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Cordasco KM, Gable AR, Ganz DA, Brunner JW, Smith AJ, Hertz B, Post EP, Fix GM. Cerner Millennium's Care Pathways for Specialty Care Referrals: Provider and Nurse Experiences, Perceptions, and Recommendations for Improvements. J Gen Intern Med 2023; 38:1007-1014. [PMID: 37798582 PMCID: PMC10593700 DOI: 10.1007/s11606-023-08285-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Using structured templates to guide providers in communicating key information in electronic referrals is an evidence-based practice for improving care quality. To facilitate referrals in Veterans Health Administration's (VA) Cerner Millennium electronic health record, VA and Cerner have created "Care Pathways"-templated electronic forms, capturing needed information and prompting ordering of appropriate pre-referral tests. OBJECTIVE To inform their iterative improvement, we sought to elicit experiences, perceptions, and recommendations regarding Care Pathways from frontline clinicians and staff in the first VA site to deploy Cerner Millennium. DESIGN Qualitative interviews, conducted 12-20 months after Cerner Millennium deployment. PARTICIPANTS We conducted interviews with primary care providers, primary care registered nurses, and specialty providers requesting and/or receiving referrals. APPROACH We used rapid qualitative analysis. Two researchers independently summarized interview transcripts with bullet points; summaries were merged by consensus. Constant comparison was used to sort bullet points into themes. A matrix was used to view bullet points by theme and participant. RESULTS Some interviewees liked aspects of the Care Pathways, expressing appreciation of their premise and logic. However, interviewees commonly expressed frustration with their poor usability across multiple attributes. Care Pathways were reported as being inefficient; lacking simplicity, naturalness, consistency, and effective use of language; imposing an unacceptable cognitive load; and not employing forgiveness and feedback for errors. Specialists reported not receiving the information needed for referral triaging. CONCLUSIONS Cerner Millennium's Care Pathways, and their associated organizational policies and processes, need substantial revision across several usability attributes. Problems with design and technical limitations are compounding challenges in using standardized templates nationally, across VA sites having diverse organizational and contextual characteristics. VA is actively working to make improvements; however, significant additional investments are needed for Care Pathways to achieve their intended purpose of optimizing specialty care referrals for Veterans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina M Cordasco
- VA HSR&D Center for the Study of Healthcare Innovation, Implementation and Policy, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Medicine, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Alicia R Gable
- VA HSR&D Center for the Study of Healthcare Innovation, Implementation and Policy, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - David A Ganz
- VA HSR&D Center for the Study of Healthcare Innovation, Implementation and Policy, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA, USA
| | - Julian W Brunner
- VA HSR&D Center for the Study of Healthcare Innovation, Implementation and Policy, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Brian Hertz
- Edward Hines Jr. VA Hospital, Hines, IL, USA
- Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL, USA
- VA Central Office, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Edward P Post
- VA Central Office, Washington, DC, USA
- Ann Arbor VA Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Gemmae M Fix
- Center for Healthcare Organization & Implementation Research, VA Bedford Healthcare System, Bedford, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Health Law Policy & Management, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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Michaels M, Hangsleben M, Sherwood A, Skapik J, Larsen K. Adapted Kaizen: Multi-Organizational Complex Process Redesign for Adapting Clinical Guidelines for the Digital Age. Am J Med Qual 2023; 38:S46-S59. [PMID: 37668273 PMCID: PMC10476597 DOI: 10.1097/jmq.0000000000000133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
The need for a method to examine complex, multidisciplinary processes involving many diverse organizations initially led multiple US federal agencies to adopt the traditional Kaizen, a Lean process improvement method typically used within a single organization, to encompass multiple organizations each with its own leadership and priorities. First, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services and the Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology adapted Kaizen to federal agency processes for the development of electronic clinical quality measures. Later, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) further modified this adapted Kaizen during its Adapting Clinical Guidelines for the Digital Age (ACG) initiative, which aimed to improve the broader scope of guideline development and implementation. This is a methods article to document the adapted Kaizen method for future use in similar complex processes, illustrating how to apply the adapted Kaizen through CDC's ACG initiative and showing the reach achieved by using the adapted Kaizen method. The adapted Kaizen includes pre-Kaizen planning, a Kaizen event, and post-Kaizen implementation that accommodate multidisciplinary and multi-organizational participation. ACG included 5 workgroups that each developed products to support their respective scope: Guideline Creation, Informatics Framework, Translation and Implementation, Communication and Dissemination, and Evaluation. Despite challenges gathering diverse perspectives and balancing the competing priorities of multiple organizations, the ACG participants produced interrelated standards, processes, and tools-further described in separate publications-that programs and partners have leveraged. Use of a siloed approach may not have supported the development and dissemination of these products.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mindy Hangsleben
- Former HHS Entrepreneur-in-Residence (Lean Innovation Fellow), US Department of Health and Human Services – Office of the National Coordinator for Health IT (ONC), Washington, DC
- Former HHS Entrepreneur-in-Residence (Lean Innovation Fellow), US Department of Health and Human Services – Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS): Quality Measurement and Health Assessment Group, Baltimore, MD
- Varyn Consulting LLC, Saint Louis Park, MN
| | - Amy Sherwood
- Former HHS Entrepreneur-in-Residence (Lean Innovation Fellow), US Department of Health and Human Services – Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS): Quality Measurement and Health Assessment Group, Baltimore, MD
| | - Julia Skapik
- National Association of Community Health Centers, Bethesda, MD
| | - Kevin Larsen
- Optum, Eden Prairie, MN
- University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
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Cross DA, Adler-Milstein J. Progress toward Digital Transformation in an Evolving Post-acute Landscape. Innov Aging 2022; 6:igac021. [PMID: 35712324 PMCID: PMC9196682 DOI: 10.1093/geroni/igac021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Digitization has been a central pillar of structural investments to promote organizational capacity for transformation, and yet skilled nursing facilities (SNFs) and other post-acute providers have been excluded and/or delayed in benefitting from the past decade of substantial public and private sector investment in information technology (IT). These settings have limited internal capacity and resources to invest in digital capabilities on their own, propagating a limited infrastructure that may only further sideline SNFs and their role in an ever-evolving healthcare landscape that needs to be focused on age-friendly, high-value care. Meaningful progress will require continuous refinement of supportive policy, financial investment, and scalable organizational best practices specific to the SNF context. In this essay, we lay out an action agenda to move from age-agnostic to age-friendly digital transformation. Key to the value proposition of these efforts is a focus on interoperability- the seamless exchange of electronic health information across settings that is critical for care coordination and for providers to have the information they need to make safe and appropriate care decisions. Interoperability is not synonymous with digital transformation, but a foundational building block for its potential. We characterize the current state of digitization in SNFs in the context of key health IT policy advancements over the past decade, identifying ongoing and emergent policy work where the digitization needs of SNFs and other post-acute settings can be better addressed. We also discuss accompanying implementation considerations and strategies for optimally translating policy efforts into impactful practice change across an ever-evolving post-acute landscape. Acting on these insights at the policy and practice level provides cautious optimism that nursing home care – and care for older adults across the care continuum – may benefit more equitably from the promise of future digitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dori A Cross
- Division of Health Policy and Management, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Julia Adler-Milstein
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Center for Clinical Informatics and Improvement Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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Wilson NA, Tcheng JE, Graham J, Drozda JP. Advancing Patient Safety Surrounding Medical Devices: A Health System Roadmap to Implement Unique Device Identification at the Point of Care. MEDICAL DEVICES-EVIDENCE AND RESEARCH 2021; 14:411-421. [PMID: 34880686 PMCID: PMC8645947 DOI: 10.2147/mder.s339232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The US Food and Drug Administration’s Unique Device Identification System Rule of 2013 mandated manufacturers to assign unique device identifiers (UDIs) to their medical devices. Most high-risk (Class III), moderate-risk (Class II) and implantable devices now have UDIs. To achieve the necessary next step for a comprehensive UDI-enabled system for patient safety, UDIs must be electronically documented during patient care, a process not routinely done. The purpose of this research was to study the implementation experiences of diverse health systems in order to develop a roadmap for UDI implementation at the point of care. Methods Semi-structured interviews were conducted with personnel at health systems that had implemented UDI for implantable devices in their cardiac catheterization labs or operating rooms. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, and analyzed using the framework methodology of Ritchie and Spencer. Data interpretation involved development of a conceptual model and detailed recommendations for UDI implementation. An expert panel evaluated and provided input on the roadmap. Results Twenty-four interviews at ten health systems were conducted by phone. Participants described implementation steps, factors and barriers impacting implementation. Findings populated a UDI implementation roadmap, that includes Foundational Themes, Key Components, Key Steps, UDI Use, and Outcomes. Conclusions and Implications The UDI implementation roadmap provides a framework for health systems to address the necessary steps and multilevel factors that underpin UDI implementation at the point of care. It is intended to guide and advance routine electronic documentation of UDIs for devices used during clinical care, the critical next step for a comprehensive UDI-enabled system to enhance medical device safety and effectiveness for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia A Wilson
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - James E Tcheng
- Duke University School of Medicine and Health System, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jove Graham
- Center for Pharmacy Innovation and Outcomes, Geisinger, Danville, PA, USA
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Pittau B, Palla P, Pettinau F, Mastino A. A New Tool for an Awareness Plan Concerning Critical Issues, Needs and Attitudes of Citizens on the Use of Medicines. Healthcare (Basel) 2021; 9:healthcare9111409. [PMID: 34828455 PMCID: PMC8619083 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare9111409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This article describes a pilot study to test the adequacy of a newly developed tool for an awareness plan on the importance of properly using pharmaceuticals. The new tool consists of face-to-face interviews with adult citizens on their approach to the use of medicines and of the following data analysis with a dedicated software application. The pilot study was carried out in a sample area of Sardinia, in Italy. The data from the interviews collected anonymously and analysed in aggregate actually emphasised the critical issues and needs in the use of pharmaceuticals in the sample area involved, also encouraging communication among different actors. The pilot study revealed that the designed tool could represent a novel strategy to stimulate interchanges of information on the proper use of pharmaceuticals with a potential impact on people's health.
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Alnowibet K, Abduljabbar A, Ahmad S, Alqasem L, Alrajeh N, Guiso L, Zaindin M, Varanasi M. Healthcare Human Resources: Trends and Demand in Saudi Arabia. Healthcare (Basel) 2021; 9:healthcare9080955. [PMID: 34442091 PMCID: PMC8394872 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare9080955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper estimates the impact of policies on the current status of Healthcare Human Resources (HHR) in Saudi Arabia and explores the initiatives that will be adopted to achieve Saudi Vision 2030. Retrospective time-series data from the Ministry of Health (MOH) and statistical yearbooks between 2003 and 2015 are analyzed to identify the impact of these policies on the health sector and the number of Saudi and non-Saudi physicians, nurses and allied health specialists employed by MOH, Other Government Hospitals (OGH) and Private Sector Hospitals (PSH). Moreover, multiple regressions are performed with respect to project data until 2030 and meaningful inferences are drawn. As a local supply of professional medical falls short of demand, either policy to foster an increase in supply are adopted or the Saudization policies must be relaxed. The discrepancies are identified in terms of a high rate of non-compliance of Saudization in the private sector and this is being countered with alternative measures which are discussed in this paper. The study also analyzed the drivers of HHR demand, supply and discussed the research implications on policy and society. The findings suggest that the 2011 national Saudization policy yielded the desired results mostly regarding allied health specialists and nurses. This study will enable decision-makers in the healthcare sector to measure the effectiveness of the new policies and, hence, whether to continue in implementing them or to revise them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Alnowibet
- Department of Statistics and Operations Research, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (L.A.); (M.Z.)
- Correspondence: or
| | - Adel Abduljabbar
- Department of Psychology, College of Education, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Shafiq Ahmad
- Department of Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Latifah Alqasem
- Department of Statistics and Operations Research, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (L.A.); (M.Z.)
| | - Nabil Alrajeh
- Department of Biomedical Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Luigi Guiso
- Department of Economics, Institute for Economics and Finance, 00118 Rome, Italy;
| | - Mazin Zaindin
- Department of Statistics and Operations Research, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (L.A.); (M.Z.)
| | - Madhusudhan Varanasi
- Department of Management, College of Business Administration, Al-Yamamah University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
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Whaley P, Edwards SW, Kraft A, Nyhan K, Shapiro A, Watford S, Wattam S, Wolffe T, Angrish M. Knowledge Organization Systems for Systematic Chemical Assessments. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2020; 128:125001. [PMID: 33356525 PMCID: PMC7759237 DOI: 10.1289/ehp6994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the implementation of systematic review and evidence mapping methods stands to improve the transparency and accuracy of chemical assessments, they also accentuate the challenges that assessors face in ensuring they have located and included all the evidence that is relevant to evaluating the potential health effects an exposure might be causing. This challenge of information retrieval can be characterized in terms of "semantic" and "conceptual" factors that render chemical assessments vulnerable to the streetlight effect. OBJECTIVES This commentary presents how controlled vocabularies, thesauruses, and ontologies contribute to overcoming the streetlight effect in information retrieval, making up the key components of Knowledge Organization Systems (KOSs) that enable more systematic access to assessment-relevant information than is currently achievable. The concept of Adverse Outcome Pathways is used to illustrate what a general KOS for use in chemical assessment could look like. DISCUSSION Ontologies are an underexploited element of effective knowledge organization in the environmental health sciences. Agreeing on and implementing ontologies in chemical assessment is a complex but tractable process with four fundamental steps. Successful implementation of ontologies would not only make currently fragmented information about health risks from chemical exposures vastly more accessible, it could ultimately enable computational methods for chemical assessment that can take advantage of the full richness of data described in natural language in primary studies. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP6994.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Whaley
- Evidence Based Toxicology Collaboration, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Stephen W. Edwards
- GenOmics, Bioinformatics, and Translational Research Center, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Andrew Kraft
- Chemical Pollutant Assessment Division, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA), Washington, DC, USA
| | - Kate Nyhan
- Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health and Harvey Cushing/John Hay Whitney Medical Library, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Andrew Shapiro
- Chemical Pollutant Assessment Division, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA), Washington, DC, USA
| | - Sean Watford
- National Center for Computational Toxicology, U.S. EPA, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Steve Wattam
- WAP Academy Consultancy Ltd, Thirsk, Yorkshire, UK
| | - Taylor Wolffe
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Michelle Angrish
- Chemical Pollutant Assessment Division, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, U.S. EPA, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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