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Molineros JE, Looger LL, Kim K, Okada Y, Terao C, Sun C, Zhou XJ, Raj P, Kochi Y, Suzuki A, Akizuki S, Nakabo S, Bang SY, Lee HS, Kang YM, Suh CH, Chung WT, Park YB, Choe JY, Shim SC, Lee SS, Zuo X, Yamamoto K, Li QZ, Shen N, Porter LL, Harley JB, Chua KH, Zhang H, Wakeland EK, Tsao BP, Bae SC, Nath SK. Amino acid signatures of HLA Class-I and II molecules are strongly associated with SLE susceptibility and autoantibody production in Eastern Asians. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1008092. [PMID: 31022184 PMCID: PMC6504188 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) is a key genetic factor conferring risk of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), but precise independent localization of HLA effects is extremely challenging. As a result, the contribution of specific HLA alleles and amino-acid residues to the overall risk of SLE and to risk of specific autoantibodies are far from completely understood. Here, we dissected (a) overall SLE association signals across HLA, (b) HLA-peptide interaction, and (c) residue-autoantibody association. Classical alleles, SNPs, and amino-acid residues of eight HLA genes were imputed across 4,915 SLE cases and 13,513 controls from Eastern Asia. We performed association followed by conditional analysis across HLA, assessing both overall SLE risk and risk of autoantibody production. DR15 alleles HLA-DRB1*15:01 (P = 1.4x10-27, odds ratio (OR) = 1.57) and HLA-DQB1*06:02 (P = 7.4x10-23, OR = 1.55) formed the most significant haplotype (OR = 2.33). Conditioned protein-residue signals were stronger than allele signals and mapped predominantly to HLA-DRB1 residue 13 (P = 2.2x10-75) and its proxy position 11 (P = 1.1x10-67), followed by HLA-DRB1-37 (P = 4.5x10-24). After conditioning on HLA-DRB1, novel associations at HLA-A-70 (P = 1.4x10-8), HLA-DPB1-35 (P = 9.0x10-16), HLA-DQB1-37 (P = 2.7x10-14), and HLA-B-9 (P = 6.5x10-15) emerged. Together, these seven residues increased the proportion of explained heritability due to HLA to 2.6%. Risk residues for both overall disease and hallmark autoantibodies (i.e., nRNP: DRB1-11, P = 2.0x10-14; DRB1-13, P = 2.9x10-13; DRB1-30, P = 3.9x10-14) localized to the peptide-binding groove of HLA-DRB1. Enrichment for specific amino-acid characteristics in the peptide-binding groove correlated with overall SLE risk and with autoantibody presence. Risk residues were in primarily negatively charged side-chains, in contrast with rheumatoid arthritis. We identified novel SLE signals in HLA Class I loci (HLA-A, HLA-B), and localized primary Class II signals to five residues in HLA-DRB1, HLA-DPB1, and HLA-DQB1. These findings provide insights about the mechanisms by which the risk residues interact with each other to produce autoantibodies and are involved in SLE pathophysiology. The Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) region is a key genetic factor conferring risk of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). In spite of multiple SLE association signals identified in the HLA region, only amino-acid residues within HLA-DRB1 have been specifically described previously. In this study, we performed an imputation-based analysis on individuals with East Asian ancestry, and characterized SLE risk within the HLA region for all involved independent genes (HLA-DRB1, HLA-DPB1, HLA-DQB1, HLA-A, and HLA-B). Furthermore, we identified a characteristic SLE risk residue signature as well as a pattern of specific nRNP and Ro/La autoantibody residues located in the peptide-binding grooves, suggesting their key involvement in autoantibody production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio E. Molineros
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Loren L. Looger
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Research Campus, Ashburn, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Kwangwoo Kim
- Department of Biology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yukinori Okada
- Department of Statistical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
- Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
- Laboratory of Statistical Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center (WPI-IFReC), Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Chikashi Terao
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- Center for the Promotion of Interdisciplinary Education and Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Celi Sun
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Xu-jie Zhou
- Renal Division, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University Institute of Nephrology, Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Chronic Kidney Disease Prevention and Treatment (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Prithvi Raj
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Yuta Kochi
- Laboratory for Autoimmune Diseases, Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Akari Suzuki
- Laboratory for Autoimmune Diseases, Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Shuji Akizuki
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shuichiro Nakabo
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - So-Young Bang
- Department of Rheumatology, Hanyang University Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye-Soon Lee
- Department of Rheumatology, Hanyang University Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Mo Kang
- School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Korea
| | - Chang-Hee Suh
- Department of Rheumatology, Ajou University Hospital, Suwon, Korea
| | - Won Tae Chung
- Dong-A University Hospital, Department of Internal Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Yong-Beom Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung-Yoon Choe
- Department of Rheumatology, Catholic University of Daegu School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Seung-Cheol Shim
- Daejeon Rheumatoid & Degenerative Arthritis Center, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Shin-Seok Lee
- Department of Rheumatology, Chonnam National University Medical School and Hospital, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Xiaoxia Zuo
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Kazuhiko Yamamoto
- Laboratory for Autoimmune Diseases, Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Quan-Zhen Li
- Department of Immunology and Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Nan Shen
- Department of Rheumatology and Shanghai Institute of Rheumatology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Lauren L. Porter
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Research Campus, Ashburn, Virginia, United States of America
| | - John B. Harley
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- US Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Kek Heng Chua
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Hong Zhang
- Renal Division, Peking University First Hospital, Peking University Institute of Nephrology, Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of China, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Chronic Kidney Disease Prevention and Treatment (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Edward K. Wakeland
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Betty P. Tsao
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Sang-Cheol Bae
- Department of Rheumatology, Hanyang University Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail: (SCB); (SKN)
| | - Swapan K. Nath
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SCB); (SKN)
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