Research methods assessing sodium hypochlorite cytotoxicity: A scoping review

Sodium hypochlorite accident diagnosis and management: Analysis from the literature and the French pharmacovigilance database

PURPOSE

Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) is considered as the reference irrigation solution in endodontics. However, NaOCl-related accidents may occur, and non-dentist health professionals might under-recognize this rare adverse effect although it is potentially severe, with possible medical and aesthetic sequelae. We performed a literature review to provide to non-dentist healthcare professionals a large picture of symptoms, management and potential consequences of NaOCl accidents.

METHODS

We queried PubMed and the French Pharmacovigilance database and retrieved 76 cases for analysis (70 from 57 published articles, and six from the database).

RESULTS

The analysis showed that patients were mostly women (79%), aged around of 42 years, undergoing upper jawbone (74%) endodontic procedure. NaOCl concentration ranged from 1% to 10%, with 0.5 to 30 mL injected. Most cases (86%) corresponded to an accidental extrusion beyond the root apex to the periapical tissues, followed by tissular injection by error (8%) and extrusion into the maxillary sinus (3%). Local symptoms always occurred within 24 h, mostly pain (99%), edema (89%) and/or ecchymosis (61%). Complications were mainly neurological (29%), necrotic (22%) and cutaneous (9%). Most of patients (76%) fully recovered after medical management but 18 (24%) required surgical management.

CONCLUSION

Any healthcare professional should be aware of the classical symptomatic triad of NaOCl accident with sudden pain, haemorrhage/ecchymosis and swelling, to start or recommend adequate management. Patients should be reassured, but a close follow-up is necessary to avoid delayed complication.