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Christoph E, Yu L, Newby SD, Rivera Orsini MA, Scroggins J, Keffer DJ, Harper DP, Dhar M. Novel Kraft Softwood Lignin-Derived Carbon Quantum Dots: Synthesis, Characterization, and In Vitro Cytocompatibility. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:1029. [PMID: 38921905 PMCID: PMC11206522 DOI: 10.3390/nano14121029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) have been investigated for biomedical applications in medical imaging due to their fluorescent properties, overall long-term stability, and excellent cytocompatibility and biocompatibility. Lignin is an organic polymer in the tissues of woody plants. It is also considered a byproduct of the wood and pulp industries. Hence, it presents as a renewable source of carbon nanoparticles. In this study, we report the synthesis and material and biological characterization of two colloidal suspensions of CQDs in water derived from lignin-based carbon. One was the native form of CQDs derived from lignin carbon, and the second was doped with nitrogen to evaluate material differences. Material characterization was carried out using various commonly used techniques, including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), emission and absorbance spectra, zeta potential, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Thin films of CQDs were formed on glass and silicon substrates to assess the in vitro cytocompatibility with human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). Observations suggest that the two forms of CQDs promote cell attachment within 24 h and sustain it for at least 7 days. The overall structure and shape of cells suggest a lack of any adverse or toxic effects of CQDs. The data lay down the novel foundation to support the use of lignin-derived CQDs in tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eli Christoph
- Material Science and Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; (E.C.); (L.Y.); (J.S.); (D.J.K.)
- Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; (S.D.N.); (M.A.R.O.)
| | - Lu Yu
- Material Science and Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; (E.C.); (L.Y.); (J.S.); (D.J.K.)
| | - Steven D. Newby
- Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; (S.D.N.); (M.A.R.O.)
| | - Michael A. Rivera Orsini
- Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; (S.D.N.); (M.A.R.O.)
| | - Jakob Scroggins
- Material Science and Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; (E.C.); (L.Y.); (J.S.); (D.J.K.)
| | - David J. Keffer
- Material Science and Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; (E.C.); (L.Y.); (J.S.); (D.J.K.)
| | - David P. Harper
- Center for Renewable Carbon, School for Natural Resources, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA;
| | - Madhu Dhar
- Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; (S.D.N.); (M.A.R.O.)
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Ji YR, Cheng CC, Lee AL, Shieh JCC, Wu HJ, Huang APH, Hsu YH, Young TH. Poly(allylguanidine)-Coated Surfaces Regulate TGF-β in Glioblastoma Cells to Induce Apoptosis via NF-κB Pathway Activation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:59400-59410. [PMID: 34846137 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c21027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Polycationic biomaterials are currently widely applied in neuronal cell cultures to promote cell adhesion and viability. However, polycations generally have cytotoxic properties that limit their application in the field of biomaterials. In this study, we examined the use of a novel polycation poly(allylguanidine) (PAG), which contains a guanidine group in the side chain and a structure similar to poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH), an example of another commonly used polycation. Our findings showed that exposure to PAG induced apoptosis in glioblastoma (GBM) cells, while exposure to PAH induced necrosis. Compared to control groups, the PAG coating significantly limited the proliferation of GBM8901 in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, GBM8901 cells exposed to the PAG coating exhibited increased levels of phospho-p65 and phosphor-IκB, implying that GBM8901 cells underwent apoptotic cell death via the NF-κB pathway by the regulation of TGF-β. This result was further confirmed to be consistent with the experimental results from western blot protein analysis and apoptosis/necrosis assays. These findings indicate that the polycation PAG has the potential to not only suppress the proliferation of GBM8901 cancer cells but also improve the neural viability and promote the differentiation of neural stem/precursor cells into mature neurons. In conclusion, biomaterials such as PAG act as extremely potent options for applications in the treatment of pathological conditions such as brain cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Ren Ji
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Chia Cheng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - An-Li Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 104, Taiwan
- Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City 252, Taiwan
| | | | - Hsin-Ju Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Abel Po-Hao Huang
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hua Hsu
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Tai-Horng Young
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan
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