochemical properties. Thus, there continues to be a need for novel EV isolation methods that are simple, robust, non-toxic, and/or clinically-amenable. Here we demonstrate a rapid and efficient method for small extracellular vesicle (sEV) isolation that uses chitosan, a linear cationic polyelectrolyte polysaccharide that exhibits biocompatibility, non-immunogenicity, biodegradability, and low toxicity. Chitosan-precipitated material was characterized using Western blotting, nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and relevant proteomic-based gene ontology analyses. We find that chitosan facilitates the isolation of sEVs from multiple biofluids, including cell culture-conditioned media, human urine, plasma and saliva. Overall, our data support the potential for chitosan to isolate a population of sEVs from a variety of biofluids and may have the potential to be a clinically amenable sEV isolation method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awanit Kumar
- Atlantic Cancer Research InstituteMonctonNew BrunswickCanada
| | | | - Ngoc‐Nu Mai
- Atlantic Cancer Research InstituteMonctonNew BrunswickCanada
| | | | - Jeremy W. Roy
- Atlantic Cancer Research InstituteMonctonNew BrunswickCanada
- Beatrice Hunter Cancer Research InstituteHalifaxNova ScotiaCanada
| | - David A. Barnett
- Atlantic Cancer Research InstituteMonctonNew BrunswickCanada
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryMount Allison UniversitySackvilleNew BrunswickCanada
| | - Stephen M. Lewis
- Atlantic Cancer Research InstituteMonctonNew BrunswickCanada
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversité de MonctonMonctonNew BrunswickCanada
- Beatrice Hunter Cancer Research InstituteHalifaxNova ScotiaCanada
| | - Anirban Ghosh
- Atlantic Cancer Research InstituteMonctonNew BrunswickCanada
| | - Rodney J. Ouellette
- Atlantic Cancer Research InstituteMonctonNew BrunswickCanada
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversité de MonctonMonctonNew BrunswickCanada
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5
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Reif A, Lam K, Weidler S, Lott M, Boos I, Lokau J, Bretscher C, Mönnich M, Perkams L, Schmälzlein M, Graf C, Fischer J, Lechner C, Hallstein K, Becker S, Weyand M, Steegborn C, Schultheiss G, Rose‐John S, Garbers C, Unverzagt C. Natural Glycoforms of Human Interleukin 6 Show Atypical Plasma Clearance. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202101496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Reif
- Bioorganic Chemistry University of Bayreuth Universitätsstraße 30 95447 Bayreuth Germany
| | - Kevin Lam
- Bioorganic Chemistry University of Bayreuth Universitätsstraße 30 95447 Bayreuth Germany
| | - Sascha Weidler
- Bioorganic Chemistry University of Bayreuth Universitätsstraße 30 95447 Bayreuth Germany
| | - Marie Lott
- Bioorganic Chemistry University of Bayreuth Universitätsstraße 30 95447 Bayreuth Germany
| | - Irene Boos
- Bioorganic Chemistry University of Bayreuth Universitätsstraße 30 95447 Bayreuth Germany
| | - Juliane Lokau
- Department of Pathology Medical Faculty Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg 39120 Magdeburg Germany
| | | | - Manuel Mönnich
- Bioorganic Chemistry University of Bayreuth Universitätsstraße 30 95447 Bayreuth Germany
| | - Lukas Perkams
- Bioorganic Chemistry University of Bayreuth Universitätsstraße 30 95447 Bayreuth Germany
| | - Marina Schmälzlein
- Bioorganic Chemistry University of Bayreuth Universitätsstraße 30 95447 Bayreuth Germany
| | - Christopher Graf
- Bioorganic Chemistry University of Bayreuth Universitätsstraße 30 95447 Bayreuth Germany
| | - Jan‐Patrick Fischer
- Bioorganic Chemistry University of Bayreuth Universitätsstraße 30 95447 Bayreuth Germany
| | - Carolin Lechner
- Bioorganic Chemistry University of Bayreuth Universitätsstraße 30 95447 Bayreuth Germany
| | - Kerstin Hallstein
- Protein Engineering & Antibody Technologies Merck Healthcare KGaA Frankfurter Str. 250 64293 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Stefan Becker
- Protein Engineering & Antibody Technologies Merck Healthcare KGaA Frankfurter Str. 250 64293 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Michael Weyand
- Department of Biochemistry University of Bayreuth Universitätsstraße 30 95447 Bayreuth Germany
| | - Clemens Steegborn
- Department of Biochemistry University of Bayreuth Universitätsstraße 30 95447 Bayreuth Germany
| | | | | | - Christoph Garbers
- Department of Pathology Medical Faculty Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg 39120 Magdeburg Germany
| | - Carlo Unverzagt
- Bioorganic Chemistry University of Bayreuth Universitätsstraße 30 95447 Bayreuth Germany
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6
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Reif A, Lam K, Weidler S, Lott M, Boos I, Lokau J, Bretscher C, Mönnich M, Perkams L, Schmälzlein M, Graf C, Fischer JP, Lechner C, Hallstein K, Becker S, Weyand M, Steegborn C, Schultheiss G, Rose-John S, Garbers C, Unverzagt C. Natural Glycoforms of Human Interleukin 6 Show Atypical Plasma Clearance. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:13380-13387. [PMID: 33756033 PMCID: PMC8251587 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202101496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A library of glycoforms of human interleukin 6 (IL‐6) comprising complex and mannosidic N‐glycans was generated by semisynthesis. The three segments were connected by sequential native chemical ligation followed by two‐step refolding. The central glycopeptide segments were assembled by pseudoproline‐assisted Lansbury aspartylation and subsequent enzymatic elongation of complex N‐glycans. Nine IL‐6 glycoforms were synthesized, seven of which were evaluated for in vivo plasma clearance in rats and compared to non‐glycosylated recombinant IL‐6 from E. coli. Each IL‐6 glycoform was tested in three animals and reproducibly showed individual serum clearances depending on the structure of the N‐glycan. The clearance rates were atypical, since the 2,6‐sialylated glycoforms of IL‐6 cleared faster than the corresponding asialo IL‐6 with terminal galactoses. Compared to non‐glycosylated IL‐6 the plasma clearance of IL‐6 glycoforms was delayed in the presence of larger and multibranched N‐glycans in most cases
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Reif
- Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Kevin Lam
- Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Sascha Weidler
- Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Marie Lott
- Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Irene Boos
- Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Juliane Lokau
- Department of Pathology, Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
| | | | - Manuel Mönnich
- Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Lukas Perkams
- Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Marina Schmälzlein
- Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Christopher Graf
- Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Jan-Patrick Fischer
- Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Carolin Lechner
- Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Kerstin Hallstein
- Protein Engineering & Antibody Technologies, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Stefan Becker
- Protein Engineering & Antibody Technologies, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Michael Weyand
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Clemens Steegborn
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Rose-John
- Department of Biochemistry, Kiel University, 24098, Kiel, Germany
| | - Christoph Garbers
- Department of Pathology, Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Carlo Unverzagt
- Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany
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