Human serum albumin-bound paclitaxel nanoparticle inhibits cervical carcinoma cell proliferation and oxidative damage through CYP3A4 and CYP2C8

Nanoparticle Albumin-Bound Bortezomib: Enhanced Antitumor Efficacy and Tumor Accumulation in Breast Cancer Therapy

Nanoparticle albumin-bound (NAB) formulations are emerging as a viable strategy for the intravenous delivery of poorly water-soluble drugs. This study aims to improve the therapeutic profile of Bortezomib (BTZ), addressing its low solubility and significant systemic toxicity through the development of NAB-BTZ nanoparticles. The synthesized nanoparticles exhibited an average size of 296.47 ± 10 nm and a high drug encapsulation efficiency of 75%, and a drug loading of 10%. NAB-BTZ displayed a controlled, pH-sensitive release profile, with 59% release at pH 5.4 (mimicking tumor environments) and 46% at pH 7.4 after 12 h. In vitro assays demonstrated that NAB-BTZ significantly reduced the viability of 4T1 mammary carcinoma cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner, increasing late apoptosis from 6% to 54% after 48 h, compared to 24% for free BTZ. At molecular level, NAB-BTZ induced apoptosis by upregulating p53 and Bax, downregulating Bcl-2, and activating caspases 3 and 7. In vivo tests in a murine 4T1 breast cancer model showed that NAB-BTZ substantially inhibited tumor growth, achieving an average tumor volume of 916 mm3 by day 31 versus 1400 mm3 for free BTZ, leading to an improved survival rate of 100% compared to 83% in the BTZ group. Technetium-99m (99mTc) labeling and SPECT imaging confirmed enhanced targeting capability, showing preferential accumulation of NAB-BTZ in tumor sites compared to free BTZ. These findings suggest that NAB-BTZ not only improves antitumor efficacy but also enhances its safety profile, underscoring its clinical potential in breast cancer therapy.

Vaginal Ovule Loaded with Bismuth Lipophilic Nanoparticles and Cetylpyridinium Chloride Inhibits Human Cervical Carcinoma and Candida albicans Growth

Bismuth lipophilic nanoparticles (BisBAL NPs) and cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) are antineoplastic and antimicrobial in vitro. As a next pre-clinical step, a clinically viable dosage form for vaginal application was developed. Compendial pharmacopeial tests (mass uniformity, disintegration, and compressive mechanics) and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy were conducted on in-house developed glycerinated gelatin (60:15 v/w) vaginal ovules containing BisBAL NP-CPC. The antimycotic activity of BisBAL NP-CPC vaginal ovules was analyzed using disk diffusion and cell viability XTT assays. The antitumor properties of BisBAL NP-CPC vaginal ovules were assessed by cell viability MTT tests. BisBAL NP-CPC and drug-free vaginal ovules deposited into ex vivo porcine vaginas disaggregated without signs of adverse cytotoxicity within the timespan of clinical efficacy. BisBAL NP-CPC vaginal ovules demonstrated antifungal efficacy comparable to miconazole: C. albicans growth inhibition haloes in diffusion tests were 23 ± 0.968 mm (n = 3) for BisBAL NP-CPC and 20.35 ± 0.899 mm (n = 3) for miconazole. Likewise, BisBAL NP-CPC vaginal ovules reduced HeLa cell growth by 81%, outperforming the clinical reference of 500 μM 5-fluouracil, which induced a 70% growth inhibition. BisBAL NP-CPC incorporated into glycerinated gelatin vaginal ovules constitute an innovative drug delivery system for topical antimycotic and anti-cervical carcinoma treatments.