First-in-human case of repeat pulmonary vein isolation by targeting visual interlesion gaps using the direct endoscopic ablation catheter after single ring pulmonary vein isolation

Methods and techniques for increasing the safety and efficacy of pulmonary vein isolation in patients with atrial fibrillation

The most common type of sustained arrhythmia is atrial fibrillation (AF). Pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) is the cornerstone of catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation, which has emerged as the primary therapeutic strategy for atrial fibrillation patients. Unfortunately, about one-third of patients experience recurrent atrial arrhythmias after the procedure.