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Khadka DB, Pahadi T, Aryal S, Karki DB. Partial purification and characterization of protease extracted from kinema. Heliyon 2024; 10:e27173. [PMID: 38463843 PMCID: PMC10923713 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Proteases are large group of highly demanded enzymes having huge application in food and pharmaceutical industries. Numerous sources, including plants, microorganisms, and animals, can be used to obtain protease. Due to its affordability and safety consideration, fermented foods have recently attracted more attention as a source of microbial protease. The present study aimed to extract protease from kinema, partially purify the extracted protease following dialysis after precipitation with ammonium sulfate, and determine general characteristics of protease. The kinema having highest proteolysis activity after three days of control fermentation (Temperature 30±2 °C, RH 66 ± 2%) was taken for the study. About 2.45 fold of purification with overall recovery of 63.21% was achieved after precipitation with ammonium sulfate at 30-70% saturation level followed by dialysis of crude extracted protease. The dialysed kinema protease had specific activity of 7.90 U/mg. The enzyme remained actively functional across a wider pH (5-9) and temperature (40-60 °C) range. SDS-PAGE and Zymogram confirmed the presence of three major active bands respectively of 29.04 kDa, 36.09 kDa and 46.35 kDa in the kinema protease extract. The enzyme kinetics data on casein, fitted to Mechaelis Mentens' plots showed the protease had Vmax of 1.001 U/ml with corresponding Km value of 0.825 mg/ml. Metal ions such as iron, mercury and aluminium showed the inhibition effect whereas presence of sodium, zinc, and calcium shows the activation effect on protease performance. The enzyme was active over various natural substrates; showing maximal activity on casein, and subsequent to bovine serum albumin, gelatin, hemoglobin and whey protein respectively. Furthermore, molecular weight distribution of the protease extract and activity inhibition with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, suggesting the protease from kinema could be a metal dependent serine protease or mixture of them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dambar Bahadur Khadka
- Central Department of Food Technology, Tribhuvan University, Dharan, Nepal
- Central Campus of Technology, Tribhuvan University, Dharan, Nepal
| | - Tikaram Pahadi
- Central Campus of Technology, Tribhuvan University, Dharan, Nepal
| | - Sunil Aryal
- Central Department of Food Technology, Tribhuvan University, Dharan, Nepal
| | - Dhan Bahadur Karki
- Central Department of Food Technology, Tribhuvan University, Dharan, Nepal
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Li K, Li G, Liang Y, Zhang R, Peng S, Tan M, Ma D. Structural and enzymatic characterization of a novel metallo-serine keratinase KerJY-23. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 260:129659. [PMID: 38266845 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
KerJY-23 was a novel keratinase from feather-degrading Ectobacillus sp. JY-23, but its enzymatic characterization and structure are still unclear. In this study, the KerJY-23 was obtained by heterologous expression in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3), and enzymatic properties indicated that KerJY-23 was optimal at 60 °C and pH 9.0 and could be promoted by divalent metal ions or reducing agents. Furthermore, KerJY-23 had a broad substrate specificity towards casein, soluble keratin, and expanded feather powder, but its in vitro degradation against chicken feathers required an additional reducing agent. Homology modeling indicated that KerJY-23 contained a highly conserved zinc-binding HELTH motif and a His-Asp-Ser catalytic triad that belonged to the typical characteristics of M4-family metallo-keratinase and serine-keratinase, respectively. Molecular docking revealed that KerJY-23 achieved a reinforced binding on feather keratin via abundant hydrogen bonding interactions. This work not only deepened understanding of the novel and interesting metallo-serine keratinase KerJY-23, but also provided a theoretical basis for realizing the efficient use of waste feather keratin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuntai Li
- College of Food Science and Technology of Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Seafood, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Product of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Ganghui Li
- College of Food Science and Technology of Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Seafood, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Product of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Yingyin Liang
- College of Food Science and Technology of Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Seafood, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Product of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory for the Development and Utilization of Agricultural Microbial Resources, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Shuaiying Peng
- Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory for the Development and Utilization of Agricultural Microbial Resources, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China.
| | - Minghui Tan
- College of Food Science and Technology of Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Seafood, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Product of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Donglin Ma
- College of Food Science and Technology of Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Seafood, Guangdong Province Engineering Laboratory for Marine Biological Products, Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing of Aquatic Product of Guangdong Higher Education Institution, Zhanjiang 524088, China.
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Alici EH, Arabaci G. Strawberry Protease as a Laundry Detergent Additive Candidate: Immobilization, Compatibility Study with Detergent Ingredients, and Washing Performance Test. GLOBAL CHALLENGES (HOBOKEN, NJ) 2024; 8:2300102. [PMID: 38223888 PMCID: PMC10784196 DOI: 10.1002/gch2.202300102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
The potential of strawberry-derived protease as a component of laundry detergent is investigated. The compatibility of the enzyme with various surfactants, oxidizing agents, and commercial detergents is tested. The immobilized enzyme prepared by immobilizing Co2+ ions together with the enzyme is also tested. Strawberry crude protease shows high stability in the presence of surfactants frequently used in detergents. The enzyme is found to be relatively stable to oxidizing agents. In addition, it is determined that strawberry protease works in excellent compatibility with different commercial solid and liquid detergents in the Turkish market and also maintains its stability very well. Washing tests based on visual examination also reveal that the enzyme improves the washing performance of the tested detergent. All these properties and high activity at alkaline pH make this enzyme a very strong candidate for use in laundry detergent formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esma Hande Alici
- Department of ChemistryFaculty of ScienceSakarya UniversitySerdivan‐Sakarya54187Turkey
| | - Gulnur Arabaci
- Department of ChemistryFaculty of ScienceSakarya UniversitySerdivan‐Sakarya54187Turkey
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Hemsinli A, Gurkok S. Evaluation of a novel purified and characterized alkaline protease from the extremophile Exiguobacterium alkaliphilum VLP1 as a detergent additive. Biotechnol J 2024; 19:e2300441. [PMID: 38010865 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202300441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
This study focused on the isolation and identification of a novel alkaline protease-producing strain from Lake Van, the largest soda lake on Earth. The objective was to purify, characterize, and investigate the potential application of protease in the detergent industry. Through a combination of classical and molecular methods, the most potent protease producer was identified as Exiguobacterium alkaliphilum VLP1. The purification process, involving ammonium sulfate precipitation, ultrafiltration, and anion exchange chromatography, resulted in a 45-fold purification with a yield of 6.4% and specific activity of 1169 U mg-1 protein. The enzyme exhibited a molecular weight of 69 kDa, a Km value of 0.4 mm, and a maximal velocity (Vmax ) value of 2000 U mg-1 . The optimum activity was observed at 40°C and potential of hydrogen (pH) 9, while the enzyme also exhibited remarkable stability in the ranges of 30-60°C and pH 9-12. Notably, this study represents the first report of an alkaline protease isolated and characterized from E. alkaliphilum. This study also highlighted the potential of the enzyme as a detergent additive, as it showed compatibility with commercial detergents and effectively removed blood and chocolate stains from fabrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asiye Hemsinli
- Institute of Natural and Applied Sciences, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Sumeyra Gurkok
- Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
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Lyagin I, Aslanli A, Domnin M, Stepanov N, Senko O, Maslova O, Efremenko E. Metal Nanomaterials and Hydrolytic Enzyme-Based Formulations for Improved Antifungal Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11359. [PMID: 37511117 PMCID: PMC10379199 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Active research of metal-containing compounds and enzymes as effective antifungal agents is currently being conducted due to the growing antifungal resistance problem. Metals are attracting special attention due to the wide variety of ligands that can be used for them, including chemically synthesized and naturally obtained variants as a result of the so-called "green synthesis". The main mechanism of the antifungal action of metals is the triggering of the generation and accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Further action of ROS on various biomolecules is nonspecific. Various hydrolytic enzymes (glucanases and proteases), in turn, exhibit antifungal properties by affecting the structural elements of fungal cells (cell walls, membranes), fungal quorum sensing molecules, fungal own protective agents (mycotoxins and antibiotics), and proteins responsible for the adhesion and formation of stable, highly concentrated populations in the form of biofilms. A wide substrate range of enzymes allows the use of various mechanisms of their antifungal actions. In this review, we discuss the prospects of combining two different types of antifungal agents (metals and enzymes) against mycelial fungi and yeast cells. Special attention is paid to the possible influence of metals on the activity of the enzymes and the possible effects of proteins on the antifungal activity of metal-containing compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya Lyagin
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lenin Hills 1/3, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Aysel Aslanli
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lenin Hills 1/3, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Maksim Domnin
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lenin Hills 1/3, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Nikolay Stepanov
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lenin Hills 1/3, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga Senko
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lenin Hills 1/3, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga Maslova
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lenin Hills 1/3, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena Efremenko
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Lenin Hills 1/3, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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