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Gezahegn T, Dereje M, Tefera M, Beshaw T, Mulu M, Legesse M, Kokeb A, Lijalem T, Fentie T, Adugna A, Guadie A. Analysis of nutrient loads, heavy metals and physicochemical properties of wastewater, wetland grass, and papaya samples: Gondar Malt factory, Ethiopia with global implication. Toxicol Rep 2024; 12:520-530. [PMID: 38774477 PMCID: PMC11107232 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2024.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Robust attention was brought to researchers due to deterioration of wastewater quality of lakes and reservoirs as major global concerns by industrial release. The uncontrolled releases of effluents impose serious impacts for both aquatic and terrestrial environments. In the current study, many parameters like nutrient loads, heavy metals and physicochemical properties of wastewater, wetland grass, and papaya samples were analysed. The investigated nutrients, alkalinity, and total hardness in fresh water samples were within the allowable limits except for phosphate in fresh wastewater and alkalinity in wastewater. The detected levels of heavy metals (mg/L) in wastewater samples were:- Cd (0.386-0.905), Cr (ND-0.074), Cu (0.064-0.096), Mn (0.184-1.528), Fe (0.167-4.636), Zn (0.175-0.333), and Pb (0.044-0.892) (mg/L). The studied metals in the wastewater sample, except Cd, Fe, and Pb were lower than the allowable limit. The level of heavy metals in the grass and papaya samples ranged from Cd (37.14-147.62), Cr (ND-8.82), Cu (3.14-8.33), Mn (2.89-85.46), Fe(5.0-65.15), Zn (3.44-36.84), and Pb (ND-60.36) (mg/kg). The detected metals were below the permissible limits, except Cd, Cr, and Pb. The findings of the physicochemical characteristics in wastewater samples were computed: pH (6.61-8.54), temperatures (21.63-26.57 °C), TDS (205.9-1896 mg/L), EC (359.9-3226.67 μs/cm), BOD (12.0-732.67 mg/L), COD (3.67-1691.33 mg/L). Except for temperature and pH, all levels in the wastewater were above the recommended limit for wastewater discharge by USEPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tesfamariam Gezahegn
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, University of Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Meseret Dereje
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, University of Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Molla Tefera
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, University of Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Tamene Beshaw
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Wolkite University, Ethiopia
| | - Mengistu Mulu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, University of Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Mulugeta Legesse
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, University of Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Addis Kokeb
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, University of Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Tsegu Lijalem
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, University of Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Tarekegn Fentie
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, University of Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Ayal Adugna
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, University of Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Atnafu Guadie
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, University of Gondar, Ethiopia
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Muche F, Ezez D, Guadie A, Tefera M. Metal distribution and human health risk assessment in legumes crops (chickpea, lentils and peas) from Belesa districts, Ethiopia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2024; 34:1592-1601. [PMID: 37364006 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2023.2229771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Accumulation of heavy metals in food is a major concern for humans' health. This study was aimed at determining the levels of Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni and Zn in chickpea, lentil and pea samples and evaluating the health risk for consumers. The concentrations (in mg/kg) of Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn, and Ni were varied from 23.6-48, 67.7-132.3, 15-26.5, 37.6-68.2, and 25.5-33.3 in chickpea, 39.8-80.5, 116.1-180.5, 12.1-21.6, 36.4-57.2, and 25.4-34.1 for lentil and 32-64.2, 51.6-100.0, 6.3-15, 25.3-42.5, and 25.5-48.5 for peas, respectively. Pearson correlation verified that strong positive correlations were observed between Cu and Zn in lentils, Ni and Mn, Fe with Cu and Mn in peas. Target hazard quotients (THQ) except Ni in all samples, Cu in lentil and pea were < 1 and the hazard index (HI) values of all heavy metals were greater than 1, thus an appropriate strategy is required to reduce exposure to heavy metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fekadu Muche
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Dessie Ezez
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
| | - Atnafu Guadie
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Molla Tefera
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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Mendoza LC, Nolos RC, Villaflores OB, Apostol EMD, Senoro DB. Detection of Heavy Metals, Their Distribution in Tilapia spp., and Health Risks Assessment. TOXICS 2023; 11:286. [PMID: 36977051 PMCID: PMC10057469 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11030286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of heavy metals (HMs) were assessed in Tilapia spp. from selected communities in Calapan City, Philippines. Eleven (11) inland farmed tilapia samples were collected and analyzed for HMs concentration using X-ray fluorescence (XRF). The 11 fish samples were cut into seven pieces, according to the fish body parts, constituting a total of 77 samples. These fish samples were then labeled as bone, fins, head, meat, skin, and viscera. Results showed that the mean concentration of Cd in all parts of tilapia exceeded the Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization (FAO/WHO) limits. The highest concentration was recorded in the fins, which was sevenfold higher than the limit. The trend of the mean concentration of Cd in different parts of tilapia was fins > viscera > skin > tail > head > meat > bone. The target hazard quotient (THQ) recorded a value less than 1. This means that the population exposed to tilapia, within the area where fish samples originated, were not at risk to non-carcinogens. The concentrations of Cu, Pb, Mn, Hg, and Zn in different parts, particularly in skin, fins, and viscera, also exceeded the FAO/WHO limits. The calculated cancer risk (CR) in consuming the fish skin, meat, fins, bone, viscera, and head was higher than the USEPA limit. This indicated a possible carcinogenic risk when consumed regularly. Most of the correlations observed between HMs in various parts of the tilapia had positive (direct) relationships, which were attributed to the HM toxicity target organ characteristics. Results of the principal component analysis (PCA) showed that most of the dominating HMs recorded in tilapia were attributable to anthropogenic activities and natural weathering within the watershed of agricultural areas. The agriculture area comprises about 86.83% of the overall land area of Calapan City. The identified carcinogenic risks were associated with Cd. Therefore, regular monitoring of HMs in inland fishes, their habitat, and surface water quality shall be carried out. This information is useful in creating strategies in metals concentration monitoring, health risks reduction program, and relevant guidelines that would reduce the accumulation of HM in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonel C. Mendoza
- Resiliency and Sustainable Development Laboratory, Yuchengco Innovation Center, Mapua University, Intramuros, Manila 1002, National Capital Region, Philippines
- Food Processing Technology Research and Development Center (FPTRDC), Mindoro State University (MinSU)-Calapan City Campus, Masipit, Calapan City 5200, Oriental Mindoro, Philippines
- The Graduate School, University of Santo Tomas, España Blvd, Sampaloc, Manila 1008, National Capital Region, Philippines
- College of Teacher Education, Mindoro State University (MinSU)-Calapan City Campus, Masipit, Calapan City 5200, Oriental Mindoro, Philippines
- Graduate School, Mindoro State University (MinSU)-Calapan City Campus, Masipit, Calapan City 5200, Oriental Mindoro, Philippines
- MIMAROPA Food Innovation Center (FIC), Mindoro State University (MinSU)-Calapan City Campus, Masipit, Calapan City 5200, Oriental Mindoro, Philippines
| | - Ronnel C. Nolos
- Resiliency and Sustainable Development Laboratory, Yuchengco Innovation Center, Mapua University, Intramuros, Manila 1002, National Capital Region, Philippines
- Mapua-MSC Joint Research Laboratory, Marinduque State College, Boac 4900, Marinduque, Philippines
- College of Environmental Studies, Marinduque State College, Boac 4900, Marinduque, Philippines
| | - Oliver B. Villaflores
- Research Center for the Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Santo Tomas, Sampaloc, Manila 1008, National Capital Region, Philippines
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santo Tomas, Sampaloc, Manila 1008, National Capital Region, Philippines
| | - Enya Marie D. Apostol
- Resiliency and Sustainable Development Laboratory, Yuchengco Innovation Center, Mapua University, Intramuros, Manila 1002, National Capital Region, Philippines
- College of Business and Management, Mindoro State University (MinSU)-Calapan City Campus, Masipit, Calapan City 5200, Oriental Mindoro, Philippines
| | - Delia B. Senoro
- Resiliency and Sustainable Development Laboratory, Yuchengco Innovation Center, Mapua University, Intramuros, Manila 1002, National Capital Region, Philippines
- Mapua-MSC Joint Research Laboratory, Marinduque State College, Boac 4900, Marinduque, Philippines
- School of Civil, Environmental, and Geological Engineering, Mapua University, Intramuros, Manila 1002, National Capital Region, Philippines
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Beshaw T, Demssie K, Leka I. Levels and health risk assessment of trace metals in honey from different districts of Bench Sheko Zone, Southwest Ethiopia. Heliyon 2022; 8:e10535. [PMID: 36110232 PMCID: PMC9468405 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the levels and potential health risks posed by trace metals (Zn, Cu, Mn, Cd, Cr, and Pb) obtained in honey samples. The honey samples were from Sheko, Guraferda, Mizan Aman Town, Debub Bench, and Semien Bench in Bench Sheko Zone, Southern Ethiopia, and levels of trace metals were determined using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). The levels of trace metals in honey samples across the provinces ranged as follows; Zn (1.78–4.02 mg/kg), Cu(1.85–2.35 mg/kg), Mn (0.75–1.25 mg/kg), Cd (0.011–0.038 mg/kg), Cr (0.25–0.55 mg/kg), respectively. The level of Pb was not detected in all honey samples. The levels of trace metals obtained were lower than the maximum permissible limit set by WHO/FAO. Limit of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were ranged from 0.00045 to 0.005 and 0.0015 to 0.016, for the tested metals, respectively. The estimated recoveries of the method were ranged from 92.66% to 103.00% showed a good agreement of accuracy. The EDI values (mg/kg) of the investigated trace metals in all honey samples were less than the maximum tolerable daily intake (MTDI). The values of the target hazard quotient (THQ) and the hazard index (HI) were less than unity. The target cancer risk (TCR) values of Cd in all honey samples showed the lowest carcinogenic risks with values ranged from 3.34E-07 to 1.27E-06. However, the TCR value of Cr in all honey samples ranged from 1.03E-05 to 2.43E-05 and was in the moderate range. The ∑TCR value of Cd and Cr ranged from 1.15E-05 to 2.37E-05 and 1.23E-05 to 2.55E-05 for male and female adults, respectively, and were found in the moderate range. Therefore, there was no serious non-carcinogenic and carcenogenic risks to human health from exposure to trace metals through the consumption of this honey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamene Beshaw
- College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Wolkite University, P.O. Box 07, Wolkite, Ethiopia
| | - Kindnew Demssie
- College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Wolkite University, P.O. Box 07, Wolkite, Ethiopia
| | - Israel Leka
- College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Wolkite University, P.O. Box 07, Wolkite, Ethiopia
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