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Mangoni AA, Zinellu A. The vascular endothelial growth factor as a candidate biomarker of systemic lupus erythematosus: a GRADE-assessed systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Exp Med 2024; 24:218. [PMID: 39259392 PMCID: PMC11390800 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-024-01487-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 09/04/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024]
Abstract
There is an ongoing search for novel biomarkers of endothelial damage, active disease, and organ dysfunction in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). We investigated the role of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) as a candidate biomarker by conducting a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies examining VEGF concentrations in SLE patients and healthy controls. We searched electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science) from inception to 31 May 2024 (inclusion criteria: VEGF measurement in SLE patients and healthy controls and SLE patients with and without active disease or specific organ dysfunction in case-control studies, recruitment of adult participants, and availability of the full text in the English language; exclusion criteria: non-case-control studies, participants under 18 years, articles reporting duplicate or irrelevant data, and animal studies). We assessed the risk of bias and the certainty of evidence using the JBI Critical Appraisal Checklist and GRADE, respectively (PROSPERO registration number: CRD42024561636). Circulating VEGF concentrations were significantly higher in SLE patients than in controls (22 studies; standardised mean difference, SMD = 0.71, 95% CI 0.44 to 0.98, p < 0.001; low certainty of evidence). In SLE patients, VEGF concentrations were significantly higher in those with active disease (six studies; SMD = 1.10, 95% CI 0.27 to 1.92, p = 0.009; very low certainty of evidence) and lupus nephritis (four studies; SMD = 0.80, 95% CI 0.03 to 1.57, p = 0.042; very low certainty of evidence). Only one study reported VEGF concentrations in SLE patients with and without pulmonary arterial hypertension. The effect size of the differences in VEGF concentrations between SLE patients and controls was not associated with disease duration, use of glucocorticoids and immunosuppressors, biological matrix assessed, or analytical method used. However, it was significantly associated with the study's geographical location. The evidence was limited by the high but partially explainable heterogeneity and the presence of publication bias which was addressed with the "trim-and-fill" method (SLE presence), the high but partially explainable heterogeneity and lack of assessment of publication bias because of the limited study number (active disease), and the limited study number preventing the identification of sources of heterogeneity, sensitivity analysis, and assessment of publication bias (lupus nephritis). Our results highlight VEGF's potential role as a SLE biomarker and the need for further research, also given the aforementioned limitations, investigating VEGF concentrations in a wide range of SLE patient subgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arduino A Mangoni
- Discipline of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia.
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Flinders Medical Centre, Southern Adelaide Local Health Network, Adelaide, Australia.
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University and Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, SA, 5042, Australia.
| | - Angelo Zinellu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
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Cassisa A, Cima L. Cutaneous vasculitis: insights into pathogenesis and histopathological features. Pathologica 2024; 116:119-133. [PMID: 38767544 PMCID: PMC11138767 DOI: 10.32074/1591-951x-985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying the onset and progression of vasculitis remain poorly understood. This condition is characterized by damage to the vascular wall, recruitment of inflammatory cells, and subsequent structural remodeling, which are hallmarks of vasculitis. The histopathological classification of vasculitis relies on the size of the affected vessel and the predominant type of inflammatory cell involved - neutrophils in acute cases, lymphocytes in chronic conditions, and histiocytes in granulomatous forms. Pathological changes progress in every context, and a single vasculitic pattern can be associated with various systemic conditions. Conversely, a single causative agent may lead to multiple distinct clinical and pathological manifestations of vasculitis. Moreover, many cases of vasculitis have no identifiable cause. A foundational understanding of the normal structure of the cutaneous vascular network is crucial. Similarly, identifying the cellular and molecular participants and their roles in forming the "dermal microvascular unit" is propedeutical. This review aims to elucidate the complex mechanisms involved in the initiation and progression of vasculitis, offering a comprehensive overview of its histopathological classification, underlying causes, and the significant role of the cutaneous vascular network and cellular dynamics. By integrating the latest insights from studies on NETosis and the implications of lymphocytic infiltration in autoimmune diseases, we seek to bridge gaps in current knowledge and highlight areas for future research. Our discussion extends to the clinical implications of vasculitis, emphasizing the importance of identifying etiological agents and understanding the diverse histopathological manifestations to improve diagnostic accuracy and treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Cassisa
- Department of Oncology, Section of Pathology, San Giovanni di Dio Hospital, USL Centro Toscana, Florence, Italy
| | - Luca Cima
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Pathology Unit, Santa Chiara Hospital, Trento, Italy
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Johnson MG, Adam E, Watt A, Page AE. Effects of High-Speed Training on Messenger RNA Expression in Two-Year-Old Thoroughbred Racehorses. J Equine Vet Sci 2023; 128:104892. [PMID: 37433342 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2023.104892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating high-speed exercise has been identified as a significant risk factor for catastrophic injuries in racing Thoroughbreds. Injuries, regardless of severity, are a main cause of withdrawal from the racing industry, raising animal welfare concerns and resulting in significant economic losses. While most of the current literature focuses on injuries incurred during racing rather than training, the present study aims to help fill this gap. As such, peripheral blood was collected weekly, prior to exercise or administration of medication, from eighteen, two-year-old Thoroughbreds throughout their first season of race training. Messenger RNA (mRNA) was isolated and used to analyze the expression of 34 genes via RT-qPCR. Statistical analysis of the noninjured horses (n = 6) showed that 13 genes were significantly correlated with increasing average weekly high-speed furlong performance. Additionally, there was a negative correlation for CXCL1, IGFBP3, and MPO with both cumulative high-speed furlongs and week of training for all horses. Comparison of both groups showed opposing correlations between the anti-inflammatory index (IL1RN, IL-10, and PTGS1) and average weekly high-speed furlong performance. Furthermore, evaluation of training effects on mRNA expression during the weeks surrounding injury, showed differences between groups in IL-13 and MMP9 at -3 and -2 weeks prior to injury. While some previously reported relationships between exercise adaptation and mRNA expression were not noted in this study, this may have been due to the small sample size. Several novel correlations, however, were identified and warrant further investigation as markers of exercise adaptation or potential risk for injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mackenzie G Johnson
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Emma Adam
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | | | - Allen E Page
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY.
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Roeser A, Bravetti M, Dong L, Azoulay LD, Charlotte F, Miyara M, Ghillani-Dalbin P, Emile JF, El Kouari F, Ouni H, Lacorte JM, Brocheriou I, Amoura Z, Cohen-Aubart F, Haroche J. Serum vascular endothelial growth factor is associated with cardiovascular involvement and response to therapy in Erdheim-Chester disease. Haematologica 2022; 108:513-521. [PMID: 36005561 PMCID: PMC9890031 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2022.280755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Erdheim-Chester disease (ECD) is a rare histiocytosis, considered to be an inflammatory myeloid neoplasm. Tropism for specific involvements of the disease remains unexplained. Vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF) is implicated in cancer pathophysiology and mutations of the RAS oncogene have been shown to induce upregulation of VEGF gene expression. We therefore hypothesized that VEGF might play a particular role in ECD pathophysiology. We conducted a retrospective, single-center study to assess serum VEGF (sVEGF) concentrations and determine whether they were associated with the characteristics of ECD patients, and to determine whether VEGF was expressed by histiocytes. We evaluated 247 ECD patients, 53.4% of whom had sVEGF levels above the normal range (>500 pg/mL). Patients with high sVEGF levels more frequently had cardiac and vascular involvement (58.3% vs. 41.4%, P=0.008 and 70.5% vs. 48.3%, P=0.0004, respectively). In treatment-naïve patients (n=135), the association of C-reactive protein >5 mg/L and sVEGF >500 pg/mL was strongly associated with vascular involvement (odds ratio=5.54 [95% confidence interval: 2.39-13.62], P<0.001), and independently associated with cardiac involvement (odds ratio=3.18 [95% confidence interval: 1.34-7.83], P=0.010) after adjustment for the presence of the BRAF V600E mutation. Changes in sVEGF concentration on treatment were associated with a response of cardiac involvement on consecutive cardiac magnetic resonance images. All histological samples analyzed (n=24) displayed histiocytes with intracytoplasmic expression of VEGF, which was moderate to high in more than 90% of cases. Our study suggests a role for VEGF in cardiac and vascular involvement in ECD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs Roeser
- Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Service de Médecine Interne 2, Centre National de Référence des Histiocytoses, Paris
| | - Marine Bravetti
- Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Service de Radiologie Cardiovasculaire et Interventionnelle, Paris
| | - Lida Dong
- Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Service d’Anatomie et Cytologie Pathologiques, Paris
| | - Levi-Dan Azoulay
- Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Service de Médecine Interne 2, Centre National de Référence des Histiocytoses, Paris
| | - Frederic Charlotte
- Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Service d’Anatomie et Cytologie Pathologiques, Paris
| | - Makoto Miyara
- Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Département d’Immunochimie, Paris
| | - Pascale Ghillani-Dalbin
- Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Département d’Immunochimie, Paris
| | - Jean-François Emile
- EA4340, Université Versailles-Saint Quentin, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Ambroise Paré, Département de Pathologie, Boulogne
| | - Fadwa El Kouari
- Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Unité Fonctionnelle de Production des Médicaments et des Anticancéreux Injectables, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris
| | - Hamza Ouni
- Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Biochimie Endocrinienne et Oncologique, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Marc Lacorte
- Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Biochimie Endocrinienne et Oncologique, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Brocheriou
- Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Service d’Anatomie et Cytologie Pathologiques, Paris
| | - Zahir Amoura
- Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Service de Médecine Interne 2, Centre National de Référence des Histiocytoses, Paris
| | - Fleur Cohen-Aubart
- Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Service de Médecine Interne 2, Centre National de Référence des Histiocytoses, Paris
| | - Julien Haroche
- Sorbonne Universite, Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Paris, Hopital de la Pitie-Salpetriere, Service de Medecine Interne 2, Centre National de Reference des Histiocytoses, Paris-75013.
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Yoon KA, Kim MK, Eom HS, Lee H, Park WS, Sohn JY, Kim MJ, Kong SY. Adverse prognostic impact of vascular endothelial growth factor gene polymorphisms in patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Leuk Lymphoma 2017; 58:2677-2682. [DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2017.1300893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyong-Ah Yoon
- Center for Breast Cancer, Center for Diagnostic Oncology, Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Center for Diagnostic Oncology, Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Kyeong Kim
- Department of System Cancer Science, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, Center for Diagnostic Oncology, Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon-Seok Eom
- Hematology-Oncology Clinic, Center for Specific Organs Cancer, Center for Diagnostic Oncology, Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyewon Lee
- Hematology-Oncology Clinic, Center for Specific Organs Cancer, Center for Diagnostic Oncology, Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Weon Seo Park
- Department of Pathology, Center for Diagnostic Oncology, Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Yeon Sohn
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Center for Diagnostic Oncology, Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Man Jin Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Young Kong
- Department of System Cancer Science, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, Center for Diagnostic Oncology, Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea
- Hematology-Oncology Clinic, Center for Specific Organs Cancer, Center for Diagnostic Oncology, Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Center for Diagnostic Oncology, Research Institute and Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea
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Zhao J, Bai Y, Jin L, Weng Y, Wang Y, Wu H, Li X, Huang Y, Wang S. A functional variant in the 3'-UTR of VEGF predicts the 90-day outcome of ischemic stroke in Chinese patients. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172709. [PMID: 28234972 PMCID: PMC5325536 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) plays critical roles in angiogenesis and vasculogenesis, which are associated with post-stroke functional recovery. However, the effects of the VEGFA polymorphisms on the outcome of ischemic stroke (IS) have been rarely reported. We therefore investigated the associations of +936C/T variant (rs3025039) with the susceptibilities and the 90-day outcomes from 494 IS patients and 337 healthy controls in Chinese population through the establishment of logistic multivariate regression model. Stroke severity at admission and outcome of 90 days were respectively assessed according to the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale and the modified Rankin Scale. The analysis showed that there were no significant associations of the rs3025039 genotypes with the susceptibility (P = 0.229) and the severity (P = 0.734). However, when we divided the 308 IS patients into two groups according to the different outcomes, we found that the rs3025039 TC+TT genotype significantly increased the risk of poor recovery [adjusted odds ratio (OR), 1.99; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.18–3.37]. Interestingly, we observed another 3ˈUTR variant, +1451C/T (rs3025040), exhibited strong linkage disequilibrium (r2 = 1.0) with +936C/T and was located in a predicted microRNA-binding site. The rs3025040 T allele significantly decreased the luciferase activities in four cell lines, which indicated a potential disruption of the miRNA-mRNA interaction that would result in lower VEGF expression levels. Our data suggested that the +936C/T variants significantly increased the risk of poorer stroke outcome by affecting the bindings of miR-199a and miR-199b to VEGF mRNA at the rs30250340 polymorphic site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Minhang district central hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun Bai
- Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory of Health and Disease Genomics, Chinese National Human Genome Center at Shanghai, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (SW); (YB)
| | - Lei Jin
- Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory of Health and Disease Genomics, Chinese National Human Genome Center at Shanghai, Shanghai, China
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingfeng Weng
- Department of Neurology, Minhang district central hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yujie Wang
- Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory of Health and Disease Genomics, Chinese National Human Genome Center at Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Wu
- Department of Neurology, Minhang district central hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Xia Li
- Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory of Health and Disease Genomics, Chinese National Human Genome Center at Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Huang
- Luoxin Biotechnology Company at Shanghai, Pudong New Area, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengyue Wang
- Shanghai-MOST Key Laboratory of Health and Disease Genomics, Chinese National Human Genome Center at Shanghai, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (SW); (YB)
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Shadrina AS, Smetanina MA, Sokolova EA, Shamovskaya DV, Sevost'ianova KS, Shevela AI, Soldatsky EY, Seliverstov EI, Demekhova MY, Shonov OA, Ilyukhin EA, Voronina EN, Pikalov IV, Zolotukhin IA, Kirienko AI, Filipenko ML. Allele rs2010963 C of the VEGFA gene is associated with the decreased risk of primary varicose veins in ethnic Russians. Phlebology 2016; 33:27-35. [PMID: 27932624 DOI: 10.1177/0268355516683611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Objective To study the association of polymorphisms rs699947, rs2010963, rs3025039 in the VEGFA gene region and rs1870377, rs2305949, rs2071559 in the VEGFR2 gene region with the risk of primary varicose veins in ethnic Russians. Methods Genotypes were determined by real-time PCR allelic discrimination. The case group consisted of 448 patients with primary varicose veins and the control group comprised 609 individuals without a history of chronic venous disease. Association was studied by logistic regression analysis. Results Allele rs2010963 C was associated with the decreased risk of varicose veins (additive model of inheritance: odds ratio = 0.73, 95% confidence interval = 0.59-0.91, P = 0.004). Conclusions Our results provide evidence that polymorphism rs2010963 located in the 5' untranslated region of the VEGFA gene can influence genetic susceptibility to primary varicose veins in Russians. Otherwise, it can be in linkage disequilibrium with another functional single nucleotide polymorphism that can alter the level of vascular endothelial growth factor A protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra S Shadrina
- 1 Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Russia
- 2 Novosibirsk State University, Russia
| | | | - Ekaterina A Sokolova
- 1 Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Russia
- 2 Novosibirsk State University, Russia
| | | | | | - Andrey I Shevela
- 1 Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Russia
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Elena N Voronina
- 1 Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Russia
- 2 Novosibirsk State University, Russia
| | | | | | | | - Maxim L Filipenko
- 1 Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Russia
- 2 Novosibirsk State University, Russia
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Kim YR, Hong SH. Association between the polymorphisms of the vascular endothelial growth factor gene and metabolic syndrome. Biomed Rep 2015; 3:319-326. [PMID: 26137230 DOI: 10.3892/br.2015.423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a major angiogenic factor. Increased levels of VEGF have been reported in patients with metabolic syndrome (MetS). The role of VEGF polymorphisms in MetS susceptibility, however, has not been reported previously. Thus, the present study was performed to analyze the associations between the VEGF -634G>C and 936C>T polymorphisms and the patients with MetS. A total of 320 patients with MetS (mean age, 49.86±11.76 years) and 320 healthy subjects (mean age, 50.94±8.43 years) were enrolled in the study. The VEGF -634G>C polymorphism in the 5'-untranslated region (UTR) and 936C>T polymorphism in 3'-UTR were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. The VEGF -634G>C polymorphism significantly affected MetS susceptibility. The CC genotype of the -634G>C polymorphism was significantly associated with an increased risk of MetS [adjusted odds ratio (AOR)=3.973; 95% confidence interval (CI), 2.321-6.799; P<0.0001]. AORs of the dominant (GG vs. GC+CC) and recessive models (GG+GC vs. CC) between the cases and controls were 2.569 (95% CI, 1.657-3.983; P<0.0001) and 2.163 (95% CI, 1.475-3.171; P=0.0001), respectively. Haplotypes of -634G>C and 936C>T were also associated with MetS susceptibility. When the haplotype data were stratified by gender, the association remained only in males. The -634G>C polymorphism was also associated with the subgroups of MetS risk components by the stratification analysis. The 936C>T polymorphism was, however, not associated with the MetS susceptibility. The present study demonstrates that the VEGF -634G>C polymorphism and haplotypes may be a genetic determinant for the MetS susceptibility. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study on the significant association of the VEGF polymorphisms in MetS patients. To confirm the effects of the VEGF polymorphisms on MetS, further functional and population studies are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Ree Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Ho Hong
- Department of Science Education, Teachers College, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-781, Republic of Korea
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