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Kosaruk W, Brown JL, Towiboon P, Punyapornwithaya V, Pringproa K, Thitaram C. Measures of Oxidative Status Markers in Relation to Age, Sex, and Season in Sick and Healthy Captive Asian Elephants in Thailand. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13091548. [PMID: 37174585 PMCID: PMC10177462 DOI: 10.3390/ani13091548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a pathological condition that can have adverse effects on animal health, although little research has been conducted on wildlife species. In this study, blood was collected from captive Asian elephants for the assessment of five serum oxidative status markers (reactive oxygen species (ROS) concentrations; malondialdehyde, MDA; albumin; glutathione peroxidase, GPx; and catalase) in healthy (n = 137) and sick (n = 20) animals. Health problems consisted of weakness, puncture wounds, gastrointestinal distress, eye and musculoskeletal problems, and elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus hemorrhagic disease (EEHV-HD). Fecal samples were also collected to assess glucocorticoid metabolites (fGCMs) as a measure of stress. All data were analyzed in relation to age, sex, sampling season, and their interactions using generalized linear models, and a correlation matrix was constructed. ROS and serum albumin concentrations exhibited the highest concentrations in aged elephants (>45 years). No sex differences were found for any biomarker. Interactions were observed for age groups and seasons for ROS and catalase, while GPx displayed a significant interaction between sex and season. In pairwise comparisons, significant increases in ROS and catalase were observed in summer, with higher ROS concentrations observed only in the adult female group. Lower catalase activity was exhibited in juvenile males, subadult males, adult females, and aged females compared to subadult and adult elephants (males and females) in winter and the rainy season. There was a positive association between catalase activity and fGCMs (r = 0.23, p < 0.05), and a number of red blood cell parameters were positively associated with several of these biomarkers, suggesting high oxidative and antioxidative activity covary in red cells (p < 0.05). According to health status, elephants with EEHV-HD showed the most significant changes in oxidative stress markers, with MDA, GPx, and catalase being higher and albumin being lower than in healthy elephants. This study provides an analysis of understudied health biomarkers in Asian elephants, which can be used as additional tools for assessing the health condition of this species and suggests age and season may be important factors in data interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Worapong Kosaruk
- Doctoral Degree Program in Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
- Center of Elephant and Wildlife Health, Chiang Mai University Animal Hospital, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
- Elephant, Wildlife, and Companion Animals Research Group, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Janine L Brown
- Center of Elephant and Wildlife Health, Chiang Mai University Animal Hospital, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
- Elephant, Wildlife, and Companion Animals Research Group, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
- Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA 22630, USA
| | - Patcharapa Towiboon
- Center of Elephant and Wildlife Health, Chiang Mai University Animal Hospital, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Veerasak Punyapornwithaya
- Department of Food Animal Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Kidsadagon Pringproa
- Elephant, Wildlife, and Companion Animals Research Group, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
- Department of Veterinary Bioscience and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Chatchote Thitaram
- Center of Elephant and Wildlife Health, Chiang Mai University Animal Hospital, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
- Elephant, Wildlife, and Companion Animals Research Group, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
- Department of Companion Animal and Wildlife Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
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Yan Z, Zou Y, Deng Y, Liu S, Li K, Yang J, Guo X, He R, Zheng W, Xie H. Analysis of role of rat cerebral pericytes in cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage and molecular mechanism of neurovascular injury. Bioengineered 2021; 12:3957-3967. [PMID: 34288796 PMCID: PMC8806491 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.1947630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate mechanism of pericytes in the early stage of subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) and its associated microvascular spasm and neurovascular injury, 100 healthy 8-week-old Sprague-Dawley male rats were taken as subjects and divided into four groups: group A (sham operation, control group), group B (SAH operation group), group C (SAH operation group treated with scutellarin), and group D (SAH operation group treated with L-nitro-arginine). 72 hours after the operation, the rats were conducted assessment of neurological impairment, observation of microangiography, detection of blood-brain barrier permeability, observation of skull base haemorrhage, identification of pericyte culture, and measurement of blood nitric oxide. The results showed that neurological impairment score, degree of micro-vasoconstriction, and BBB permeability of group C were significantly better than those of group B and D (P<0.05), there was no significant difference between group C and group A (P>0.05). There were significantly fewer blood clots in the brain of group C, and the order of expression levels of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) in perioperative cells of the four groups from highest to lowest were D, B, C, and A. Nitric oxide concentration inhibited expression of α-SMA in pericytes after SAH at both protein and mRNA levels. The detection results of nitric oxide in the blood of four groups of rats confirmed that pericyte phenotype conversion and actin α-SMA expression could be prevented by upregulation of nitric oxide in serum, so as to relieve pathological symptoms after SAH operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenxing Yan
- Department of Neurology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yang Zou
- Department of Neurology, Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiting Deng
- Department of Neurology, Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Siqin Liu
- Department of Neurology, Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kaifeng Li
- Department of Neurology, Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Juan Yang
- Department of Neurology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xihua Guo
- Department of Neurology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rongni He
- Department of Neurology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenxia Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University, Foshan, China
| | - Huifang Xie
- Department of Neurology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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