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Yadav S, Yugandhar P, Alavilli H, Raliya R, Singh A, Sahi SV, Sarkar AK, Jain A. Potassium Chloroaurate-Mediated In Vitro Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles Improved Root Growth by Crosstalk with Sucrose and Nutrient-Dependent Auxin Homeostasis in Arabidopsis thaliana. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12122099. [PMID: 35745438 PMCID: PMC9230854 DOI: 10.3390/nano12122099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
In a hydroponic system, potassium chloroaurate (KAuCl4) triggers the in vitro sucrose (Suc)-dependent formation of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). AuNPs stimulate the growth of the root system, but their molecular mechanism has not been deciphered. The root system of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) exhibits developmental plasticity in response to the availability of various nutrients, Suc, and auxin. Here, we showed the roles of Suc, phosphorus (P), and nitrogen (N) in facilitating a AuNPs-mediated increase in root growth. Furthermore, the recuperating effects of KAuCl4 on the natural (IAA) auxin-mediated perturbation of the root system were demonstrated. Arabidopsis seedlings harboring the cell division marker CycB1;1::CDB-GUS provided evidence of the restoration efficacy of KAuCl4 on the IAA-mediated inhibitory effect on meristematic cell proliferation of the primary and lateral roots. Arabidopsis harboring synthetic auxin DR5rev::GFP exhibited a reinstating effect of KAuCl4 on IAA-mediated aberration in auxin subcellular localization in the root. KAuCl4 also exerted significant and differential recuperating effects on the IAA-mediated altered expression of the genes involved in auxin signaling and biosynthetic pathways in roots. Our results highlight the crosstalk between KAuCl4-mediated improved root growth and Suc and nutrient-dependent auxin homeostasis in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Yadav
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India; (S.Y.); (A.S.)
| | - Poli Yugandhar
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Rice Research, Hyderabad 500030, India;
| | - Hemasundar Alavilli
- Department of Bioresources Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea;
| | - Ramesh Raliya
- Aerosol and Air Quality Research Laboratory, Department of Energy, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA;
| | - Archita Singh
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India; (S.Y.); (A.S.)
| | - Shivendra V. Sahi
- Department of Biology, University City Campus, Saint Joseph's University, 600 S. 43rd St., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;
| | - Ananda K. Sarkar
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India;
| | - Ajay Jain
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur 303002, India
- Correspondence:
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Fontes C, Oliveira AP, Batista JVC, Martins C, Rossi A, Yapuchura ER, Furtado P, Meireles P, Capella MAM, Picciani PHS, Holandino C. Physicochemical Properties of Zinc and Lactose in Solid Mixtures: Influence of Trituration Process. HOMEOPATHY 2021; 111:164-175. [PMID: 34820794 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1735984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent experimental results supporting the dynamization process show modification in the characteristics of solid mixtures. OBJECTIVE The present work aims to evaluate the physicochemical properties of metallic zinc and lactose, evidencing the interactions between all chemical components presented in dynamized solid mixtures by analytical techniques. METHODS Mixtures of zinc and lactose (1:9 w/w) were successively triturated at the same proportion according to the Brazilian Homeopathic Pharmacopoeia, receiving the designation of 10-1 - 10-6 (1dH - 6dH). All samples were submitted to the following characterization techniques: Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Thermogravimetry (TG), and Raman Spectroscopy (RS). RESULTS AAS results detected 97.0% of zinc in the raw material, and the triturated zinc lactose system (ZnMet) presented mean values similar to those expected for the physical mixtures: i.e., 9.94%, 1.23%, and 0.11% in the three first proportions (10-1, 10-2, 10-3), respectively. SEM images showed particle size reduction due to the trituration process. The XRD assays of ZnMet 10-3 and 10-6 indicated peak changes at 12.3° and 43.26°, probably associated with modifications of inter-atomic crystalline spacing. The thermal analysis results of dynamized samples suggest modifications in the chemical interaction between zinc and lactose induced by the physical forces applied. RS experiments showed variation in vibration frequencies due to the dynamization procedure, in which marked ZnMet 10-6 spectral modifications were detected at 357, 477, 1086 and 1142 cm-1, and in the wavelength range 860-920 cm-1. CONCLUSION These results highlight the importance of applying suitable characterization methods to improve our understanding of the properties of homeopathic solid mixtures, whereas the uses of sensitive tools evidence the influence of trituration on the crystalline properties and in the enthalpy variation of dynamized samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa Fontes
- Multidisciplinary Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacy College, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Adriana P Oliveira
- Multidisciplinary Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacy College, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - João V C Batista
- Multidisciplinary Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacy College, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cleo Martins
- Department of Applied Physics, Brazilian Center of Research in Physics, Urca, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - André Rossi
- Department of Applied Physics, Brazilian Center of Research in Physics, Urca, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Enrique R Yapuchura
- Laboratory of Carbon and Ceramic Materials, Department of Physics, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Priscila Furtado
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmacy College, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Paloma Meireles
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmacy College, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcia Alves Marques Capella
- Multidisciplinary Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacy College, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,LaRBio, Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Paulo H S Picciani
- Institute of Macromolecules Professora Eloisa Mano, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carla Holandino
- Multidisciplinary Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacy College, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Loonat A, Pellow J, Abrahamse H, Chandran R. Can Nanoparticles in Homeopathic Remedies Enhance Phototherapy of Cancer? A Hypothetical Model. HOMEOPATHY 2021; 111:217-225. [PMID: 34788870 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1735581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The continuous rise in cancer incidence places a massive burden on the health sector to increase efforts in the fight against cancer. As a holistic complementary medicine modality, homeopathy has the potential to assist in the supportive and palliative treatment of cancer patients. Recent empirical studies demonstrate the presence of silica and original source nanoparticles in ultra-high dilutions of several homeopathic medicines. Recent studies have also demonstrated the efficacy of phototherapy in inducing the ablation of cancer cells through laser-activated nanoparticle photosensitizers. A new hypothetical research model is presented herein, in an attempt to investigate and compare the phototherapeutic effects of homeopathic source nanoparticles with photosensitizing nanoparticle agents that have previously been tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha Loonat
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Department of Complementary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Janice Pellow
- Department of Complementary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Heidi Abrahamse
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Rahul Chandran
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
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da Silva TH, Guimarães ICSB, Martins MM, Saran Netto A. Prophylactic use of an ultra-diluted complex on health, metabolism, and performance of weaned Holstein calves and its carryover effect up to first lactation. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:12912-12924. [PMID: 34538483 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of an ultra-diluted complex supplemented as a prophylactic strategy on the incidence risk of diseases, metabolism, and performance of weaned Holstein calves immediately after grouping. Additionally, the objective was to investigate the carryover effects on heifer-raising and first-lactation periods, in a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. A total of 184 weaned Holstein calves (83 ± 7.9 d of life; 112.5 ± 11.7 kg of body weight; values are mean ± standard deviation) were allocated to 8 paddocks in a completely randomized block design experiment. During a 112-d period, animals received a total mixed ration and were randomly allocated into 2 groups: (1) CON: placebo-control (basal diet + calcium carbonate, top-dressed at 30 g/animal per day of placebo), or (2) UD: ultra-diluted complex (basal diet + TopVita-Real H, top-dressed at 30 g/animal per day of sulfur (10-60) + viola tricolor (10-14) + caladium seguinum (10-30) + zincum oxydatum (10-30) + phosphorus (10-60) + carduus marianus (10-60) + colibacillinum (10-30) + podophyllum (10-30) + vehicle: calcium carbonate; quantum sufficit 1 kg). Incidence risk of diseases, number of days with disease, and mortality events were recorded daily. Performance measurements and blood collection were carried out at enrollment and every 28 d until the end of the study period. The incidence risk of digestive problems was higher for the CON group. Additionally, the CON group had higher cumulative number of days per calf affected by tick-borne disease. Blood analysis revealed that CON calves had increased mean corpuscular hemoglobin amount and concentration than UD calves on d 28 after enrollment and had increased serum albumin and total protein concentration on d 84. Furthermore, higher albumin to globulin ratio was found in CON calves than in those of UD group at enrollment; however, on d 56, the inverse was observed. On d 28 after enrollment, CON calves had increased serum cortisol concentration. Regarding body measurements, higher withers height and body depth were detected in UD calves, on d 28 and d 84, respectively. Finally, higher culling risk was observed in the CON group during the heifer-raising period. In conclusion, a lower incidence risk of digestive problems and days with tick-borne disease were detected in the UD group. Additionally, systemic inflammation was improved by UD complex based on circulating inflammation and stress biomarkers on specific days after enrollment. However, UD product did not improve performance at the post-weaning, heifer-raising, and first-lactation periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- T H da Silva
- Department of Animal Science, School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of Sao Paulo, Pirassununga, SP 13635-900 Brazil.
| | - I C S B Guimarães
- Department of Animal Science, School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of Sao Paulo, Pirassununga, SP 13635-900 Brazil
| | - M M Martins
- Department of Animal Science, School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of Sao Paulo, Pirassununga, SP 13635-900 Brazil
| | - A Saran Netto
- Department of Animal Science, School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of Sao Paulo, Pirassununga, SP 13635-900 Brazil
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Kar N, Gupta D, Bellare J. Ethanol affects fibroblast behavior differentially at low and high doses: A comprehensive, dose-response evaluation. Toxicol Rep 2021; 8:1054-1066. [PMID: 34307054 PMCID: PMC8296147 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ethanol exhibits hormetic response in terms of cellular activity. 1 % (v/v) ethanol concentration demarcates non-toxic and toxic range. Different types of mitochondrial impairment identified at high dose. Cellular toxicity is accompanied by an increase in cellular stiffness. Dose-dependent cellular stress response to toxicity is observed.
This study aims to develop a comprehensive understanding of effects of low and high doses of ethanol on cellular biochemistry and morphology. Here, fibroblast cells are exposed to ethanol of varied concentrations [0.005−10 % (v/v)] to investigate cellular activity, cytoskeletal organization, cellular stiffness, mitochondrial structure, and real-time behavior. Our results indicate a sharp difference in cellular behavior above and below 1 % ethanol concentration. A two-fold increase in MTT activity at low doses is observed, whereas at high doses it decreases. This increased activity at low doses does not involve cell proliferation changes or mitochondrial impairment, as seen at higher doses. Moreover, the study identifies different types of mitochondrial structure impairment at high doses. Morphologically, cells demonstrate a gradual change in cytoskeletal organization and an increase in cell stiffness with increase in doses. Cells exhibit adaptation to sub-toxic doses of ethanol, wherein recovery from ethanol-induced stress is a dose-dependent phenomenon. Cell survival at low doses and toxicity at higher doses are attributed to mild and strong oxidative stress, respectively. Overall, the study provides a comprehensive understanding of dose-dependent effects of ethanol, manifesting its biphasic or hormetic response, biochemically, at low doses and illustrating its toxicological effects at higher doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelakshi Kar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400076, India
| | - Deepak Gupta
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400076, India
| | - Jayesh Bellare
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400076, India.,Wadhwani Research Centre for Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400076, India
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Ullman D. Exploring Possible Mechanisms of Hormesis and Homeopathy in the Light of Nanopharmacology and Ultra-High Dilutions. Dose Response 2021; 19:15593258211022983. [PMID: 34177397 PMCID: PMC8207273 DOI: 10.1177/15593258211022983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Serially diluted succussed solutions of a suitable drug/toxic substance can exhibit physicochemical and biological properties even far beyond Avogadro's limit defying conventional wisdom. They can show hormesis, and homeopathy uses them as medicines. Many studies confirm that they can have an impact on gene expression different than controls. Water in the exclusion zone phase can have memory but for a short period. However, the nanoparticle as the physical substrate can hold information. Nanoparticle and exclusion zone duo as nanoparticle-exclusion zone shell can provide a prolonged memory. The Nanoparticle-Exclusion Zone Shell Model may be an important step toward explaining the nature and bioactivity of serially diluted succussed solutions used as homeopathic medicines. This model may also provide insight into the workings of hormesis. Hormesis is the primary phenomenon through which homeopathic phenomenon may have evolved exhibiting the principle of similars. Hahnemann exploited it to establish homeopathy. The nanoparticle-exclusion zone shells present in the remedy, selected on the principle of similars, can be patient-specific nanoparticles in a symptom syndrome-specific manner. They can carry the drug-specific information for safer clinical applications in an amplified form for high yielding. It suggests homeopathy is a type of nanopharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Ullman
- Homeopathic Educational Services, Berkeley, CA, USA
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7
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Nandy P, Bhar D. Active principle in potentised medicines: Nanoparticle versus quantum domain – An overview. INDIAN JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN HOMOEOPATHY 2021. [DOI: 10.4103/ijrh.ijrh_5_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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8
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Tournier A, Würtenberger S, Klein SD, Baumgartner S. Physicochemical Investigations of Homeopathic Preparations: A Systematic Review and Bibliometric Analysis-Part 3. J Altern Complement Med 2020; 27:45-57. [PMID: 33121261 DOI: 10.1089/acm.2020.0243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: In parts I and II of our review of physicochemical research performed on homeopathic preparations, we identified relevant publications and analyzed the data in terms of individual experiments, looking for the most promising techniques that were used in the past. In this third part, we analyze the results of the experiments seeking to extract information about the possible modes of action underpinning homeopathic preparations. Methods: We summarized the results from the 11 experimental areas previously introduced, extracting the general findings and trends. We also summarized the results in terms of specific research topics: aging, medium used for potentization, sample volume, temperature, material of potentization vessel, and, finally, the use of molecules to probe homeopathic samples. Results: We identified a number of effects that appear consistently throughout the data: Differences to controls seem to increase with: time, moderate temperature, small samples volume, and in ionic medium, whereas high temperatures seem to abolish differences to controls. Based on the present analysis, there is no consistent evidence to date for the nanoparticle hypothesis to explain specific homeopathic treatment effects. However, the quantum coherence domain hypothesis, the dynamic water cluster hypothesis, and the weak quantum theory are still contenders and need to be further assessed experimentally. Conclusions: The field requires further targeted experimentation to validate past findings reporting differences between homeopathic dilutions and controls, and to expand these findings by specifically testing the three main working hypotheses that are currently at hand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Tournier
- Institute of Complementary and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Water Research Lab, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sandra Würtenberger
- Scientific & Regulatory Affairs, Hevert-Arzneimittel GmbH & Co. KG, Nussbaum, Germany
| | - Sabine D Klein
- Institute of Complementary and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Baumgartner
- Institute of Complementary and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Society for Cancer Research, Arlesheim, Switzerland.,Institute of Integrative Medicine, University of Witten/Herdecke, Witten, Germany
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Floris I, Rose T, Rojas JAC, Appel K, Roesch C, Lejeune B. Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines at Ultra-Low Dose Exert Anti-Inflammatory Effect In Vitro: A Possible Mode of Action Involving Sub-Micron Particles? Dose Response 2020; 18:1559325820961723. [PMID: 33633511 PMCID: PMC7829609 DOI: 10.1177/1559325820961723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) are pro-inflammatory
cytokines involved in acute and chronic inflammatory diseases. Indeed,
immunotherapy blocking these 2 cytokines has been developed. Micro-immunotherapy
(MI) also uses ultra-low doses (ULD) of pro-inflammatory cytokines, impregnated
on lactose-sucrose pillules, to counteract their overexpression. The study has
been conducted with 2 objectives: examine the anti-inflammatory effect in vitro
and the capacity of 2 unitary medicines, TNF-α (27 CH) and IL-1β (27 CH), to
reduce the secretion of TNF-α in human primary monocytes and THP-1 cells
differentiated with phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate, after lipopolysaccharide
(LPS) exposure; then, investigate the presence of particles possibly containing
starting materials using tunable resistive pulse sensing technique. The results
show that the unitary medicines, tested at 3 pillules concentrations (5.5, 11
and 22 mM), have reduced the secretion of TNF-α in both models by about 10−20%
vs. vehicle control, depending on concentration. In this exploratory study,
particles (150−1000 nm) have been detected in MI ULD-impregnated pillules and a
hypothesis for MI medicines mode of action has been proposed. Conscious that
more evaluations are necessary, authors are cautious in the conclusions because
the findings described in the study are still limited, and future investigations
may lead to different hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Floris
- Preclinical Research, Clinical Research, Regulatory Affairs Departments, Labo'Life France, Nantes, France
| | | | | | - Kurt Appel
- VivaCell Biotechnology GmbH, Denzlingen, Germany
| | | | - Beatrice Lejeune
- Preclinical Research, Clinical Research, Regulatory Affairs Departments, Labo'Life France, Nantes, France
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Khurana A. Building up the scientific evidence base of homoeopathy. INDIAN JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN HOMOEOPATHY 2020. [DOI: 10.4103/ijrh.ijrh_22_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Nandy P, Gayen AL, Mondal D, Bera D, Biswas P, Paul BK, Bhar DS, Das S, Narula R, Khurana AK, Manchanda RK. Effect of Cuprum metallicum potentised through both serial dilution and succussion in comparison to succussion alone on Escherichia coli bacterial system and electrical properties of poly (vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) polymer. INDIAN JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN HOMOEOPATHY 2019. [DOI: 10.4103/ijrh.ijrh_60_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Courtens F, Demangeat JL, Benabdallah M. Could the Olfactory System Be a Target for Homeopathic Remedies as Nanomedicines? J Altern Complement Med 2018; 24:1032-1038. [PMID: 29889551 PMCID: PMC6247980 DOI: 10.1089/acm.2018.0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Homeopathic remedies (HRs) contain odorant molecules such as flavonoids or terpenes and can lose their efficiency in presence of some competitive odors. Such similarities, along with extreme sensitivity of the olfactory system, widespread presence of olfactory receptors over all organic tissues (where they have metabolic roles besides perception of odors), and potential direct access to the brain through olfactory nerves (ONs) and trigeminal nerves, may suggest the olfactory system as target for HRs. Recent works highlighted that HRs exist in a dual form, that is, a still molecular form at low dilution and a nanoparticulate form at high dilution, and that remnants of source remedy persist in extremely high dilutions. From the literature, both odorants and nanoparticles (NPs) can enter the body through inhalation, digestive absorption, or through the skin, especially, NPs or viruses can directly reach the brain through axons of nerves. Assuming that HRs are recognized by olfactory receptors, their information could be transmitted to numerous tissues through receptor-ligand interaction, or to the brain by either activating the axon potential of ONs and trigeminal nerves or, in their nanoparticulate form, by translocating through axons of these nerves. Moreover, the nanoparticulate form may activate the immune system at multiple levels, induce systemic various biological responses through the pituitary axis and inflammation factors, or modulate gene expression at the cellular level. As immunity, inflammation, pituitary axis, and olfactory system are closely linked together, their permanent interaction triggered by olfactory receptors may thus ensure homeostasis.
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Gregory P. No scientific basis to homeopathy? Vet Rec 2018; 183:453. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.k4267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Gregory
- Faculty of Homeopathy; CAN Mezzanine, 49-51 East Road London N1 6AH
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Muehsam DJ. Healing Waters? Commentary on Two Experimental Studies and a Review of Homeopathy Research. J Altern Complement Med 2018; 24:407-408. [PMID: 29708769 DOI: 10.1089/acm.2018.0080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- David J Muehsam
- 1 National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems , Bologna, Italy .,2 Consciousness and Healing Initiative , La Jolla, CA
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15
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Dei A. Hormesis and Homeopathy: Toward a New Self-Consciousness. Dose Response 2017; 15:1559325817744451. [PMID: 29225559 PMCID: PMC5714091 DOI: 10.1177/1559325817744451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Dei
- Department of Chemistry, INSTM Research Unit, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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