The use of complex formation manner for spectrophotometric analysis of gatifloxacin drug based on Co(II), Ni(II) and La(III) ions

Status of Physicochemical and Microbiological Analytical Methods of Gatifloxacin: A Review

Background

Gatifloxacin (GAT), an antimicrobial of the fourth generation of fluoroquinolones, has a broad spectrum of action with activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative, aerobic and anaerobic organisms, including mycobacteria.

Objective

The objective of this review is to discuss about (i) characteristics, (ii) properties, and (iii) analytical methods of gatifloxacin.

Results

Among the methods described in the literature for the evaluation of GAT, the most frequent was HPLC (50%) for both the analysis of pharmaceutical and biological matrixes. GAT has no monograph described in official compendia. Methods for evaluating GAT in pharmaceutical matrixes were the most found in the literature, 79%. Acetonitrile (42%), methanol (20%), and buffer solution (16%) were the most used diluents. GAT, being an antimicrobial, must be analyzed by physical-chemical and microbiological methods, since the evaluation of potency is essential. In this context, the literature is scarce (4%).

Conclusions

There is a gap in the literature for environmentally friendly methods for evaluating GAT. Faster, more optimized and dynamic microbiological methods, as well as physicochemical methods, use less aggressive solvents with fewer steps and less waste. Currently, pharmaceutical analyses require reliable analytical methods, but also safe for both the analyst and the environment.

Highlights

This review shows the status of analytical methods, both physicochemical and microbiological, for the analysis of GAT in pharmaceutical and biological matrixes, also addressing its context in green and sustainable analytical chemistry.

Designing prototype rapid test device at qualitative performance to detect residue of tetracycline in chicken carcass

Background and Aim:

Human health problems due as a microbial resistance or tumors and cancers because consumption of the carcasses containing residues of tetracycline are main global problems in the context of fight against antimicrobial resistance phenomena. Explanation of the sustainable development goals, particularly point 3, is well recognized that all animal products for human consumption must be safe to live a healthy life. This study aimed to design a prototype of rapid test devices (RTD) based on principles of precipitate to obtain a specific color change after the process of reactions as an indicator to determine tetracycline residues in the carcass.

Materials and Methods:

Five samples of tetracycline-containing poultry carcasses using artificial add the tetracycline at pharmaceutics grade were examined using a prototype of a strong reaction solution for tetracycline fixation based on the concept bonded by ion Fe(III) at atom O in position atom C-1 at the ring of tetracycline and ion N⁺ as the functional branch of tetracycline. RTD detection was evaluated using a yellow color presentation and an absorbance spectrometric technique at a wavelength of 273 nm.

Results:

The following chemicals were used to create the best-fixed tetracycline residue: HCl and H₂SO₄ dissolved in H₂O, chromatographic grade of 0.1 N and 0.5 N of HNO₃, and 1% Fe (III) Cl. The RTD had a higher limit of detection (LOD) than the ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer.

Conclusion:

The results of this study revealed that RTD, as constructed in this study, can be used to detect residue at LOD 44.764 mg/mL during 120 min of exposure through a light-emitting diode at 980 nm wavelength (p<0.05). The necessity for using RTD was because of the apparent limitations of conventional devices.