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Li K, Ouyang Y, Yang H. Myasthenia gravis and five autoimmune diseases: a bidirectional Mendelian randomization study. Neurol Sci 2024; 45:1699-1706. [PMID: 37910321 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-023-07163-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association between myasthenia gravis (MG) and other autoimmune diseases is well established. In this study, we aimed to investigate the causal effects between MG and five other autoimmune diseases, including autoimmune thyroid disease (AITD), multiple sclerosis (MS), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and type 1 diabetes (T1DM). METHODS We conducted a bidirectional Mendelian randomization (MR) study by using seven published genome-wide association studies (GWAS), including MG (1873 patients versus 36,370 controls), AITD (autoimmune hypothyroidism) (22,997 patients versus 175,475 controls), AITD (autoimmune hyperthyroidism) (962 patients versus 172,976 controls), MS (47,429 patients versus 68,374 controls), RA (14,361 patients versus 43,923 controls), SLE (4222 patients versus 8431 controls), and T1DM (9266 patients versus 15,574 controls). We used the inverse-variance-weighted (IVW) method, weighted-median (WM) estimator, MR-Egger regression, and MR PRESSO in our analyses. We also carried out detailed sensitivity analyses for each direction using the aforementioned methods. RESULTS When MG was treated as the exposure, MR evidence suggested a causal relationship between MG and T1DM, SLE, AITD (both hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism), and MS (excluding RA). Using the IVW method, we found that MG was associated with increased risk of T1DM (OR = 1.94; 95% CI, 1.16-3.26; p = 0.012), SLE (OR = 1.47; 95% CI, 1.02-2.13; p = 0.04), AITD (hypothyroidism) (OR = 1.31; 95% CI, 1.02-1.68; p = 0.039), AITD (hyperthyroidism) (OR = 1.55; 95% CI, 1.15-2.09; p = 0.004), and MS (OR = 1.46; 95% CI, 1.01-2.09; p = 0.041). When MG was treated as the outcome, MR evidence suggested that RA, T1DM, and SLE were causal factors in MG. Using the IVW method, we found that the risk of MG increased with exposure to RA (OR = 1.21; 95% CI, 1.08-1.37; p = 0.002), T1DM (OR = 1.09; 95% CI, 1.02-1.16; p = 0.006), and SLE (OR = 1.12; 95% CI, 1.02-1.23; p = 0.018). CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated a causal relationship between MG and several other autoimmune diseases. Our results supported a bidirectional causal association between MG and SLE/T1DM. Our findings also provided reliable evidence that MG is associated with increased risk of AITD. Meanwhile, we also showed that RA is a possible causal driver of MG risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kailin Li
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Yuzhen Ouyang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Huan Yang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China.
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2
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Biasizzo M, Javoršek U, Vidak E, Zarić M, Turk B. Cysteine cathepsins: A long and winding road towards clinics. Mol Aspects Med 2022; 88:101150. [PMID: 36283280 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2022.101150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Biomedical research often focuses on properties that differentiate between diseased and healthy tissue; one of the current focuses is elevated expression and altered localisation of proteases. Among these proteases, dysregulation of cysteine cathepsins can frequently be observed in inflammation-associated diseases, which tips the functional balance from normal physiological to pathological manifestations. Their overexpression and secretion regularly exhibit a strong correlation with the development and progression of such diseases, making them attractive pharmacological targets. But beyond their mostly detrimental role in inflammation-associated diseases, cysteine cathepsins are physiologically highly important enzymes involved in various biological processes crucial for maintaining homeostasis and responding to different stimuli. Consequently, several challenges have emerged during the efforts made to translate basic research data into clinical applications. In this review, we present both physiological and pathological roles of cysteine cathepsins and discuss the clinical potential of cysteine cathepsin-targeting strategies for disease management and diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Biasizzo
- Jozef Stefan Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jamova 39, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia; International Postgraduate School Jozef Stefan, Jamova 39, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Urban Javoršek
- Jozef Stefan Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jamova 39, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia; International Postgraduate School Jozef Stefan, Jamova 39, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Eva Vidak
- Jozef Stefan Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jamova 39, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia; International Postgraduate School Jozef Stefan, Jamova 39, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Miki Zarić
- Jozef Stefan Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jamova 39, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia; International Postgraduate School Jozef Stefan, Jamova 39, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Boris Turk
- Jozef Stefan Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jamova 39, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Vecna pot 113, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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3
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Lecaille F, Chazeirat T, Saidi A, Lalmanach G. Cathepsin V: Molecular characteristics and significance in health and disease. Mol Aspects Med 2022; 88:101086. [PMID: 35305807 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2022.101086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Human cysteine cathepsins form a family of eleven proteases (B, C, F, H, K, L, O, S, V, W, X/Z) that play important roles in a considerable number of biological and pathophysiological processes. Among them, cathepsin V, also known as cathepsin L2, is a lysosomal enzyme, which is mainly expressed in cornea, thymus, heart, brain, and skin. Cathepsin V is a multifunctional endopeptidase that is involved in both the release of antigenic peptides and the maturation of MHC class II molecules and participates in the turnover of elastin fibrils as well in the cleavage of intra- and extra-cellular substrates. Moreover, there is increasing evidence that cathepsin V may contribute to the progression of diverse diseases, due to the dysregulation of its expression and/or its activity. For instance, increased expression of cathepsin V is closely correlated with malignancies (breast cancer, squamous cell carcinoma, or colorectal cancer) as well vascular disorders (atherosclerosis, aortic aneurysm, hypertension) being the most prominent examples. This review aims to shed light on current knowledge on molecular aspects of cathepsin V (genomic organization, protein structure, substrate specificity), its regulation by protein and non-protein inhibitors as well to summarize its expression (tissue and cellular distribution). Then the core biological and pathophysiological roles of cathepsin V will be depicted, raising the question of its interest as a valuable target that can open up pioneering therapeutic avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Lecaille
- Université de Tours, Tours, France; INSERM, UMR 1100, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires (CEPR), Team "Mécanismes protéolytiques dans l'inflammation", Tours, France.
| | - Thibault Chazeirat
- Université de Tours, Tours, France; INSERM, UMR 1100, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires (CEPR), Team "Mécanismes protéolytiques dans l'inflammation", Tours, France
| | - Ahlame Saidi
- Université de Tours, Tours, France; INSERM, UMR 1100, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires (CEPR), Team "Mécanismes protéolytiques dans l'inflammation", Tours, France
| | - Gilles Lalmanach
- Université de Tours, Tours, France; INSERM, UMR 1100, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires (CEPR), Team "Mécanismes protéolytiques dans l'inflammation", Tours, France.
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4
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Mitrović A, Senjor E, Jukić M, Bolčina L, Prunk M, Proj M, Nanut MP, Gobec S, Kos J. New inhibitors of cathepsin V impair tumor cell proliferation and elastin degradation and increase immune cell cytotoxicity. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2022; 20:4667-4687. [PMID: 36147668 PMCID: PMC9459403 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2022.08.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification of novel potent inhibitors of lysosomal cysteine peptidase cathepsin V. New inhibitors of cathepsin V demonstrated antitumor activity. They impair tumor cell proliferation and elastase degradation and increase immune cell cytotoxicity. Cathepsin V inhibitor impaired conversion of immunosuppressive factor cystatin F to its active monomeric form.
Cathepsin V is a human lysosomal cysteine peptidase with specific functions during pathological processes and is as such a promising therapeutic target. Peptidase inhibitors represent powerful pharmacological tools for regulating excessive proteolytic activity in various diseases. Cathepsin V is highly related to cathepsin L but differs in tissue distribution, binding site morphology, substrate specificity, and function. To validate its therapeutic potential and extend the number of potent and selective cathepsin V inhibitors, we used virtual high-throughput screening of commercially available compound libraries followed by an evaluation of kinetic properties to identify novel potent and selective cathepsin V inhibitors. We identified the ureido methylpiperidine carboxylate derivative, compound 7, as a reversible, selective, and potent inhibitor of cathepsin V. It also exhibited the most preferable characteristics for further evaluation with in vitro functional assays that simulate the processes in which cathepsin V is known to play an important role. Compound 7 exerted significant effects on cell proliferation, elastin degradation, and immune cell cytotoxicity. The latter was increased because compound 7 impaired conversion of immunosuppressive factor cystatin F to its active monomeric form. Taken together, our results present novel potent inhibitors of cathepsin V and provide new hit compounds for detailed development and optimization. Further, we demonstrate that cathepsin V is a potential target for new approaches to cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Mitrović
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva cesta 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Corresponding author at: Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Emanuela Senjor
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva cesta 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marko Jukić
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva cesta 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Lara Bolčina
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva cesta 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mateja Prunk
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Matic Proj
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva cesta 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Milica Perišić Nanut
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Stanislav Gobec
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva cesta 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Janko Kos
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva cesta 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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5
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Cathepsin C Regulates Cytokine-Induced Apoptosis in β-Cell Model Systems. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12111694. [PMID: 34828301 PMCID: PMC8622156 DOI: 10.3390/genes12111694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that several of the lysosomal cathepsin proteases are genetically associated with type 1 diabetes (T1D) and participate in immune-mediated destruction of the pancreatic β cells. We previously reported that the T1D candidate gene cathepsin H is downregulated by pro-inflammatory cytokines in human pancreatic islets and regulates β-cell function, apoptosis, and disease progression in children with new-onset T1D. In the present study, the objective was to investigate the expression patterns of all 15 known cathepsins in β-cell model systems and examine their role in the regulation of cytokine-induced apoptosis. Real-time qPCR screening of the cathepsins in human islets, 1.1B4 and INS-1E β-cell models identified several cathepsins that were expressed and regulated by pro-inflammatory cytokines. Using small interfering RNAs to knock down (KD) the cytokine-regulated cathepsins, we identified an anti-apoptotic function of cathepsin C as KD increased cytokine-induced apoptosis. KD of cathepsin C correlated with increased phosphorylation of JNK and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases, and elevated chemokine CXCL10/IP-10 expression. This study suggests that cathepsin C is a modulator of β-cell survival, and that immune modulation of cathepsin expression in islets may contribute to immune-mediated β-cell destruction in T1D.
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6
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Clark M, Kroger CJ, Ke Q, Tisch RM. The Role of T Cell Receptor Signaling in the Development of Type 1 Diabetes. Front Immunol 2021; 11:615371. [PMID: 33603744 PMCID: PMC7884625 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.615371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell receptor (TCR) signaling influences multiple aspects of CD4+ and CD8+ T cell immunobiology including thymic development, peripheral homeostasis, effector subset differentiation/function, and memory formation. Additional T cell signaling cues triggered by co-stimulatory molecules and cytokines also affect TCR signaling duration, as well as accessory pathways that further shape a T cell response. Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a T cell-driven autoimmune disease targeting the insulin producing β cells in the pancreas. Evidence indicates that dysregulated TCR signaling events in T1D impact the efficacy of central and peripheral tolerance-inducing mechanisms. In this review, we will discuss how the strength and nature of TCR signaling events influence the development of self-reactive T cells and drive the progression of T1D through effects on T cell gene expression, lineage commitment, and maintenance of pathogenic anti-self T cell effector function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Clark
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Charles J Kroger
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Qi Ke
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Roland M Tisch
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
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7
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Toss M, Miligy I, Gorringe K, Mittal K, Aneja R, Ellis I, Green A, Rakha E. Prognostic significance of cathepsin V (CTSV/CTSL2) in breast ductal carcinoma in situ. J Clin Pathol 2019; 73:76-82. [PMID: 31444238 DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2019-205939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Cathepsin V (CTSV/CTSL2) is a lysosomal cysteine proteinase and plays a role in extracellular matrix degradation. It is associated with poor prognosis in invasive breast cancer (IBC), but its role in breast ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) remains unclear. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the prognostic significance of CTSV in DCIS. METHODS CTSV protein expression was immunohistochemically assessed in a well-characterised and annotated cohort of DCIS comprising pure DCIS (n=776) and DCIS coexisting with IBC (n=239). CTSV expression was analysed in tumour cells and surrounding stroma, including its association with clinicopathological parameters and outcome. RESULTS In pure DCIS, high CTSV expression was observed in 29% of epithelial tumour cells and 20% of surrounding stroma. High expression in both components was associated with features of poor prognosis including higher nuclear grade, hormone receptor negativity and HER2 positivity. In addition, stromal CTSV expression was associated with larger DCIS size, comedo-type necrosis and high proliferation index. DCIS associated with IBC showed higher CTSV expression than pure DCIS either within the epithelial tumour cells or surrounding stroma (p<0.0001 and p=0.001, respectively). In DCIS/IBC, CTSV expression was higher in the invasive component than DCIS component either in tumour cells or surrounding stroma (both p<0.0001). CTSV stromal expression was associated with invasive recurrence independent of other prognostic factors in patients treated with breast conserving surgery (HR=3.0, p=0.005). CONCLUSION High expression of CTSV is associated with poor outcome in DCIS and is a potential marker to predict DCIS progression to invasive disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Toss
- Histopathology, University of Nottingham School of Medicine, Nottingham, UK
| | - Islam Miligy
- Histopathology, University of Nottingham School of Medicine, Nottingham, UK
| | | | | | | | - Ian Ellis
- Histopathology, University of Nottingham School of Medicine, Nottingham, UK
| | - Andrew Green
- Histopathology, University of Nottingham School of Medicine, Nottingham, UK
| | - Emad Rakha
- Histopathology, University of Nottingham School of Medicine, Nottingham, UK
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8
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Takada K, Kondo K, Takahama Y. Generation of Peptides That Promote Positive Selection in the Thymus. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:2215-2222. [PMID: 28264997 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
To establish an immunocompetent TCR repertoire that is useful yet harmless to the body, a de novo thymocyte repertoire generated through the rearrangement of genes that encode TCR is shaped in the thymus through positive and negative selection. The affinity between TCRs and self-peptides associated with MHC molecules determines the fate of developing thymocytes. Low-affinity TCR engagement with self-peptide-MHC complexes mediates positive selection, a process that primarily occurs in the thymic cortex. Massive efforts exerted by many laboratories have led to the characterization of peptides that can induce positive selection. Moreover, it is now evident that protein degradation machineries unique to cortical thymic epithelial cells play a crucial role in the production of MHC-associated self-peptides for inducing positive selection. This review summarizes current knowledge on positive selection-inducing self-peptides and Ag processing machineries in cortical thymic epithelial cells. Recent studies on the role of positive selection in the functional tuning of T cells are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kensuke Takada
- Division of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Advanced Medical Sciences, University of Tokushima, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Kenta Kondo
- Division of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Advanced Medical Sciences, University of Tokushima, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Yousuke Takahama
- Division of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Advanced Medical Sciences, University of Tokushima, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
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9
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Sithambaram S, Tripathi N, Gopal-Kothandapani JS, Mordekar S. A 7-year-old boy with dysphagia and proximal muscle weakness. Paediatr Child Health 2017; 22:247-248. [PMID: 29479227 PMCID: PMC5804908 DOI: 10.1093/pch/pxx088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sivagamy Sithambaram
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- Department of Paediatrics, Doncaster and Bassetlaw Hospitals NHS Trust, Doncaster, UK
| | - Neeta Tripathi
- Department of Paediatrics, Doncaster and Bassetlaw Hospitals NHS Trust,Worksop, UK
| | - Jaya Sujatha Gopal-Kothandapani
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- Department of Paediatrics, Doncaster and Bassetlaw Hospitals NHS Trust, Worksop, UK
| | - Santosh Mordekar
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Sheffield, UK
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10
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Huang K, Gao L, Yang M, Wang J, Wang Z, Wang L, Wang G, Li H. Exogenous cathepsin V protein protects human cardiomyocytes HCM from angiotensin Ⅱ-Induced hypertrophy. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2017; 89:6-15. [PMID: 28522343 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2017.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin (Ang) Ⅱ-induced cardiac hypertrophy can deteriorate to heart failure, a leading cause of mortality. Endogenous Cathepsin V (CTSV) has been reported to be cardioprotective against hypertrophy. However, little is known about the effect of exogenous CTSV on cardiac hypertrophy. We used the human cardiomyocytes HCM as a cell model to investigate the effects of exogenous CTSV on Ang Ⅱ-induced cardiac cell hypertrophy. Cell surface area and expression of classical markers of hypertrophy were analyzed. We further explored the mechanism of CTSV cardioprotective by assessing the levels and activities of PI3K/Akt/mTOR and MAPK signaling pathway proteins. We found that pre-treating cardiomyocytes with CTSV could significantly inhibit Ang Ⅱ-induced hypertrophy. The mRNA expression of hypertrophy markers ANP, BNP and β-MHC was obviously elevated in Ang Ⅱ-treated cardiac cells. Whereas, exogenous CTSV effectively halted this elevation. Further study revealed that the protective effects of exogenous CTSV might be mediated by repressing the phosphorylation of proteins in the PI3K/Akt/mTOR and MAPK pathways. Based on our results, we concluded that exogenous CTSV inhibited Ang Ⅱ-induced hypertrophy in HCM cells by inhibiting PI3K/Akt/mTOR. This study provides experimental evidence for the application of CTSV protein for the treatment of cardiac hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Huang
- Institution of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Lu Gao
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Ming Yang
- Department of Pathology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430022 China
| | - Jiliang Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430022 China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430022 China
| | - Lin Wang
- Center for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Guobin Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430022 China
| | - Huili Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430022 China.
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11
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Pribis JP, Al-Abed Y, Yang H, Gero D, Xu H, Montenegro MF, Bauer EM, Kim S, Chavan SS, Cai C, Li T, Szoleczky P, Szabo C, Tracey KJ, Billiar TR. The HIV Protease Inhibitor Saquinavir Inhibits HMGB1-Driven Inflammation by Targeting the Interaction of Cathepsin V with TLR4/MyD88. Mol Med 2015; 21:749-757. [PMID: 26349060 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2015.00197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) (disulfide form), via activation of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-dependent signaling, is a strong driver of pathologic inflammation in both acute and chronic conditions. Identification of selective inhibitors of HMGB1-TLR4 signaling could offer novel therapies that selectively target proximal endogenous activators of inflammation. A cell-based screening strategy led us to identify first generation HIV-protease inhibitors (PI) as potential inhibitors of HMGB1-TLR4 driven cytokine production. Here we report that the first-generation HIV-PI saquinavir (SQV), as well as a newly identified mammalian protease inhibitor STO33438 (334), potently block disulfide HMGB1-induced TLR4 activation, as assayed by the production of TNF-α by human monocyte-derived macrophages (THP-1). We further report on the identification of mammalian cathepsin V, a protease, as a novel target of these inhibitors. Cellular as well as recombinant protein studies show that the mechanism of action involves a direct interaction between cathepsin V with TLR4 and its adaptor protein MyD88. Treatment with SQV, 334 or the known cathepsin inhibitor SID26681509 (SID) significantly improved survival in murine models of sepsis and reduced liver damage following warm liver ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) models, both characterized by strong HMGB1-TLR4 driven pathology. The current study demonstrates a novel role for cathepsin V in TLR4 signaling and implicates cathepsin V as a novel target for first-generation HIV-PI compounds. The identification of cathepsin V as a target to block HMGB1-TLR4-driven inflammation could allow for a rapid transition of the discovery from the bench to the bedside. Disulfide HMGB1 drives pathologic inflammation in many models by activating signaling through TLR4. Cell-based screening identified the mammalian protease cathepsin V as a novel therapeutic target to inhibit TLR4-mediated inflammation induced by extracellular HMGB1 (disulfide form). We identified two protease inhibitors (PIs) that block cathepsin V and thereby inhibit disulfide HMGB1-induced TLR4 activation: saquinavir (SQV), a first-generation PI targeting viral HIV protease and STO33438 (334), targeting mammalian proteases. We discovered that cathepsin V binds TLR4 under basal and HMGB1-stimulated conditions, but dissociates in the presence of SQV over time. Thus cathepsin V is a novel target for first-generation HIV PIs and represents a potential therapeutic target of pathologic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Pribis
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America.,Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Yousef Al-Abed
- Laboratory of Biomedical Science, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, United States of America.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
| | - Huan Yang
- Laboratory of Biomedical Science, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
| | - Domokos Gero
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Hongbo Xu
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America.,The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan, China
| | - Marcelo F Montenegro
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Eileen M Bauer
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Sodam Kim
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Sangeeta S Chavan
- Laboratory of Biomedical Science, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
| | - Changchun Cai
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Tunliang Li
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America.,The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan, China
| | - Petra Szoleczky
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Csaba Szabo
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Kevin J Tracey
- Laboratory of Biomedical Science, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
| | - Timothy R Billiar
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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12
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Nacu A, Andersen JB, Lisnic V, Owe JF, Gilhus NE. Complicating autoimmune diseases in myasthenia gravis: a review. Autoimmunity 2015; 48:362-8. [PMID: 25915571 PMCID: PMC4616023 DOI: 10.3109/08916934.2015.1030614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a rare autoimmune disease of skeletal muscle endplates. MG subgroup is relevant for comorbidity, but usually not accounted for. MG patients have an increased risk for complicating autoimmune diseases, most commonly autoimmune thyroid disease, systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis. In this review, we present concomitant autoimmune disorders associated with the different MG subgroups, and show how this influences treatment and prognosis. Concomitant MG should always be considered in patients with an autoimmune disorder and developing new neuromuscular weakness, fatigue or respiratory failure. When a second autoimmune disorder is suspected, MG should be included as a differential diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliona Nacu
- a Department of Neurology , Haukeland University Hospital , Bergen , Norway
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13
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Trindade F, Ferreira R, Amado F, Vitorino R. Biofluid proteases profiling in diabetes mellitus. Adv Clin Chem 2015; 69:161-207. [PMID: 25934362 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2014.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The investigation of protease relevance in biologic systems beyond catabolism of proteins and peptides to amino acids has stimulated interest as to their role in the pathogenesis of several disorders including diabetes mellitus (DM). Evaluation of proteases and the assessment of their activity in biofluids are fundamental to elucidate these proteolytic systems in DM and its related complications. In contrast to traditional immunoassay or substrate based approaches that targeted specific proteases and their inhibitors, the field of degradomics has provided a comprehensive approach to study these enzymes. Although the degradome contains over 500 proteases, very few have been associated with DM and its micro- and macrovascular complications. In this paper, we review these proteases and their respective inhibitors with emphasis on DM. It is likely that future research will expand these initial studies and look to develop high throughput automated technologies to identify and characterize biofluid proteases of diagnostic and prognostic value in other pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábio Trindade
- QOPNA, Mass Spectrometry Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Rita Ferreira
- QOPNA, Mass Spectrometry Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Francisco Amado
- QOPNA, Mass Spectrometry Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal; School of Health Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Rui Vitorino
- QOPNA, Mass Spectrometry Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal; Institute for Research in Biomedicine, iBiMED, Health Sciences Program, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.
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14
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Takada K, Takahama Y. Positive-Selection-Inducing Self-Peptides Displayed by Cortical Thymic Epithelial Cells. Adv Immunol 2015; 125:87-110. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2014.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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15
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Genetic basis of myasthenia gravis – A comprehensive review. J Autoimmun 2014; 52:146-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2013.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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16
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Niwa Y, Suzuki T, Dohmae N, Umezawa K, Simizu S. Determination of cathepsin V activity and intracellular trafficking by N-glycosylation. FEBS Lett 2012; 586:3601-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2012.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2012] [Revised: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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17
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Landouré G, Knight MA, Stanescu H, Taye AA, Shi Y, Diallo O, Johnson JO, Hernandez D, Traynor BJ, Biesecker LG, Elkahloun A, Rinaldi C, Vincent A, Willcox N, Kleta R, Fischbeck KH, Burnett BG. A candidate gene for autoimmune myasthenia gravis. Neurology 2012; 79:342-7. [PMID: 22744667 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0b013e318260cbd0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We sought to identify a causative mutation in a previously reported kindred with parental consanguinity and 5 of 10 siblings with adult-onset autoimmune myasthenia gravis. METHODS We performed genome-wide homozygosity mapping, and sequenced all known genes in the one region of extended homozygosity. Quantitative and allele-specific reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) were performed on a candidate gene to determine the RNA expression level in affected siblings and controls and the relative abundance of the wild-type and mutant alleles in a heterozygote. RESULTS A region of shared homozygosity at chromosome 13q13.3-13q14.11 was found in 4 affected siblings and 1 unaffected sibling. A homozygous single nucleotide variant was found in the 3'-untranslated region of the ecto-NADH oxidase 1 gene (ENOX1). No other variants likely to be pathogenic were found in genes in this region or elsewhere. The ENOX1 sequence variant was not found in 764 controls. Quantitative RT-PCR showed that expression of ENOX1 decreased to about 20% of normal levels in lymphoblastoid cells from individuals homozygous for the variant and to about 50% in 2 unaffected heterozygotes. Allele-specific RT-PCR showed a 55%-60% reduction in the level of the variant transcript in heterozygous cells due to reduced mRNA stability. CONCLUSION These results indicate that this sequence variant in ENOX1 may contribute to the familial autoimmune myasthenia in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guida Landouré
- Neurogenetics Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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18
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Decreased arthritis severity in cathepsin L-deficient mice is attributed to an impaired T helper cell compartment. Inflamm Res 2012; 61:1021-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00011-012-0495-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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Czyzyk J, Henegariu O, Preston-Hurlburt P, Baldzizhar R, Fedorchuk C, Esplugues E, Bottomly K, Gorus FK, Herold K, Flavell RA. Enhanced anti-serpin antibody activity inhibits autoimmune inflammation in type 1 diabetes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:6319-27. [PMID: 22593614 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1200467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular (clade B) OVA-serpin protease inhibitors play an important role in tissue homeostasis by protecting cells from death in response to hypo-osmotic stress, heat shock, and other stimuli. It is not known whether these serpins influence immunological tolerance and the risk for autoimmune diseases. We found that a fraction of young autoimmune diabetes-prone NOD mice had elevated levels of autoantibodies against a member of clade B family known as serpinB13. High levels of anti-serpinB13 Abs were accompanied by low levels of anti-insulin autoantibodies, reduced numbers of islet-associated T cells, and delayed onset of diabetes. Exposure to anti-serpinB13 mAb alone also decreased islet inflammation, and coadministration of this reagent and a suboptimal dose of anti-CD3 mAb accelerated recovery from diabetes. In a fashion similar to that discovered in the NOD model, a deficiency in humoral activity against serpinB13 was associated with early onset of human type 1 diabetes. These findings suggest that, in addition to limiting exposure to proteases within the cell, clade B serpins help to maintain homeostasis by inducing protective humoral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Czyzyk
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
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20
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Kota SK, Meher LK, Jammula S, Kota SK, Modi KD. Clinical profile of coexisting conditions in type 1 diabetes mellitus patients. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2012; 6:70-76. [PMID: 23153973 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2012.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is associated with various genetic and autoimmune diseases implicated in its etiopathogenesis. We hereby profile the clinical association of such diseases among patients from our center. METHODS Consecutive patients of T1DM presenting to department of Endocrinology from May 1997 to December 2011 were retrospectively analyzed in context of associated clinical profile. RESULTS Among 260 patients diagnosed as T1DM, 21 (8%) had hypothyroidism, 4 (1.5%) had hyperthyroidism and 2 (0.7%) had primary adrenal insufficiency. Eighteen patients (7%) had celiac disease, 9 (3.5%) had Turner's syndrome, 5 patients (1.9%) had Klinefelter's syndrome, whereas Down's syndrome and Noonan's syndrome was present in 2 and 1 patients (0.7%) respectively. One patient had Wolframs' syndrome and 1 patients had myasthenia gravis. Systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis were present in 3 and 1 patients respectively. Total of 5 patients with cerebral palsy, 4 cases with deaf mutism, 4 cases with acute psychosis and 16 patients with depression were noted. Mean age of study patients was 20.8±9.8 years (range, 3-23 years). CONCLUSION Various conditions including genetic (Down, Turner, Noonan, and Klinefelter's), autoimmune (thyroid and adrenal disorders, myasthenia gravis, SLE, rheumatoid arthritis) and central nervous system diseases were the associated diseases encountered in our patients. Routine screening is required for early diagnosis and treatment of associated co morbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil K Kota
- Department of Endocrinology, Medwin hospital, Nampally, Hyderabad, Andhra pradesh, India.
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21
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Nordang GBN, Viken MK, Amundsen SS, Sanchez ES, Flatø B, Førre OT, Martin J, Kvien TK, Lie BA. Interferon regulatory factor 5 gene polymorphism confers risk to several rheumatic diseases and correlates with expression of alternative thymic transcripts. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2011; 51:619-26. [PMID: 22179739 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/ker364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Polymorphisms in genes related to the IFN pathway were investigated for susceptibility to rheumatic diseases and correlation with gene expression in thymus. METHODS Forty-five polymorphisms were genotyped in Norwegian patients with RA (n = 518), JIA (n = 440), SLE (n = 154) and healthy controls (n = 756). Forty-two thymic samples were used for gene expression analysis. Six hundred and fifty SLE patients and 737 healthy controls from Spain were available for replication. RESULTS We found a novel association between interferon regulatory factor 5 (IRF5), rs2004640 and JIA, in particular with the polyarthritis RF-negative patients [odds ratio (OR) = 1.60; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.17, 2.20; P = 0.003]. Also, we confirmed the associations between rs2004640 and SLE (OR = 1.95; 95% CI 1.50, 2.53; P = 3.75 × 10(-7)), which was further strengthened in a meta-analysis (OR = 1.44; 95% CI 1.36, 1.52; P = 2.11 × 10(-37)). Suggestive evidence of association between rs2004640 and RA was found in the Norwegian discovery cohort (OR = 1.19; 95% CI 1.02, 1.40; P = 0.029) and strengthened in a meta-analysis (OR = 1.11; 95% CI 1.05, 1.18; P = 0.00028). Expression levels of exon 1B IRF5 transcripts were dependent on the presence of the rs2004640 T risk allele in thymic tissue, while exon 1A transcript levels correlated with IRF5 promoter CGGGG-indel variants. CONCLUSION The IFN pathway gene, IRF5, is a common susceptibility factor for several rheumatic and autoimmune diseases, and risk variants are correlated with expression of alternative IRF5 transcripts in thymus implying a regulatory role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gry B N Nordang
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Kirkeveien 166, N-0407 Oslo, Norway.
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22
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Attitudes of genetic counselors towards genetic susceptibility testing in children. J Genet Couns 2010; 19:402-16. [PMID: 20390328 DOI: 10.1007/s10897-010-9298-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2009] [Accepted: 03/09/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Genetic susceptibility research and testing is leading to an era of personalized medicine. Genetic counselors act as liaisons between the medical genetics community and the public. Understanding the opinions of genetic counselors will be important in developing testing guidelines. Attitudes towards genetic susceptibility testing in children were assessed for 216 NSGC members. Genetic counselors were likely to support testing if the results would determine: disease progression or prognosis, likelihood of survival after a specific treatment, or risk for an adverse drug reaction. Genetic counselors were unlikely to support testing to determine susceptibility to later disease development or in the absence of available intervention. There was a strong positive correlation between attitudes associated with desire to test their own child, if at risk and their support for genetic testing in any child at risk. Respondents strongly favored parent/guardian and child's rights over doctor or insurance rights. They indicated assent should be obtained prior to testing, when appropriate, and that a copy of results should be kept in a permanent medical record. Respondents expressed concerns about insurance discrimination, testing in the absence of medical necessity, and taking away a child's autonomy.
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Reiser J, Adair B, Reinheckel T. Specialized roles for cysteine cathepsins in health and disease. J Clin Invest 2010; 120:3421-31. [PMID: 20921628 DOI: 10.1172/jci42918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 430] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cathepsins were originally identified as proteases that act in the lysosome. Recent work has uncovered nontraditional roles for cathepsins in the extracellular space as well as in the cytosol and nucleus. There is strong evidence that subspecialized and compartmentalized cathepsins participate in many physiologic and pathophysiologic cellular processes, in which they can act as both digestive and regulatory proteases. In this review, we discuss the transcriptional and translational control of cathepsin expression, the regulation of intracellular sorting of cathepsins, and the structural basis of cathepsin activation and inhibition. In particular, we highlight the emerging roles of various cathepsin forms in disease, particularly those of the cardiac and renal systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Reiser
- Department of Medicine, Leonard Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA.
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25
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Bibliography. Current world literature. Neuro opthalmology. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 2008; 19:541-4. [PMID: 18854700 DOI: 10.1097/icu.0b013e328317c7c4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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26
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Jung C, Stoeckle C, Wiesmüller KH, Laub R, Emmrich F, Jung G, Melms A. Complementary strategies to elucidate T helper cell epitopes in myasthenia gravis. J Neuroimmunol 2008; 201-202:41-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2008.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2008] [Revised: 06/09/2008] [Accepted: 06/09/2008] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Prahalad S, Glass DN. A comprehensive review of the genetics of juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Pediatr Rheumatol Online J 2008; 6:11. [PMID: 18644131 PMCID: PMC2515830 DOI: 10.1186/1546-0096-6-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2008] [Accepted: 07/21/2008] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is the most common chronic arthropathy of childhood which is believed to be influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. The progress in identifying genes underlying JIA susceptibility using candidate gene association studies has been slow. Several associations between JIA and variants in the genes encoding the human leukocyte antigens (HLA) have been confirmed and replicated in independent cohorts. However it is clear that genetic variants outside the HLA also influence susceptibility to JIA. While a large number of non-HLA candidate genes have been tested for associations, only a handful of reported associations such as PTPN22 have been validated. In this review we discuss the principles behind genetic studies of complex traits like JIA, and comprehensively catalogue non-HLA candidate-gene association studies performed in JIA to date and review several validated associations. Most candidate gene studies are underpowered and do not detect associations, and those that do are often not replicated. We also discuss the principles behind genome-wide association studies and discuss possible implications for identifying genes underlying JIA. Finally we discuss several genetic variants underlying multiple clinically distinct autoimmune phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sampath Prahalad
- Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, P.O Box 581289 Salt Lake City, UT 84158-1289, USA
| | - David N Glass
- Professor of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave., MLC 7030, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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