1
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Smith R, Wafa EI, Geary SM, Ebeid K, Alhaj-Suliman SO, Salem AK. Cationic nanoparticles enhance T cell tumor infiltration and antitumor immune responses to a melanoma vaccine. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabk3150. [PMID: 35857851 PMCID: PMC9299550 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abk3150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In clinical settings, cancer vaccines as monotherapies have displayed limited success compared to other cancer immunotherapeutic treatments. Nanoscale formulations have the ability to increase the efficacy of cancer vaccines by combatting the immunosuppressive nature of the tumor microenvironment. Here, we have synthesized a previously unexplored cationic polymeric nanoparticle formulation using polyamidoamine dendrimers and poly(d,l-lactic-co-glycolic acid) that demonstrate adjuvant properties in vivo. Tumor-challenged mice vaccinated with an adenovirus-based cancer vaccine [encoding tumor-associated antigen (TAA)] and subsequently treated with this nanoparticulate formulation showed significant increases in TAA-specific T cells in the peripheral blood, reduced tumor burden, protection against tumor rechallenge, and a significant increase in median survival. An investigation into cell-based pathways suggests that administration of the nanoformulation at the site of the developing tumor may have created an inflammatory environment that attracted activated TAA-specific CD8+ T cells to the vicinity of the tumor, thus enhancing the efficacy of the vaccine.
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2
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Bouhlel Chatti I, Krichen Y, Maatouk M, Lahmar A, Ghoul Mazgar S, Kammoun R, Safta Skhiri S, Chekir Ghedira L, Krifa M. Evaluation of Anticancer Potential of Flavones from Rhamnus alaternus against B16F10 Melanoma Cells. Nutr Cancer 2021; 74:2265-2275. [PMID: 34783289 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2021.2004171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma has become an important health problem and new treatment have become an imperative medical need. Therefore, the finding and identification of natural product with less toxic effects, capable of promoting melanoma cell death have become an important goal of research in oncotherapy. In this study, we want to investigate the anticancer activity of an enriched total oligomers flavonoids (TOF) extract of R. alaternus in melanoma cells. First, TOF was exhibited to be rich in flavones. We revealed that this extract reduced proliferation and increased of sub-G1 and S phase cells built-up in B16-F10 cells in a dose-related manner. Moreover, In Vivo, TOF reduced tumor volume and weight with percentages of inhibition of 92.4% and 92.9%, respectively. R. alaternus was also found to be effective in reducing the level of pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6 during metastasis. Level of TH1 cytokine, such as IL-2, was significantly enhanced by TOF treatment. Indeed, the histological examination of the tumor revealed the absence of mitoses and the presence of numerous melanin pigmented macrophage cells in the R. alaternus extract-treated group that could be explained by the induction of macrophage activation and by the arrest of the cell cycle in the Sub-G1 and S phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Bouhlel Chatti
- Unity of Bioactive Natural Substances and Biotechnology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia.,Department of Biology and Geology, Higher Institute of Applied Science and Technology of Gabes, University of Gabes, Gabés, Tunisia
| | - Yosr Krichen
- Unity of Bioactive Natural Substances and Biotechnology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia.,Pharmacognosy Laboratory, Faculty of pharmacy, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Mouna Maatouk
- Unity of Bioactive Natural Substances and Biotechnology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Aida Lahmar
- Unity of Bioactive Natural Substances and Biotechnology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Sonia Ghoul Mazgar
- ABCDF Laboratory, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Rim Kammoun
- ABCDF Laboratory, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Sihem Safta Skhiri
- ABCDF Laboratory, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Leila Chekir Ghedira
- Unity of Bioactive Natural Substances and Biotechnology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Mounira Krifa
- Unity of Bioactive Natural Substances and Biotechnology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
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3
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Abstract
The rapid development of nanobiotechnology has enabled progress in therapeutic cancer vaccines. These vaccines stimulate the host innate immune response by tumor antigens followed by a cascading adaptive response against cancer. However, an improved antitumor immune response is still in high demand because of the unsatisfactory clinical performance of the vaccine in tumor inhibition and regression. To date, a complicated tumor immunosuppressive environment and suboptimal design are the main obstacles for therapeutic cancer vaccines. The optimization of tumor antigens, vaccine delivery pathways, and proper adjuvants for innate immune response initiation, along with reprogramming of the tumor immunosuppressive environment, is essential for therapeutic cancer vaccines in triggering an adequate antitumor immune response. In this review, we aim to review the challenges in and strategies for enhancing the efficacy of therapeutic vaccines. We start with the summary of the available tumor antigens and their properties and then the optimal strategies for vaccine delivery. Subsequently, the vaccine adjuvants focused on the intrinsic adjuvant properties of nanostructures are further discussed. Finally, we summarize the combination strategies with therapeutic cancer vaccines and discuss their positive impact in cancer immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, CAS Key Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), No. 11 Beiyitiao, Zhongguancun, Beijing 1001190, China.,Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
| | - Muhetaerjiang Mamuti
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, CAS Key Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), No. 11 Beiyitiao, Zhongguancun, Beijing 1001190, China.,Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
| | - Hao Wang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, CAS Key Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), No. 11 Beiyitiao, Zhongguancun, Beijing 1001190, China.,Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
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4
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Kızılbey K, Mansuroğlu B, Derman S, Mustafaeva Akdeste Z. An In vivo study: Adjuvant activity of poly-n-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone-co-acrylic acid on immune responses against Melanoma synthetic peptide. Bioengineered 2018; 9:134-143. [PMID: 28910565 PMCID: PMC5972930 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2017.1373529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptides have been studied as an important class of components in medicine to control many major diseases with vaccination. Polymers as adjuvants are capable of enhancing the vaccine potential against various diseases by improving the delivery of antigens, and they reduce the booster doses of vaccines. In brief, polymers are promising candidates for peptide-based vaccine delivery platforms. The purpose of the present study was to create a possible alternative approach in the treatment of malignant melanoma and/or to prevent metastasis of melanoma. The study was designed as both an experimental and an in vivo study. We prepared a complex and covalent conjugate of MAGE-3 121-134 (L-L-K-Y-R-A-R-E-P-V-T-K-A-E) T-cell epitope as a vaccine candidate for melanoma. These conjugates were able to generate an immune response in mice after a single immunization, without the help of any external adjuvant. The peptide-polymer complexes activated the immune system in the best way and formed the highest antigen specific immune response. These results indicate the adjuvant activity of Poly(N-vinyl-2- pyrrolidone-co-acrylic acid) [P(VP-co-AA)] and the potential use of P(VP-coAA)-peptide based vaccine prototypes for future melanoma cancer vaccine formulations.
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MESH Headings
- Acrylic Resins/administration & dosage
- Acrylic Resins/chemistry
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration & dosage
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/chemistry
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neoplasm/blood
- Antigens, Neoplasm/chemistry
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Cancer Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Cancer Vaccines/chemistry
- Cancer Vaccines/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/administration & dosage
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/chemistry
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Humans
- Immunity, Humoral/drug effects
- Immunization, Secondary
- Immunoconjugates/administration & dosage
- Immunoconjugates/chemistry
- Male
- Melanoma/blood
- Melanoma/immunology
- Melanoma/pathology
- Melanoma/prevention & control
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Neoplasm Proteins/chemistry
- Neoplasm Proteins/immunology
- Peptides/administration & dosage
- Peptides/chemistry
- Peptides/immunology
- Povidone/administration & dosage
- Povidone/analogs & derivatives
- Povidone/chemistry
- Serum Albumin, Bovine/administration & dosage
- Serum Albumin, Bovine/chemistry
- Serum Albumin, Bovine/immunology
- Skin Neoplasms/blood
- Skin Neoplasms/immunology
- Skin Neoplasms/pathology
- Skin Neoplasms/prevention & control
- T-Lymphocytes/chemistry
- T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Vaccination
- Vaccines, Subunit
- Melanoma, Cutaneous Malignant
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Affiliation(s)
- Kadriye Kızılbey
- Biomedical Engineering Department, İstanbul Yeni Yüzyıl University, Yılanlı Ayazma Caddesi, Zeytinburnu-İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Banu Mansuroğlu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Yıldız Technical University, Davutpaşa Caddesi, Esenler, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Serap Derman
- Department of Bioengineering, Yıldız Technical University, Davutpaşa Caddesi, Esenler, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Zeynep Mustafaeva Akdeste
- Department of Bioengineering, Yıldız Technical University, Davutpaşa Caddesi, Esenler, İstanbul, Turkey
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5
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Xu DH, Zhu Z, Xiao H, Wakefield MR, Bai Q, Nicholl MB, Ding VA, Fang Y. Unveil the mysterious mask of cytokine-based immunotherapy for melanoma. Cancer Lett 2017; 394:43-51. [PMID: 28254411 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 02/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma is the leading cause of death among all skin cancers and its incidence continues to rise rapidly worldwide in the past decades. The available treatment options for melanoma remain limited despite extensive clinical research. Melanoma is an immunogenic tumor and great advances in immunology in recent decades allow for the development of immunotherapeutic agents against melanoma. In recent years, immunotherapy utilizing cytokines has been particularly successful in certain cancers and holds promise for patients with advanced melanoma. In this review, an overview of the current status and emerging perspectives on cytokine immunotherapy for melanoma are discussed in details. Such a study will be helpful to unveil the mysterious mask of cytokine-based immunotherapy for melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dixon H Xu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology, Des Moines University, Des Moines, IA 50312, USA
| | - Ziwen Zhu
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Huaping Xiao
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology, Des Moines University, Des Moines, IA 50312, USA; The Affiliated Hospital of Xiangnan University, Chenzhou, Hunan, China
| | - Mark R Wakefield
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Qian Bai
- Department of Surgery, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | | | - Vivi A Ding
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology, Des Moines University, Des Moines, IA 50312, USA
| | - Yujiang Fang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology, Des Moines University, Des Moines, IA 50312, USA; Department of Surgery, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA.
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6
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Tu H, Burke TM, Oderup C, Huang K, Wong K, Lewén S, LaJevic M, Zabel BA. Robust expansion of dendritic cells in vivo by hydrodynamic FLT3L-FC gene transfer. J Immunol Methods 2014; 413:69-73. [PMID: 25066631 PMCID: PMC4253009 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2014.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Revised: 05/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Due to low numbers of endogenous dendritic cells (DCs) in vivo, exogenous DC-poietin Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3-ligand (FLT3L) is routinely used to generate DC for subsequent studies. We engineered a novel FLT3L-FC DNA construct that, when combined with hydrodynamic gene transfer (HDT), induced robust DC expansion in mice. DC generated in vivo by FLT3L-FC HDT produced cytokines in response to stimulation by an array of TLR agonists and promoted T cell proliferation. The FLT3L-FC protein produced in vivo spontaneously homodimerized to enable effective FLT signaling and the FC-domain enhanced its plasma half-life, providing an improved reagent and method to boost DC numbers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Tu
- LakePharma Inc., 530 Harbor Blvd., Belmont, CA 94002, USA
| | - Thomas M Burke
- Palo Alto Veterans Institute for Research & Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Cecilia Oderup
- Palo Alto Veterans Institute for Research & Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Kexin Huang
- LakePharma Inc., 530 Harbor Blvd., Belmont, CA 94002, USA
| | - Kathryn Wong
- Palo Alto Veterans Institute for Research & Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Susanna Lewén
- Palo Alto Veterans Institute for Research & Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Melissa LaJevic
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, 300 Pasteur Dr., Lane 235, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Brian A Zabel
- Palo Alto Veterans Institute for Research & Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.
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7
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Thompson JF, Agarwala SS, Smithers BM, Ross MI, Scoggins CR, Coventry BJ, Neuhaus SJ, Minor DR, Singer JM, Wachter EA. Phase 2 Study of Intralesional PV-10 in Refractory Metastatic Melanoma. Ann Surg Oncol 2014; 22:2135-42. [PMID: 25348780 PMCID: PMC4458269 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-014-4169-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose This international, multicenter, single-arm trial assessed efficacy and safety of intralesional rose bengal (PV-10) in 80 patients with refractory cutaneous or subcutaneous metastatic melanoma. Methods Sixty-two stage III and 18 stage IV melanoma patients with disease refractory to a median of six prior interventions received intralesional PV-10 into up to 20 cutaneous and subcutaneous lesions up to four times over a 16-week period and were followed for 52 weeks. Objectives were to determine best overall response rate in injected target lesions and uninjected bystander lesions, assess durability of response, and characterize adverse events. Results For target lesions, the best overall response rate was 51 %, and the complete response rate was 26 %. Median time to response was 1.9 months, and median duration of response was 4.0 months, with 8 % of patients having no evidence of disease after 52 weeks. Response was dependent on untreated disease burden, with complete response achieved in 50 % of patients receiving PV-10 to all of their disease. Response of target lesions correlated with bystander lesion regression and the occurrence of locoregional blistering. Adverse events were predominantly mild to moderate and locoregional to the treatment site, with no treatment-associated grade 4 or 5 adverse events. Conclusions Intralesional PV-10 yielded durable local control with high rates of complete response. Toxicity was confined predominantly to the injection site. Cutaneous bystander tumor regression is consistent with an immunologic response secondary to ablation. This intralesional approach for local disease control could be complementary to current and investigational treatments for melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F Thompson
- Melanoma Institute Australia and the University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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8
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Riccardo F, Iussich S, Maniscalco L, Lorda Mayayo S, La Rosa G, Arigoni M, De Maria R, Gattino F, Lanzardo S, Lardone E, Martano M, Morello E, Prestigio S, Fiore A, Quaglino E, Zabarino S, Ferrone S, Buracco P, Cavallo F. CSPG4-specific immunity and survival prolongation in dogs with oral malignant melanoma immunized with human CSPG4 DNA. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 20:3753-62. [PMID: 24874834 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-3042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Due to the many similarities with its human counterpart, canine malignant melanoma (cMM) is a valuable model in which to assess the efficacy of novel therapeutic strategies. The model is herein used to evaluate the immunogenicity, safety, and therapeutic efficacy of a human chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan-4 (hCSPG4) DNA-based vaccine. The fact that homology between hCSPG4 and cCSPG4 amino-acidic sequences stands at more than 80% provides the rationale for using an hCSPG4 DNA vaccine in the cMM model. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Dogs with stage II-III surgically resected CSPG4-positive oral MM were subjected to monthly intramuscular plasmid administration, which was followed immediately by electroporation (electrovaccination) for at least 6, and up to 20, months. The immunogenicity, safety, and therapeutic efficacy of the vaccine have been evaluated. RESULTS hCSPG4 electrovaccination caused no clinically relevant local or systemic side effects and resulted in significantly longer overall and disease-free survival times in 14 vaccinated dogs as compared with 13 nonvaccinated controls. All vaccinated dogs developed antibodies against both hCSPG4 and cCSPG4. Seven vaccinated dogs were also tested for a cCSPG4-specific T-cell response and only two gave a detectable interferon (IFN)γ response. CONCLUSION Xenogeneic electrovaccination against CSPG4 is able to overcome host unresponsiveness to the "self" antigen and seems to be effective in treating cMM, laying the foundation for its translation to a human clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Riccardo
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino
| | - Selina Iussich
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Torino, Grugliasco, Torino, Italy
| | - Lorella Maniscalco
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Torino, Grugliasco, Torino, Italy
| | - Saray Lorda Mayayo
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Torino, Grugliasco, Torino, Italy
| | | | - Maddalena Arigoni
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino
| | - Raffaella De Maria
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Torino, Grugliasco, Torino, Italy
| | - Francesca Gattino
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Torino, Grugliasco, Torino, Italy
| | - Stefania Lanzardo
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino
| | - Elena Lardone
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Torino, Grugliasco, Torino, Italy
| | - Marina Martano
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Torino, Grugliasco, Torino, Italy
| | - Emanuela Morello
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Torino, Grugliasco, Torino, Italy
| | - Simone Prestigio
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino
| | - Alessandra Fiore
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino
| | - Elena Quaglino
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino
| | - Sara Zabarino
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Torino, Grugliasco, Torino, Italy
| | - Soldano Ferrone
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Paolo Buracco
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Torino, Grugliasco, Torino, Italy;
| | - Federica Cavallo
- Authors' Affiliations: Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino;
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9
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Kaufman KL, Mactier S, Armstrong NJ, Mallawaaratchy D, Byrne SN, Haydu LE, Jakrot V, Thompson JF, Mann GJ, Scolyer RA, Christopherson RI. Surface antigen profiles of leukocytes and melanoma cells in lymph node metastases are associated with survival in AJCC stage III melanoma patients. Clin Exp Metastasis 2014; 31:407-21. [PMID: 24435119 PMCID: PMC3973954 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-014-9636-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
There is an urgent need to identify more accurate prognostic biomarkers in melanoma patients, particularly in those with metastatic disease. This study aimed to identify melanoma and leukocyte surface antigens predictive of survival in a prospective series of AJCC stage IIIb/c melanoma patients (n = 29). Live cell suspensions were prepared from melanoma metastases within lymph nodes (LN). The suspensions were immuno-magnetically separated into CD45+ (leukocyte) and CD45− (non-hematopoietic, enriched melanoma cell) fractions. Surface antigens on CD45− and CD45+ cell populations were profiled using DotScan™ microarrays (Medsaic Pty. Ltd.) and showed differential abundance levels for 52 and 78 antigens respectively. Associations of the surface profiles with clinicopathologic and outcome data (median follow-up 35.4 months post LN resection) were sought using univariate (log-rank test) and multivariate (Wald’s test; modelled with patient’s age, gender and AJCC staging at LN recurrence) survival models. CD9 (p = 0.036), CD39 (p = 0.004) and CD55 (p = 0.005) on CD45+ leukocytes were independently associated with distant metastasis-free survival using multivariate analysis. Leukocytes with high CD39 levels were also significantly associated with increased overall survival (OS) in multivariate analysis (p = 0.016). LNs containing leukocytes expressing CD11b (p = 0.025), CD49d (p = 0.043) and CD79b (p = 0.044) were associated with reduced OS on univariate analysis. For enriched melanoma cells (CD45− cell populations), 11 surface antigens were significantly correlated with the disease-free interval (DFI) between diagnosis of culprit primary melanoma and LN metastasis resection. Nine antigens on CD45+ leukocytes also correlated with DFI. Following validation in independent datasets, surface markers identified here should enable more accurate determination of prognosis in stage III melanoma patients and provide better risk stratification of patients entering clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberley L Kaufman
- School of Molecular Bioscience, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
| | - Swetlana Mactier
- School of Molecular Bioscience, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Nicola J Armstrong
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia.,School of Mathematics and Statistics and Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | | | - Scott N Byrne
- Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.,Discipline of Dermatology, Bosch Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Sydney Medical School, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Lauren E Haydu
- Melanoma Institute Australia, North Sydney, NSW, 2060, Australia.,Discipline of Surgery, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Valerie Jakrot
- Melanoma Institute Australia, North Sydney, NSW, 2060, Australia
| | - John F Thompson
- Melanoma Institute Australia, North Sydney, NSW, 2060, Australia
| | - Graham J Mann
- Melanoma Institute Australia, North Sydney, NSW, 2060, Australia.,Westmead Institute of Cancer Research, The University of Sydney at Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia
| | - Richard A Scolyer
- Melanoma Institute Australia, North Sydney, NSW, 2060, Australia.,Department of Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia.,Discipline of Pathology, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
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10
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He X, Wang J, Zhao F, Chen D, Chen J, Zhang H, Yang C, Liu Y, Dou J. ESAT-6-gpi DNA vaccine augmented the specific antitumour efficacy induced by the tumour vaccine B16F10-ESAT-6-gpi/IL-21 in a mouse model. Scand J Immunol 2013; 78:69-78. [PMID: 23679337 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2013] [Accepted: 03/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we hypothesized that the mice immunized with the glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchored 6-kDa early-secreted antigenic target (ESAT-6) DNA vaccine (ESAT-6-gpi) and the tumour vaccine B16F10-ESAT-6-gpi/IL-21 might significantly enhance immune responses and antimelanoma efficacy. Our experimental results indicated that the anti-ESAT-6 antibody induced by the DNA vaccine ESAT-6-gpi bound ESAT-6 to the surface of tumour vaccine to activate a complement classical pathway and resulted in the B16F10 tumour cell lysis and apoptosis, which served as a potential trigger for breaking melanomatous immune tolerance to elicit an initiation of natural antimelanoma immunity. Our innovative approach of using the DNA vaccine ESAT-6-gpi priming and the tumour vaccine B16F10-ESAT-6-gpi/IL-21 boosting induced strong antimelanoma immunity that inhibited melanomatous growth. These findings highlighted the DNA vaccine ESAT-6-gpi as an immune enhancer to augment the immune efficacy of the tumour vaccine B16F10-ESAT -6-gpi/IL-21 against melanoma in a mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- X He
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
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11
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Cintolo JA, Gimotty P, Blair A, Guerry D, Elder DE, Hammond R, Elenitsas R, Xu X, Fraker D, Schuchter LM, Czerniecki BJ, Karakousis G. Local immune response predicts survival in patients with thick (t4) melanomas. Ann Surg Oncol 2013; 20:3610-7. [PMID: 23838911 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-013-3086-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) and histological regression in primary melanoma are generally considered indicators of the local immune response but their roles as prognostic factors have been variably reported. We examined the prognostic role of these variables in patients with high risk (T4) primary melanomas in a large series of patients with long-term follow-up. METHODS From a prospectively maintained cohort of patients diagnosed between 1971 and 2004, 161 patients were retrospectively identified with primary thick melanomas (>4 mm), no clinical evidence of regional nodal disease (RND) at diagnosis and complete histopathologic data. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression models were performed to identify clinical and histopathologic predictors of disease-specific survival (DSS) and to identify subgroups with differential survival. RESULTS Factors significantly associated with decreased DSS by univariate analysis included male gender, age ≥ 60 years, axial anatomic location, presence of ulceration, RND, absence of TIL, and presence of regression. In the final multivariate model, TIL and regression, as interacting variables, and RND status remained significantly associated with DSS. In the presence of TIL, concomitant regression was associated with significantly worse survival (p ≤ 0.0001). In the absence of TIL, there was no effect of regression on survival (p = 0.324). CONCLUSIONS Primary TIL and regression status and RND status are independently associated with melanoma-specific survival in patients with T4 melanomas; presence of TIL in the primary melanoma with concomitant radial growth phase regression is associated with a poor prognosis and may reflect an ineffective local regional immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Cintolo
- Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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12
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Engell-Noerregaard L, Hendel HW, Johannesen HH, Alslev L, Svane IM. FDG PET scans as evaluation of clinical response to dendritic cell vaccination in patients with malignant melanoma. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2013; 62:17-25. [PMID: 22722450 PMCID: PMC11029132 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-012-1306-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2011] [Accepted: 06/02/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Measurements of tumour metabolism by [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) have been successfully applied to monitor tumour response after chemo- and chemo-radiotherapy and may not have the same limitations as other morphological imaging techniques. In this study it is investigated whether FDG-PET might add information on the efficacy of immune therapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS In a retrospective analysis data from patients with advanced progressive melanoma, treated with DC vaccinations and evaluated by PET/CT scans at baseline as well as after 6 vaccinations were analysed. If a patient achieved stable disease according to RECIST, additional vaccinations were given. The PET scans were evaluated according to EORTC guidelines. RESULTS PET/CT scans from 13 patients were evaluated. According to RECIST 3 patients achieved stable disease and 10 patients progressed. Interestingly, when evaluated by PET scans 2 patients had partial metabolic response and 1 patient had complete metabolic response of the 2 index lesions even though a new lesion appeared simultaneously. Ten patients were seen to have stable or progressive metabolic disease. CONCLUSION By adding PET scans to the CT evaluation of patients treated with DC vaccines, a more detailed picture of the single lesions was found. This seems to improve the clinical evaluation of the treatment. The lack of correlation between the PET and CT scans suggests that some of the increases in target lesions seen in CT scans might be due to oedema or immune-infiltrates and not progression of the disease. Thus, further investigation into the contribution of PET scans to the evaluation of cancer immunotherapy is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotte Engell-Noerregaard
- Department of Haematology, Center for Cancer ImmuneTherapy (CCIT), University Hospital Herlev, Herlev, Denmark.
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13
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Review and cross-validation of gene expression signatures and melanoma prognosis. J Invest Dermatol 2011; 132:274-83. [PMID: 21956122 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2011.305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In melanoma, there is an urgent need to identify novel biomarkers with prognostic performance superior to traditional clinical and histological parameters. Gene expression-based prognostic signatures offer promise, but studies have been challenged by sample scarcity, cohort heterogeneity, and doubts about the efficacy of such signatures relative to current clinical practices. Motivated by new studies that have begun to address these challenges, we reviewed prognostic signatures derived from gene expression microarray analysis of human melanoma tissue. We used REMARK-based criteria to select the most relevant studies and directly compared their signature gene lists. Through functional ontology enrichment analysis, we observed that these independent data sets converge in part upon immune response processes and the G-protein signaling NRAS-regulation pathway, both important in melanoma development and progression. The signatures correctly predicted patient outcome in independent gene expression data sets with some notably low misclassification rates, particularly among studies involving more advanced-stage tumors. This successful cross-validation indicates that gene expression analysis-based signatures are becoming translationally relevant to care of melanoma patients, as well as improving understanding of the aspects of melanoma biology that determine patient outcome.
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Abstract
The process of carcinogenesis involves a number of changes in cellular phenotype, which are largely based on acquired genetic changes in cells that are not terminally differentiated. The ability of cancer cells to grow and their failure to respond to the usual controls on such proliferation are obvious features, but they also evade cell death and most have no limits on their ability to replicate beyond the limits imposed by telomere length in normal cells. In addition, they are able to stimulate the formation of blood vessels to ensure a steady supply of oxygen and nutrients, and to invade normal tissues, sometimes subverting the normal processes within those tissues. Finally, it has become increasingly apparent that cancer cells undergo a process of selection which renders the immune system ineffective. Some of these characteristics are retained by cells in culture, and an understanding of the biological properties of cancer cells will assist in the design of experiments and the interpretation of their results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian A Cree
- Translational Oncology Research Centre, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth, UK.
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15
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Tseng WW, Leong SPL. Long-term survivors after immunotherapy for metastatic melanoma. Immunol Lett 2011; 139:117-8. [PMID: 21596063 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2011.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2011] [Revised: 03/25/2011] [Accepted: 04/20/2011] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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16
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Manuel ER, Blache CA, Paquette R, Kaltcheva TI, Ishizaki H, Ellenhorn JDI, Hensel M, Metelitsa L, Diamond DJ. Enhancement of cancer vaccine therapy by systemic delivery of a tumor-targeting Salmonella-based STAT3 shRNA suppresses the growth of established melanoma tumors. Cancer Res 2011; 71:4183-91. [PMID: 21527558 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-4676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cancer vaccine therapies have only achieved limited success when focusing on effector immunity with the goal of eliciting robust tumor-specific T-cell responses. More recently, there is an emerging understanding that effective immunity can only be achieved by coordinate disruption of tumor-derived immunosuppression. Toward that goal, we have developed a potent Salmonella-based vaccine expressing codon-optimized survivin (CO-SVN), referred to as 3342Max. When used alone as a therapeutic vaccine, 3342Max can attenuate growth of aggressive murine melanomas overexpressing SVN. However, under more immunosuppressive conditions, such as those associated with larger tumor volumes, we found that the vaccine was ineffective. Vaccine efficacy could be rescued if tumor-bearing mice were treated initially with Salmonella encoding a short hairpin RNA (shRNA) targeting the tolerogenic molecule STAT3 (YS1646-shSTAT3). In vaccinated mice, silencing STAT3 increased the proliferation and granzyme B levels of intratumoral CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. The combined strategy also increased apoptosis in tumors of treated mice, enhancing tumor-specific killing of tumor targets. Interestingly, mice treated with YS1646-shSTAT3 or 3342Max alone were similarly unsuccessful in rejecting established tumors, whereas the combined regimen was highly potent. Our findings establish that a combined strategy of silencing immunosuppressive molecules followed by vaccination can act synergistically to attenuate tumor growth, and they offer a novel translational direction to improve tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin R Manuel
- Division of Translational Vaccine Research, City of Hope, Duarte, California 91010, USA
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17
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Metastatic tumor dormancy in cutaneous melanoma: does surgery induce escape? Cancers (Basel) 2011; 3:730-46. [PMID: 24212638 PMCID: PMC3756387 DOI: 10.3390/cancers3010730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2010] [Revised: 01/28/2011] [Accepted: 02/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
According to the concept of tumor dormancy, tumor cells may exist as single cells or microscopic clusters of cells that are clinically undetectable, but remain viable and have the potential for malignant outgrowth. At metastatic sites, escape from tumor dormancy under more favorable local microenvironmental conditions or through other, yet undefined stimuli, may account for distant recurrence after supposed "cure" following surgical treatment of the primary tumor. The vast majority of evidence to date in support of the concept of tumor dormancy originates from animal studies; however, extensive epidemiologic data from breast cancer strongly suggests that this process does occur in human disease. In this review, we aim to demonstrate that metastatic tumor dormancy does exist in cutaneous melanoma based on evidence from mouse models and clinical observations of late recurrence and occult transmission by organ transplantation. Experimental data underscores the critical role of impaired angiogenesis and immune regulation as major mechanisms for maintenance of tumor dormancy. Finally, we examine evidence for the role of surgery in promoting escape from tumor dormancy at metastatic sites in cutaneous melanoma.
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18
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Link A, Bachmann MF. Immunodrugs: breaking B- but not T-cell tolerance with therapeutic anticytokine vaccines. Immunotherapy 2010; 2:561-74. [PMID: 20636009 DOI: 10.2217/imt.10.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathology in most chronic inflammatory diseases is characterized by an imbalance in cytokine expression. Targeting cytokines with monoclonal antibodies has proven to be a highly effective treatment. However, monoclonal antibody therapy has disadvantages such as high production costs, generation of antimonoclonal antibodies and the inconvenience of frequent injections. Therapeutic vaccines have the potential to overcome these limitations. The aim of active vaccination is to induce B-cell responses and obtain autoantibodies capable of neutralizing the interaction of the targeted cytokine with its receptor. In order to achieve this, therapeutic vaccines need to circumvent the potent tolerance mechanisms that exist to prevent immune responses against self-molecules. This article focuses on the tolerance mechanisms of the B- and T-cell compartments and how these may be manipulated to obtain high-affinity autoantibodies without inducing potentially dangerous autoreactive T-cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Link
- Cytos Biotechnology AG, CH-8952 Zurich-Schlieren, Switzerland
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19
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Wang J, Zhao F, Dou J, He XF, Chu L, Cao M, Liu C, Li Y, Gu N. Immunotherapy of melanoma by GPI-anchored IL-21 tumour vaccine involves down-regulating regulatory T cells in mouse model. Int J Immunogenet 2010; 38:21-9. [PMID: 20727044 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-313x.2010.00962.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we developed a tumour cell vaccine expressing a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored IL-21 to test the effect of immunotherapy of melanoma in mouse model. The results indicated that the tumour vaccine was functional, exhibiting delayed tumour growth and prolonging longevity of tumour bearing mice. The immunotherapeutic effect was associated with decreasing the numbers of CD4(+) CD25(+) Foxp3(+) Treg (Tregs) cells, increasing IFN-γ level and promoting lymphocyte-infiltration in tumour tissues. Overall, our data demonstrate that the GPI-anchored IL-21 tumour vaccine regulates immune responses at least in part by down-regulating Tregs and reveals enhanced efficacy of tumour vaccine therapy of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wang
- Department of Gynecology & Obstetrics, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
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20
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Zhao F, Dou J, He XF, Wang J, Chu L, Hu W, Yu F, Hu K, Wu Y, Gu N. Enhancing therapy of B16F10 melanoma efficacy through tumor vaccine expressing GPI-anchored IL-21 and secreting GM-CSF in mouse model. Vaccine 2010; 28:2846-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.01.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2009] [Revised: 01/25/2010] [Accepted: 01/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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21
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Bajaj NS, Watt C, Hadjiliadis D, Gillespie C, Haas AR, Pochettino A, Mendez J, Sterman DH, Schuchter LM, Christie JD, Lee JC, Ahya VN. Donor transmission of malignant melanoma in a lung transplant recipient 32 years after curative resection. Transpl Int 2010; 23:e26-31. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-2277.2010.01090.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Correll A, Tuettenberg A, Becker C, Jonuleit H. Increased regulatory T-cell frequencies in patients with advanced melanoma correlate with a generally impaired T-cell responsiveness and are restored after dendritic cell-based vaccination. Exp Dermatol 2009; 19:e213-21. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2009.01055.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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23
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Abstract
Metastatic dormancy of melanoma has not received sufficient attention, most likely because once detectable, metastasis is almost invariably fatal and, understandably, the focus has been on finding ways to prolong life of patients with overt recurrences. Nevertheless, analysis of the published clinical and experimental data on melanoma indicates that some aspect of melanoma biology imitate traits recently associated with dormancy in other solid cancers. Among them the ability of some melanomas to disseminate early during primary tumor progression and once disseminated, to remain undetected (dormant) for years. Comparison of cutaneous and uveal melanoma indicates that, in spite of being of the same origin, they differ profoundly in their clinical progression. Importantly for this discussion, between 40 and 50% of uveal melanoma remain undetected for longer than a decade, while less than 5% of cutaneous melanoma show this behavior. Both types of melanoma have activating oncogene mutations that provide autonomous pro-proliferative signals, yet the consensus is that those are not sufficient for tumor progression. If that is the case, it is possible to envision that signals from outside the tumor cell, (microenvironment) shape the fate of an individual disseminated cell, regardless of an oncogene mutation, to progress or to pause in a state of dormancy. To stimulate further debate and inquiry we describe here a few examples of potential signals that might modify the fate of disseminated cell and provide brief description of the current knowledge on dormancy in other cancers. Our hope is to convince the reader that disseminated melanoma cells do enter periods of prolonged dormancy and that finding ways to induce it, or to prolong it, might mean an extension of symptoms-free life for melanoma patients. Ultimately, understanding the biology of dormancy and the mechanisms of dormant cell survival, might allow for their specific targeting and elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Ossowski
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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