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Wang S, Liu H, Yang P, Wang Z, Chen S. Current Understanding of Timing of Surgical Repair for Ventricular Septal Rupture following Acute Myocardial Infarction. Cardiology 2024:1-14. [PMID: 38643761 DOI: 10.1159/000538967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ventricular septal rupture (VSR) is a mechanical issue that can occur following an acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and has a high mortality rate. It requires a comprehensive, team-based approach for prompt diagnosis and maintaining stable blood flow. While the occurrence of VSR has lessened over the past hundred years and advancements have been made in treatment techniques, the mortality rate within 30 days can still surpass 40 percent. Surgery is the primary treatment method. For patients with stable blood flow, it is generally considered safer to perform surgery 4-6 weeks after the AMI to repair the VSR. However, the timing of surgery for patients with early instability in their blood flow is still a topic of debate. SUMMARY There is a lack of set criteria and standards to determine the best time for surgery in patients with VSR following an infarction who have unstable blood flow, especially when considering the use of blood circulation support devices and other techniques for maintaining blood flow that are used in clinical settings. KEY MESSAGES This review outlines the features of different mechanical circulatory support devices utilized in treating VSR, along with the current scoring system designed to direct the treatment approach for VSR patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilin Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China,
| | - Hao Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Peiwen Yang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhiwen Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shu Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Shi J, Levett J, Lv H, Zhang G, Wang S, Wei T, Wang Z, Zhang X, Feng D, Wang K, Liu Q, Shum-Tim D. Surgical repair of post myocardial infarction ventricular septal defect: a retrospective analysis of a single institution experience. J Cardiothorac Surg 2023; 18:313. [PMID: 37950265 PMCID: PMC10638688 DOI: 10.1186/s13019-023-02418-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ventricular septal defect (VSD) is a mechanical complication of acute myocardial infarction (MI) with a very high mortality, despite advances in surgical and circulatory support. The tremendous hemodynamic disturbance and the severely fragile myocardium render surgical repair a great challenge. The optimal time of surgical repair with or without circulatory support is still controversial. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to review our experience with early surgical repair of post-MI VSD in a single major cardiac institution in China. METHODS From January 2013 to October 2020, 9consecutive patients presented to our emergency department with a diagnosis of post-MI VSD. Among them, 8 were male, and the mean age was 58 ± 7years. The mean VSD size was 22.5 ± 5.7 mm. In all patients, an intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP)was inserted immediately after admission to cardiac surgery service. All patients were operated at a mean of 3.3 ± 2.9 days, and 4 within 24 h of the rupture (range 1 to 9 days post-VSD). In 5 cases, the VSD was located superiorly, and 4 cases in the posterior septum. RESULTS The overall 30-day mortality was 11% (1/9). Coronary angiography was performed in all nine patients, four with single vessel disease had coronary stents implanted, and the other five received concomitant coronary artery bypass grafting during VSD repair surgery. There was no death in all 5 patients with anterior septal perforation. One patient with posterior septal perforation died in the operating room due to bleeding from the ventriculotomy site. Three survived patients were diagnosed with a small residual defect and mild left to right shunt post-repair. However, no further intervention was required, and patients remained asymptomatic (Killip II in 1 and III in 2). CONCLUSION In our experience, immediate insertion of IABP and hemodynamic stabilization with early surgical intervention of VSD repair and concomitant coronary revascularization provided an 89% survival rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Shi
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, China.
| | - Jeremy Levett
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Haiyu Lv
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Guoan Zhang
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Sha Wang
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Tao Wei
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhikun Wang
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Dawei Feng
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Kan Wang
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Dominique Shum-Tim
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Surgery, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Ronco D, Corazzari C, Matteucci M, Massimi G, Di Mauro M, Ravaux JM, Beghi C, Lorusso R. Effects of concomitant coronary artery bypass grafting on early and late mortality in the treatment of post-infarction mechanical complications: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Cardiothorac Surg 2022; 11:210-225. [PMID: 35733718 PMCID: PMC9207702 DOI: 10.21037/acs-2021-ami-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mechanical complications of acute myocardial infarction represent life-threatening events, including ventricular septal rupture (VSR), left ventricular free-wall rupture (LVFWR) and papillary muscle rupture (PMR). In-hospital mortality is high, even when prompt surgery can be offered. The role of concomitant coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) in the surgical treatment of these conditions is still debated. METHODS A systematic review of the literature, from 2000 onwards, about these complications was performed, analyzing data of subjects receiving versus not-receiving concomitant CABG. Primary outcome was early mortality. Secondary outcome was late mortality for hospital survivors. Subgroup analysis for VSR, LVFWR and PMR was also performed. RESULTS Thirty-six studies were identified, including 4,321 patients (mostly VSR-related). Preoperative coronarography was performed in 92.2% of the cases, showing single-vessel disease in 54.3% of patients. Concomitant CABG rate was 49.0%. Early mortality was 32.6% and late mortality was 40.0% with 5.2 years of mean follow-up. The analysis showed no difference in early (OR 0.96; P=0.60) or late mortality (RR 0.91; P=0.49) between CABG and non-CABG group. In subgroup analysis, concomitant CABG was associated with significantly lower mortality at long term for PMR (RR 0.42; P=0.001), although it showed a higher, but not significant, mortality in VSR (RR 1.24; P=0.20). CONCLUSIONS Concomitant CABG in the treatment for post-infarction mechanical complications showed no significant impact on both early and late mortality, although deserving some distinctions among different types of complication and single versus multiple vessel disease. However, larger, dedicated studies are required to provide more consistent data and evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Ronco
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Heart and Vascular Centre, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Circolo Hospital, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Claudio Corazzari
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Heart and Vascular Centre, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Circolo Hospital, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Matteo Matteucci
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Heart and Vascular Centre, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Circolo Hospital, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Giulio Massimi
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Heart and Vascular Centre, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Circolo Hospital, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Michele Di Mauro
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Heart and Vascular Centre, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Justine M. Ravaux
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Heart and Vascular Centre, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Cesare Beghi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Circolo Hospital, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Roberto Lorusso
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Heart and Vascular Centre, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Surgical Repair of Postinfarction Ventricular Septal Rupture: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Ann Thorac Surg 2021; 112:326-337. [DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2020.08.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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In-hospital outcome of patients with post-MI VSD: a single-center study. KARDIOCHIRURGIA I TORAKOCHIRURGIA POLSKA = POLISH JOURNAL OF CARDIO-THORACIC SURGERY 2019; 15:227-232. [PMID: 30647745 PMCID: PMC6329881 DOI: 10.5114/kitp.2018.80918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Ventricular septal defect (VSD) is a rare but life-threatening complication of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). There is a paucity of data regarding the natural history of this devastating complication of myocardial infarction in the Middle East region with restricted financial resources and unsolved major health problems. Aim To evaluate the clinical presentation and in-hospital outcome of patients with post-infarction VSD over a 10-year period in a tertiary center in northwest Iran. Material and methods Data from 64 consecutive patients with VSD complicating AMI were retrospectively analyzed from March 2005 to May 2015. Results The mean age of the patients was 71.62 ±9.38 years with 57.8% of them being female. The VSDs were anterior in 52 (82%) patients. More than half of patients were in cardiogenic shock during the initial presentation. Multivessel coronary artery disease was found on coronary angiography in 70.3% of patients. In-hospital mortality was 82.8%. Multivariate analysis revealed cardiogenic shock (HR = 12.5, p = 0.001) as the only independent predictor of in-hospital mortality and surgical treatment as the only predictor of in-hospital survival (HR = 0.2, p = 0.02). Conclusions Our study demonstrated that VSD complicating myocardial infarction had an extremely high in-hospital mortality rate. Cardiogenic shock was the only independent predictor of in-hospital mortality and surgical treatment was the only predictor of in-hospital survival.
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Blakey J, Crispo M, Bickford A, Stoute S. Fowl cholera and acute heart rupture in a backyard turkey. J Vet Diagn Invest 2019; 31:390-394. [PMID: 30636539 DOI: 10.1177/1040638718823850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pasteurella multocida is the causative agent of fowl cholera, an economically important disease of commercial and backyard poultry. Turkeys are particularly susceptible to fowl cholera; both backyard and commercial turkeys can succumb to disease. On April 10, 2018, a dead 9-mo-old male Bronze turkey was submitted to the California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System (CAHFS)-Turlock branch for postmortem examination. History included previous housing and fighting with another male turkey, after which separation by a fence was instituted. Fighting continued, and depression and anorexia of 2 d duration was followed by acute collapse and death. At autopsy, blood clots markedly expanded the pericardium, and a tear was visible in the left ventricular free wall. Vegetative aortic valvular lesions were observed. Microscopically, infarcts were observed in kidney, liver, heart, spleen, and pancreas, with large numbers of gram-negative bacterial colonies present in most organs. P. multocida was isolated from multiple organs, and identified as serotype 2,5 and fingerprint 1604. Septic embolization from the vegetative valvular aortic lesions likely led to infarcts in multiple organs, including the left ventricular free wall, which ultimately caused weakening of the ventricular wall, ventricular rupture, and exsanguination into the pericardial space. Rupture of the left ventricular free wall has not been previously documented in turkeys with P. multocida infection, to our knowledge, and demonstrates an atypical presentation of fowl cholera in this backyard turkey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Blakey
- California Animal Health & Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California-Davis, Turlock Branch, Turlock, CA
| | - Manuela Crispo
- California Animal Health & Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California-Davis, Turlock Branch, Turlock, CA
| | - Arthur Bickford
- California Animal Health & Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California-Davis, Turlock Branch, Turlock, CA
| | - Simone Stoute
- California Animal Health & Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California-Davis, Turlock Branch, Turlock, CA
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