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Ramirez Ramirez AD, de Jesus MCS, Rossit J, Reis NF, Santos-Filho MC, Sudré AP, de Oliveira-Ferreira J, Baptista ARDS, Storti-Melo LM, Machado RLD. Association of toll-like receptors in malaria susceptibility and immunopathogenesis: A meta-analysis. Heliyon 2022; 8:e09318. [PMID: 35520620 PMCID: PMC9065626 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a key role in the induced immune response in malaria. Although the potential roles of TLRs have been described, it is necessary to elucidate which of these receptors may actually have an impact on the immunopathogenesis of the disease. This article performed a meta-analysis adhered to the PRISMA statement on TLRs studied in malaria by Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax and its impact on susceptibility and pathogenesis during malaria. A search of the literature was undertaken in PubMed, LILACS and SciELO published until June 30th, 2020. The risk of bias was calculated using the Joanna Briggs Institute's Critical Review Checklist. Later, based on the inclusion and/or exclusion criteria, 17 out of 296 articles were harvested for this systematic review, the meta-analysis included studies incorporating 6,747 cases and 8,983 controls. The results showed that only TLR1, TLR9 and TLR4 receptors were associated with parasitemia, TLR2 and TLR6 were related with severity and none TLR was correlated with susceptibility. The data described here should be taken with caution, since the current evidence is limited and inconsistent. More studies are needed given that the results may change depending on the region and genetic background of the populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aína Danaisa Ramirez Ramirez
- Center for Microorganisms' Investigation, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Myrela Conceição Santos de Jesus
- Center for Microorganisms' Investigation, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology, Department of Biology, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Júlia Rossit
- Center for Microorganisms' Investigation, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Nathália Faria Reis
- Center for Microorganisms' Investigation, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Cerilo Santos-Filho
- Center for Microorganisms' Investigation, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Adriana Pittella Sudré
- Laboratory of Parasites Molecular Biology, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Andrea Regina de Souza Baptista
- Center for Microorganisms' Investigation, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luciane Moreno Storti-Melo
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology, Department of Biology, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Luiz Dantas Machado
- Center for Microorganisms' Investigation, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Influence of polymorphisms in toll-like receptors (TLRs) on malaria susceptibility in low-endemic area of the Atlantic Forest, São Paulo, Brazil. Acta Trop 2018; 182:309-316. [PMID: 29551393 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In low-endemic areas for malaria transmission, asymptomatic individuals play an important role as reservoirs for malarial infection. Understanding the dynamics of asymptomatic malaria is crucial for its efficient control in these regions. Genetic host factors such as Toll-like receptor (TLR) polymorphisms may play a role in the maintenance or elimination of infection. In this study, the effect of TLR polymorphisms on the susceptibility to malaria was investigated among individuals living in the Atlantic Forest of São Paulo, Southern Brazil. A hundred and ninety-five Brazilian individuals were enrolled and actively followed up for malaria for three years. Twenty-four polymorphisms in five toll-like receptor (TLR) genes were genotyped by RFLP, direct sequencing or fragment analysis. The genotypes were analyzed for the risk of malaria. Ongoing Plasmodium vivax or P. malariae infection, was identified by the positive results in PCR tests and previous P. vivax malaria, was assumed when antiplasmodial antibodies against PvMSP119 were detected by ELISA. An evaluation of genomic ancestry was conducted using biallelic ancestry informative markers and the results were used as correction in the statistical analysis. Nine SNPs and one microsatellite were found polymorphic and three variant alleles in TLR genes were associated to malaria susceptibility. The regression coefficient estimated for SNP TLR9.-1237.T/C indicated that the presence of at least one allele C increased, on average, 2.3 times the malaria odds, compared to individuals with no allele C in this SNP. However, for individuals with the same sex, age and household, the presence of at least one allele C in SNP TLR9.-1486.T/C reduced, on average, 1.9 times the malaria odds, compared to individuals with no allele C. Moreover, this allele C plus an S allele in TLR6.P249S in individuals with same sex, age and ancestry, reduced, on average, 4.4 times the malaria odds. Our findings indicate a significant association of TLR9.-1237.T/C gene polymorphism with malarial infection and contribute to a better knowledge of the role of TLRs in malaria susceptibility in an epidemiological setting different from other settings.
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The potential role of toll-like receptor 4 Asp299Gly polymorphism and its association with recurrent cystic echinococcosis in postoperative patients. Parasitol Res 2018; 117:1717-1727. [PMID: 29602972 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-018-5850-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The study of pathogenesis mechanisms of larval stages in the Taeniidae has recently focused on host genetic factors, particularly toll-like receptor (TLR) variations. However, the potential role of TLR4 polymorphism in hydatidosis has not yet been sufficiently elucidated in postoperative patients. In this case-control investigation, 80 patients from Iran, including 40 with acute hydatidosis (AH) and 40 with recurrent hydatidosis (RH), and 80 ethnically matched controls were evaluated from February 2015 to February 2017. Hydatidosis patients were confirmed using radiological, immunological, and histopathological examinations. Genotyping of Asp299Gly and Thr399Ile of TLR4 single-nucleotide polymorphisms was determined by restriction fragment length polymorphism, sequencing, and phylogenetic strategies. The heterozygous mutant-type TLR4 Asp299Gly genotype indicated a tendency to be associated with the occurrence of RH (P = 0.060) and conferred a 3-fold risk for susceptibility. There was no difference in genotype frequency of Asp299Gly between patients with AH and healthy controls (P = 0.42; OR, 1.82; 95% CI, 0.11-30.1%). Interestingly, a frequency of the G allele (12%: Gly) was observed to be a risk factor for susceptibility to RH patients (P = 0.050; OR, 7.08; 95% CI, 0.97-51.5%). A relative genetic variability of TLR4 Asp299Gly was found in RH patients (haplotype diversity: 0.700) compared to AH patients and healthy controls (Hd: 0.000). The Asp299Gly genotype was dominantly identified in patients with hepatic hydatid cysts. The TLR4 Thr399Ile codon was not detected except in a patient with a pulmonary hydatid cyst. The current findings enhance our knowledge regarding the TLR4 Asp299Gly polymorphism potentially leading to the development of RH, by skewing the immune system towards a Th2 response. Identification of the Asp299Gly codon may be a diagnostic hallmark in RH patients who have undergone unsuccessful postoperative intervention. However, further studies with a higher case number are needed on ethnic population from various geographic regions, in order to confirm this hypothesis.
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The association of toll-like receptor 4 polymorphism with hepatitis C virus infection in Saudi Arabian patients. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:357062. [PMID: 25177689 PMCID: PMC4142570 DOI: 10.1155/2014/357062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a single stranded RNA virus. It affects millions of people worldwide and is considered as a leading cause of liver diseases including cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. A recent study reported that TLR4 gene polymorphisms are good prognostic predictors and are associated with protection from liver fibrosis among Caucasians. This study aims to investigate the implication of genetic polymorphisms of TLR4 gene on the HCV infection in Saudi Arabian patients. Two SNPs in the TLR4 gene, rs4986790 (A/G) and rs4986791 (C/T), were genotyped in 450 HCV patients and 600 uninfected controls. The association analysis confirmed that both SNPs showed a significant difference in their distribution between HCV-infected patients and uninfected control subjects (P < 0.0001; OR = 0.404, 95% CI = 0.281-0.581) and (P < 0.0001; OR = 0.298, 95% CI = 0.201-0.443), respectively. More importantly, haplotype analysis revealed that four haplotypes, AC, GT, GC, and AT (rs4986790, rs4986791), were significantly associated with HCV infection when compared with control subjects. One haplotype AC was more prominently found when chronic HCV-infected patients were compared with cirrhosis/HCC patients (frequency = 94.7% and P = 0.04). Both TLR4 SNPs under investigation were found to be significantly implicated with HCV-infection among Saudi Arabian population.
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Cai Y, Peng YH, Tang Z, Guo XL, Qing YF, Liang SH, Jiang H, Dang WT, Ma Q, He C, Zhou JG. Association of Toll-like receptor 2 polymorphisms with gout. Biomed Rep 2014; 2:292-296. [PMID: 24649113 DOI: 10.3892/br.2014.224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Gout is the most common autoinflammatory arthritis characterized by elevated serum urate and recurrent attacks of intra-articular crystal deposition of monosodium urate (MSU) in tissues. The pathogenesis of gout has not been fully determined, although certain genetic factors are involved in the development of gout. Accumulated data suggested that MSU crystal-induced inflammation is a paradigm of innate immunity. As Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are the underlying mechanisms of the innate immune response, the present study aimed to investigate whether TLR2 polymorphisms are associated with gout. Two single-nucleotide polymorphisms (Arg677Trp and Arg753Gln, rs5743708) in TLR2 were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism and the -196 to -174 del polymorphism was investigated using the allele-specific polymerase chain reaction in 431 individuals (215 patients with gout and 216 healthy controls). TLR2 Arg677Trp and Arg753Gln genotyping indicated that all the positive samples were of the wild-type genotype. No significant differences in genotype (χ2=1.686, P=0.430) and allele (χ2=1.430, P=0.232) frequencies of the -196 to -174 del polymorphism between the patients with gout and the control groups was observed. Our results suggested that the TLR2 Arg677Trp, Arg753Gln and the -196 to -174 del polymorphisms were not associated with susceptibility to primary gouty arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Cai
- Faculty of Laboratory Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, P.R. China ; Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, P.R. China ; Institute of Rheumatism Immunity, The Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, P.R. China
| | - Yi-Hua Peng
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, P.R. China
| | - Zhong Tang
- Faculty of Laboratory Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, P.R. China ; Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Lan Guo
- Faculty of Laboratory Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, P.R. China ; Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, P.R. China ; Institute of Rheumatism Immunity, The Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Feng Qing
- Institute of Rheumatism Immunity, The Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, P.R. China ; Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, The Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, P.R. China
| | - Su-Hua Liang
- Department of Biology, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, P.R. China
| | - Hong Jiang
- Institute of Rheumatism Immunity, The Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, P.R. China
| | - Wang-Tai Dang
- Institute of Rheumatism Immunity, The Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, P.R. China ; Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, The Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Ma
- Faculty of Laboratory Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, P.R. China ; Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, P.R. China
| | - Cheng He
- Faculty of Laboratory Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, P.R. China ; Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, P.R. China
| | - Jing-Guo Zhou
- Institute of Rheumatism Immunity, The Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, P.R. China ; Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, The Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan 637000, P.R. China
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