Supply and demand of hepatopancreatobiliary surgeons in the United States

Importance of Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion in the Hepatopancreatobiliary Workforce

Diversity is a catalyst for progress that prevents institutional stagnation and, by extension, averts descent to mediocrity. This review focuses on the available data concerning hepatopancreatobiliary (HPB) surgical workforce demographics and identifies evidence-based strategies that may enhance justice, equity, diversity, and inclusion for HPB surgeons and their patients. We report that the current United States HPB surgical workforce does not reflect the population it serves. We review data describing disparity-perpetuating hurdles confronting physicians from minority groups underrepresented in medicine at each stage of training. We further examine evidence showing widespread racial and socioeconomic disparities in HPB surgical care and review the effects of workforce diversity and physician-patient demographic concordance on healthcare outcomes. Evidence-based mitigators of structural racism and segregation are reviewed, including tailored interventions that can address social determinants of health toward the achievement of true excellence in HPB surgical care. Lastly, select evidence-based data driving surgical workforce solutions are reviewed, including intentional compensation plans, mentorship, and sponsorship.