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Salazar S, Starck MF, Villegas MF, Acosta J, Sánchez O, Ramos E, Nova-Lamperti E, Toledo JR, Gädicke P, Ruiz Á, González A, Montesino R. New Formulation of a Subunit Vaccine Candidate against Lawsonia intracellularis Increases Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1817. [PMID: 38140221 PMCID: PMC10747550 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11121817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Previously, we designed a subunit vaccine candidate based on three L. intracellularis antigens with promising results in pigs. In this study, antigens were produced individually to achieve an even antigen ratio in the formulation. The emulsion characterization included the drop size and the mechanical and thermal stability. Immune response was evaluated by indirect and sandwich ELISAs, qPCR, and flow cytometry. The vaccine candidate's safety was assessed by histopathology and monitoring the clinical behavior of animals. The average production yielded for the chimeric antigen as inclusion bodies was around 75 mg/L. The formulation showed mechanical and thermal stability, with a ratio Hu/Ho > 0.85 and a drop size under 0.15 nm. Antigens formulated at a ratio of 1:1:1 induced a significant immune response in inoculated pigs that persisted until the end of the experiment (week 14). The dose of 200 μg significantly activated cellular response measured by transcriptional and translational levels of cytokines. The cell proliferation assay revealed an increment of lymphocytes T CD4+ at the same dose. Animals gained weight constantly and showed proper clinical behavior during immunization assays. This research demonstrated the immunological robustness of the new subunit vaccine candidate against Porcine Proliferative Enteropathy evenly formulated with three chimeric antigens of L. intracellularis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Salazar
- Biotechnology and Biopharmaceuticals Laboratory, Pathophysiology Department, School of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Victor Lamas 1290, Concepción P.O. Box 160-C, Chile; (S.S.); (M.F.S.); (M.F.V.); (J.A.); (E.R.); (J.R.T.)
| | - María Francisca Starck
- Biotechnology and Biopharmaceuticals Laboratory, Pathophysiology Department, School of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Victor Lamas 1290, Concepción P.O. Box 160-C, Chile; (S.S.); (M.F.S.); (M.F.V.); (J.A.); (E.R.); (J.R.T.)
| | - Milton F. Villegas
- Biotechnology and Biopharmaceuticals Laboratory, Pathophysiology Department, School of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Victor Lamas 1290, Concepción P.O. Box 160-C, Chile; (S.S.); (M.F.S.); (M.F.V.); (J.A.); (E.R.); (J.R.T.)
| | - Jannel Acosta
- Biotechnology and Biopharmaceuticals Laboratory, Pathophysiology Department, School of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Victor Lamas 1290, Concepción P.O. Box 160-C, Chile; (S.S.); (M.F.S.); (M.F.V.); (J.A.); (E.R.); (J.R.T.)
| | - Oliberto Sánchez
- Pharmacology Department, School of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Victor Lamas 1290, Concepción P.O. Box 160-C, Chile;
| | - Eduardo Ramos
- Biotechnology and Biopharmaceuticals Laboratory, Pathophysiology Department, School of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Victor Lamas 1290, Concepción P.O. Box 160-C, Chile; (S.S.); (M.F.S.); (M.F.V.); (J.A.); (E.R.); (J.R.T.)
| | - Estefanía Nova-Lamperti
- Molecular and Translational Immunology Laboratory, Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology Department, Pharmacy Faculty, Universidad de Concepción, Victor Lamas 1290, Concepción P.O. Box 160-C, Chile;
| | - Jorge R. Toledo
- Biotechnology and Biopharmaceuticals Laboratory, Pathophysiology Department, School of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Victor Lamas 1290, Concepción P.O. Box 160-C, Chile; (S.S.); (M.F.S.); (M.F.V.); (J.A.); (E.R.); (J.R.T.)
| | - Paula Gädicke
- Pathology and Preventive Medicine Department, School of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Avenida Vicente Méndez 595, Chillan P.O. Box 537, Chile; (P.G.); (Á.R.)
| | - Álvaro Ruiz
- Pathology and Preventive Medicine Department, School of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Avenida Vicente Méndez 595, Chillan P.O. Box 537, Chile; (P.G.); (Á.R.)
| | - Alaín González
- Faculty of Basic Sciences, University of Medellin, Cra. 87 No. 30-65, Medellin P.C. 050026, Antioquia, Colombia;
| | - Raquel Montesino
- Biotechnology and Biopharmaceuticals Laboratory, Pathophysiology Department, School of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Victor Lamas 1290, Concepción P.O. Box 160-C, Chile; (S.S.); (M.F.S.); (M.F.V.); (J.A.); (E.R.); (J.R.T.)
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Mkangara M. Prevention and Control of Human Salmonella enterica Infections: An Implication in Food Safety. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE 2023; 2023:8899596. [PMID: 37727836 PMCID: PMC10506869 DOI: 10.1155/2023/8899596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella is a foodborne zoonotic pathogen causing diarrhoeal disease to humans after consuming contaminated water, animal, and plant products. The bacterium is the third leading cause of human death among diarrhoeal diseases worldwide. Therefore, human salmonellosis is of public health concern demanding integrated interventions against the causative agent, Salmonella enterica. The prevention of salmonellosis in humans is intricate due to several factors, including an immune-stable individual infected with S. enterica continuing to shed live bacteria without showing any clinical signs. Similarly, the asymptomatic Salmonella animals are the source of salmonellosis in humans after consuming contaminated food products. Furthermore, the contaminated products of plant and animal origin are a menace in food industries due to Salmonella biofilms, which enhance colonization, persistence, and survival of bacteria on equipment. The contaminated food products resulting from bacteria on equipment offset the economic competition of food industries and partner institutions in international business. The most worldwide prevalent broad-range Salmonella serovars affecting humans are Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Enteritidis, and poultry products, among others, are the primary source of infection. The broader range of Salmonella serovars creates concern over multiple strategies for preventing and controlling Salmonella contamination in foods to enhance food safety for humans. Among the strategies for preventing and controlling Salmonella spread in animal and plant products include biosecurity measures, isolation and quarantine, epidemiological surveillance, farming systems, herbs and spices, and vaccination. Other measures are the application of phages, probiotics, prebiotics, and nanoparticles reduced and capped with antimicrobial agents. Therefore, Salmonella-free products, such as beef, pork, poultry meat, eggs, milk, and plant foods, such as vegetables and fruits, will prevent humans from Salmonella infection. This review explains Salmonella infection in humans caused by consuming contaminated foods and the interventions against Salmonella contamination in foods to enhance food safety and quality for humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mwanaisha Mkangara
- Department of Science and Laboratory Technology, Dar es Salaam Institute of Technology, P.O. Box 2958, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
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Hankel J, Sander S, Muthukumarasamy U, Strowig T, Kamphues J, Jung K, Visscher C. Microbiota of vaccinated and non-vaccinated clinically inconspicuous and conspicuous piglets under natural Lawsonia intracellularis infection. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1004506. [DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1004506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lawsonia (L.) intracellularis is a widespread, economically important bacterium causing the porcine proliferative enteropathy (PPE). In this study, we evaluated intestinal microbiota of naturally exposed L. intracellularis-positive pigs under standardized conditions. To obtain three independent repetitions, 27 L. intracellularis-infected pigs (19.0 ± 1.50 kg body weight) from one farm were divided into three groups at an age of 7 to 8 weeks (nine pigs/group). Pigs were either vaccinated against L. intracellularis via oral drenching on their 21st day of life (attenuated live vaccine) or non-vaccinated and selected according to clinical findings (pigs without deviating fecal consistency or with moderate to soft fecal consistency). Comparison of the clinically inconspicuous piglets that differed regarding their vaccination status showed fewer significant differences in fecal microbiota composition. The vaccination led to an overall enrichment of bacterial species belonging to the order Clostridiales, while species of the genus Collinsella and Prevotella were decreased. Several bacterial species belonging to the order Bacteroidales, mainly of the family Prevotellacecae, often closely matching Prevotella copri differed significantly between non-vaccinated clinically inconspicuous and conspicuous piglets. Whether those bacterial species play a role in mitigating the severity of an L. intracellularis infection remains to be defined.
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