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Samad S, Baloch B, Qadeer MA. Revolutionizing depression diagnosis: earwax analysis for cortisol and beyond. Bioanalysis 2024; 16:429-430. [PMID: 38415689 PMCID: PMC11216613 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2023-0240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shahzaib Samad
- Jinnah Sindh Medical University, Rafiqi H J Shaheed Road, Karachi, 75510, Pakistan
| | - Bilqees Baloch
- Ziauddin Medical College, 4/B, Shahrah-e-Ghalib, Block 6, Clifton Karachi, Sindh, 75600, Pakistan
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Ghassemi Nejad J, Ghaffari MH, Ataallahi M, Jo JH, Lee HG. Stress Concepts and Applications in Various Matrices with a Focus on Hair Cortisol and Analytical Methods. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12223096. [PMID: 36428324 PMCID: PMC9686725 DOI: 10.3390/ani12223096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
When studying stress in animals, it is important to understand the types of stress and their classification, and how to assess the stress levels in different animal species using different matrices accurately and precisely. The classification of stress types helps to distinguish between good stress (eustress) and bad stress (distress). Hence, first, it is crucial to assess the animal's level of stress in a non-intrusive manner and second to identify the type of stress that is best suited to its environment. Third, it is also important to analyze the obtained samples using a suitable method to increase the validity of stress hormone measurements. Therefore, in this review, we aim to: (1) explain the classification of stress, (2) discuss the wide range of body matrices (e.g., saliva, milk, hair, urine, feces, sweat, fins, etc.) that can be used as samples to evaluate stress levels, as well as their comparisons and limitations, and present the reliable matrices for measuring stress hormones with special emphasis on hair, (3) compare the analytical methods for measuring stress hormones after sample preparation. Despite some literature that does not include hair as a reliable matrix for evaluating stress levels, hair is one of the matrices for measuring long-term stress hormone accumulations. This review discusses some factors that influence the level of stress hormones in the hair. By understanding these issues, the scientific community will not only be able to improve the understanding of stress and biomarker evaluation but also suggest how to deal with the consequences of stress in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mohammad Ataallahi
- College of Animal Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Jang-Hoon Jo
- Department of Animal Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Hong-Gu Lee
- Department of Animal Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-450-0523
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Karabatsiakis A, de Punder K, Salinas-Manrique J, Todt M, Dietrich DE. Hair cortisol level might be indicative for a 3PM approach towards suicide risk assessment in depression: comparative analysis of mentally stable and depressed individuals versus individuals after completing suicide. EPMA J 2022; 13:383-395. [PMID: 36061827 PMCID: PMC9425778 DOI: 10.1007/s13167-022-00296-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Depression and suicidal behavior are interrelated, stress-associated mental health conditions, each lacking biological verifiability. Concepts of predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine (3PM) are almost completely missing for both conditions but are of utmost importance. Prior research reported altered levels of the stress hormone cortisol in the scalp hair of depressed individuals, however, data on hair cortisol levels (HCL) for suicide completers (SC) are missing. Here, we aimed to identify differences in HCL between subject with depression (n = 20), SC (n = 45) and mentally stable control subjects (n = 12) to establish the usage of HCL as a new target for 3PM. HCL was measured in extracts of pulverized hair (1-cm and 3-cm hair segments) using ELISA. In 3-cm hair segments, an average increase in HCL for depressed patients (1.66 times higher; p = .011) and SC (5.46 times higher; p = 1.65 × 10−5) compared to that for controls was observed. Furthermore, the average HCL in SC was significantly increased compared to that in the depressed group (3.28 times higher; p = 1.4 × 10−5). A significant correlation between HCL in the 1-cm and the 3-cm hair segments, as well as a significant association between the severity of depressive symptoms and HCL (3-cm segment) was found. To conclude, findings of increased HCL in subjects with depression compared to that in controls were replicated and an additional increase in HCL was seen in SC in comparison to patients with depression. The usage of HCL for creating effective patient stratification and predictive approach followed by the targeted prevention and personalization of medical services needs to be validated in follow-up studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Karabatsiakis
- Department of Clinical Psychology II, Institute of Psychology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Karin de Punder
- Department of Clinical Psychology II, Institute of Psychology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Melanie Todt
- Institutes for Forensic Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Detlef E. Dietrich
- AMEOS Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hildesheim, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience Hannover, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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Ataallahi M, Nejad JG, Park KH. Selection of appropriate biomatrices for studies of chronic stress in animals: a review. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022; 64:621-639. [PMID: 35969712 PMCID: PMC9353350 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2022.e38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cortisol and corticosterone, hormones traditionally considered biomarkers of
stress, can be measured in fluid biomatrices (e.g., blood, saliva) from live
animals to evaluate conditions at sampling time, or in solid biomatrices (e.g.,
hair, feather) from live or dead animals to obtain information regarding
long-term changes. Using these biomarkers to evaluate physiological stress
responses in domestic animals may be challenging due to the diverse
characteristics of biomatrices for potential measurement. Ideally, a single
measurement from the biomatrix should be sufficient for evaluating chronic
stress. The availability of appropriate and cost-effective immunoassay methods
for detecting the biomarkers should also be considered. This review discusses
the strengths and limitations of different biomatrices with regard to ensuring
the highest possible reliability for chronic stress evaluation. Overall, solid
biomatrices require less frequent sampling than other biomatrices, resulting in
greater time- and cost-effectiveness, greater ease of use, and fewer errors. The
multiplex immunoassay can be used to analyze interactions and correlations
between cortisol and other stress biomarkers in the same biomatrix. In light of
the lack of information regarding appropriate biomatrices for measuring chronic
stress, this review may help investigators set experimental conditions or design
biological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ataallahi
- Department of Animal Industry Convergence, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Jalil Ghassemi Nejad
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sanghuh College of Life Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Kyu-Hyun Park
- Department of Animal Industry Convergence, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
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Herane-Vives A, Espinoza S, Sandoval R, Ortega L, Alameda L, Young AH, Arnone D, Hayes A, Benöhr J. A Novel Earwax Method to Measure Acute and Chronic Glucose Levels. Diagnostics (Basel) 2020; 10:E1069. [PMID: 33321856 PMCID: PMC7764152 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics10121069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is the fourth cause of death globally. To date, there is not a practical, as well as an accurate sample for reflecting chronic glucose levels. We measured earwax glucose in 37 controls. Participants provided standard serum, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and earwax samples at two time-points, one month apart. The specimens measured baseline fasting glucose, a follow-up postprandial glucose level and a between sample chronic glucose, calculated using the average level on the two occasions. The baseline earwax sample was obtained using a clinical method and the follow-up using a novel self-sampling earwax device. The earwax analytic time was significantly faster using the novel device, in comparison to the clinical use of the syringe. Earwax accurately reflected glucose at both assessments with stronger correlations than HbA1c. Follow-up postprandial concentrations were more significant than their respective fasting baseline concentrations, reflecting differences in fasting and postprandial glycemia and more efficient standardization at follow up. Earwax demonstrated to be more predictable than HbA1c in reflecting systemic fasting, postprandial and long-term glucose levels, and to be less influenced by confounders. Earwax glucose measurements were approximately 60% more predictable than HbA1c in reflecting glycemia over a month. The self-sampling device provided a sample that might accurately reflect chronic glycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Herane-Vives
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Clinical, Educational & Health Psychology Department, Faculty of Brain Disease, University College London, Alexandra House, 17-19 Queen Square, Bloomsbury, London WC1N 3AZ, UK
- Centre for Affective Disorders, Affective Disorders Research Group, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK; (A.H.Y.); (D.A.); (A.H.)
| | - Susana Espinoza
- Departamento de Clínicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, 1781421 Coquimbo, Chile; (S.E.); (R.S.); (L.O.)
| | - Rodrigo Sandoval
- Departamento de Clínicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, 1781421 Coquimbo, Chile; (S.E.); (R.S.); (L.O.)
| | - Lorena Ortega
- Departamento de Clínicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, 1781421 Coquimbo, Chile; (S.E.); (R.S.); (L.O.)
| | - Luis Alameda
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK;
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Sevilla, IBiS, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Departamento de Psiquiatría, Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
- Service of General Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), 1008 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Allan H. Young
- Centre for Affective Disorders, Affective Disorders Research Group, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK; (A.H.Y.); (D.A.); (A.H.)
| | - Danilo Arnone
- Centre for Affective Disorders, Affective Disorders Research Group, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK; (A.H.Y.); (D.A.); (A.H.)
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Science, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, 5MW2+PW Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Alexander Hayes
- Centre for Affective Disorders, Affective Disorders Research Group, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK; (A.H.Y.); (D.A.); (A.H.)
| | - Jan Benöhr
- Benöhr Design Creatives, Jollystrasse 5, 81545 München, Germany;
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