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Vaz JR, Cortes N, Gomes JS, Reis JF, Stergiou N. Stride-to-stride variability is altered when running to isochronous visual cueing but remains unaltered with fractal cueing. Sports Biomech 2024:1-13. [PMID: 38164700 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2023.2298958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Running synchronised to external cueing is often implemented in both clinical and training settings, and isochronous cueing has been shown to improve running economy. However, such cueing disregards the natural stride-to-stride fluctuations present in human locomotion which is thought to reflect higher levels of adaptability. The present study aimed to investigate how alterations in the temporal structure of cueing affect stride-to-stride variability during running. We hypothesised that running using cueing with a fractal-like structure would preserve the natural stride-to-stride variability of young adults. Thirteen runners performed four 8-min trials: one uncued (UNC) trial and three cued trials presenting an isochronous (ISO), a fractal (FRC) and a random (RND) structure. Repeated measures ANOVAs were used to identify changes in the dependent variables. We have found no main effect on the cardiorespiratory parameters, whereas a significant main effect was observed in the temporal structure of stride-to-stride variability. During FRC, the participants were able to retain the fractal patterns of their natural locomotor variability observed during the UNC condition, while during the ISO and RND they exhibited more random of fluctuations (i.e., lower values of fractal scaling). Our results demonstrate that cueing based on the natural stride-to-stride fluctuations opens new avenues for training and rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- João R Vaz
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Egas Moniz - Cooperativa de Ensino Superior, Monte da Caparica, Portugal
- CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Division of Biomechanics and Research Development, Department of Biomechanics, and Center for Research in Human Movement Variability, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Nelson Cortes
- School of Sport, Rehabilitation and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, UK
- Department of Bioengineering, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - João S Gomes
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Egas Moniz - Cooperativa de Ensino Superior, Monte da Caparica, Portugal
- CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Joana F Reis
- CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Nick Stergiou
- Division of Biomechanics and Research Development, Department of Biomechanics, and Center for Research in Human Movement Variability, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, USA
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Wiles TM, Mangalam M, Sommerfeld JH, Kim SK, Brink KJ, Charles AE, Grunkemeyer A, Kalaitzi Manifrenti M, Mastorakis S, Stergiou N, Likens AD. NONAN GaitPrint: An IMU gait database of healthy young adults. Sci Data 2023; 10:867. [PMID: 38052819 PMCID: PMC10698035 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-023-02704-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
An ongoing thrust of research focused on human gait pertains to identifying individuals based on gait patterns. However, no existing gait database supports modeling efforts to assess gait patterns unique to individuals. Hence, we introduce the Nonlinear Analysis Core (NONAN) GaitPrint database containing whole body kinematics and foot placement during self-paced overground walking on a 200-meter looping indoor track. Noraxon Ultium MotionTM inertial measurement unit (IMU) sensors sampled the motion of 35 healthy young adults (19-35 years old; 18 men and 17 women; mean ± 1 s.d. age: 24.6 ± 2.7 years; height: 1.73 ± 0.78 m; body mass: 72.44 ± 15.04 kg) over 18 4-min trials across two days. Continuous variables include acceleration, velocity, position, and the acceleration, velocity, position, orientation, and rotational velocity of each corresponding body segment, and the angle of each respective joint. The discrete variables include an exhaustive set of gait parameters derived from the spatiotemporal dynamics of foot placement. We technically validate our data using continuous relative phase, Lyapunov exponent, and Hurst exponent-nonlinear metrics quantifying different aspects of healthy human gait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler M Wiles
- Division of Biomechanics and Research Development, Department of Biomechanics, and Center for Research in Human Movement Variability, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, 68182, USA
| | - Madhur Mangalam
- Division of Biomechanics and Research Development, Department of Biomechanics, and Center for Research in Human Movement Variability, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, 68182, USA
| | - Joel H Sommerfeld
- Division of Biomechanics and Research Development, Department of Biomechanics, and Center for Research in Human Movement Variability, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, 68182, USA
| | - Seung Kyeom Kim
- Division of Biomechanics and Research Development, Department of Biomechanics, and Center for Research in Human Movement Variability, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, 68182, USA
| | - Kolby J Brink
- Division of Biomechanics and Research Development, Department of Biomechanics, and Center for Research in Human Movement Variability, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, 68182, USA
| | - Anaelle Emeline Charles
- Division of Biomechanics and Research Development, Department of Biomechanics, and Center for Research in Human Movement Variability, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, 68182, USA
| | - Alli Grunkemeyer
- Division of Biomechanics and Research Development, Department of Biomechanics, and Center for Research in Human Movement Variability, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, 68182, USA
| | - Marilena Kalaitzi Manifrenti
- Division of Biomechanics and Research Development, Department of Biomechanics, and Center for Research in Human Movement Variability, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, 68182, USA
| | - Spyridon Mastorakis
- College of Information Science and Technology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, 68182, USA
| | - Nick Stergiou
- Division of Biomechanics and Research Development, Department of Biomechanics, and Center for Research in Human Movement Variability, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, 68182, USA
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Aaron D Likens
- Division of Biomechanics and Research Development, Department of Biomechanics, and Center for Research in Human Movement Variability, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, 68182, USA.
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Wilson TJ, Mangalam M, Stergiou N, Likens AD. Multifractality in stride-to-stride variations reveals that walking involves more movement tuning and adjusting than running. FRONTIERS IN NETWORK PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 3:1294545. [PMID: 37928059 PMCID: PMC10621042 DOI: 10.3389/fnetp.2023.1294545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: The seemingly periodic human gait exhibits stride-to-stride variations as it adapts to the changing task constraints. The optimal movement variability hypothesis (OMVH) states that healthy stride-to-stride variations exhibit "fractality"-a specific temporal structure in consecutive strides that are ordered, stable but also variable, and adaptable. Previous research has primarily focused on a single fractality measure, "monofractality." However, this measure can vary across time; strideto-stride variations can show "multifractality." Greater multifractality in stride-tostride variations would highlight the ability to tune and adjust movements more. Methods: We investigated monofractality and multifractality in a cohort of eight healthy adults during self-paced walking and running trials, both on a treadmill and overground. Footfall data were collected through force-sensitive sensors positioned on their heels and feet. We examined the effects of self-paced walking vs. running and treadmill vs. overground locomotion on the measure of monofractality, α-DFA, in addition to the multifractal spectrum width, W, and the asymmetry in the multifractal spectrum, WAsym, of stride interval time series. Results: While the α-DFA was larger than 0.50 for almost all conditions, α-DFA was higher in running and locomoting overground than walking and locomoting on a treadmill. Similarly, W was greater while locomoting overground than on a treadmill, but an opposite trend indicated that W was greater in walking than running. Larger WAsym values in the negative direction suggest that walking exhibits more variation in the persistence of shorter stride intervals than running. However, the ability to tune and adjust movements does not differ between treadmill and overground, although both exhibit more variation in the persistence of shorter stride intervals. Discussion: Hence, greater heterogeneity in shorter than longer stride intervals contributed to greater multifractality in walking compared to running, indicated by larger negative WAsym values. Our results highlight the need to incorporate multifractal methods to test the predictions of the OMVH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor J. Wilson
- Division of Biomechanics and Research Development, Department of Biomechanics, Center for Research in Human Movement Variability, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Madhur Mangalam
- Division of Biomechanics and Research Development, Department of Biomechanics, Center for Research in Human Movement Variability, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Nick Stergiou
- Division of Biomechanics and Research Development, Department of Biomechanics, Center for Research in Human Movement Variability, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, United States
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Aaron D. Likens
- Division of Biomechanics and Research Development, Department of Biomechanics, Center for Research in Human Movement Variability, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, United States
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Zignoli A, Godin A, Mourot L. Indoor running temporal variability for different running speeds, treadmill inclinations, and three different estimation strategies. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0287978. [PMID: 37471427 PMCID: PMC10358961 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Inertial measurement units (IMU) constitute a light and cost-effective alternative to gold-standard measurement systems in the assessment of running temporal variables. IMU data collected on 20 runners running at different speeds (80, 90, 100, 110 and 120% of preferred running speed) and treadmill inclination (±2, ±5, and ±8%) were used here to predict the following temporal variables: stride frequency, duty factor, and two indices of running variability such as the detrended fluctuation analysis alpha (DFA-α) and the Higuchi's D (HG-D). Three different estimation methodologies were compared: 1) a gold-standard optoelectronic device (which provided the reference values), 2) IMU placed on the runner's feet, 3) a single IMU on the runner's thorax used in conjunction with a machine learning algorithm with a short 2-second or a long 120-second window as input. A two-way ANOVA was used to test the presence of significant (p<0.05) differences due to the running condition or to the estimation methodology. The findings of this study suggest that using both IMU configurations for estimating stride frequency can be effective and comparable to the gold-standard. Additionally, the results indicate that the use of a single IMU on the thorax with a machine learning algorithm can lead to more accurate estimates of duty factor than the strategy of the IMU on the feet. However, caution should be exercised when using these techniques to measure running variability indices. Estimating DFA-α from a short 2-second time window was possible only in level running but not in downhill running and it could not accurately estimate HG-D across all running conditions. By taking a long 120-second window a machine learning algorithm could improve the accuracy in the estimation of DFA-α in all running conditions. By taking these factors into account, researchers and practitioners can make informed decisions about the use of IMU technology in measuring running biomechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Zignoli
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Antoine Godin
- Prognostic Factors and Regulatory Factors of Cardiac and Vascular Pathologies (EA3920), Exercise Performance Health Innovation (EPHI) platform, University of Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Laurent Mourot
- Prognostic Factors and Regulatory Factors of Cardiac and Vascular Pathologies (EA3920), Exercise Performance Health Innovation (EPHI) platform, University of Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
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Watanabe T, Kondo S, Kakinoki K, Fukusaki C, Hatta H. Stride-to-stride variability and fluctuations at intensities around lactate threshold in distance runners. Heliyon 2023; 9:e17437. [PMID: 37426800 PMCID: PMC10329115 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Stride-to-stride variability and fluctuations in running have been widely investigated in relation to fatigue, injury, and other factors. However, no studies have examined the relationship of stride-to-stride variability and fluctuations with lactate threshold (LT), a well-known performance indicator for distance runners that represents the threshold at which fast-twitch muscle fibers are activated and the glycolytic system is hyperactivated. In this study, we examined a relationship between LT and stride-to-stride variability and fluctuations in trained middle- and long-distance runners (n = 33). All runners were asked to perform multistage graded exercise tests while wearing accelerometers on the upper surface of their shoes. The LT was determined by measuring blood lactate concentrations after each stage. Three gait parameters for each step were calculated based on the acceleration data: stride time (ST), ground contact time (CT), and peak acceleration (PA). The coefficient of variation (CV) and the long-range correlations (α) for each parameter were also calculated. The effects of the runner's group and the relative intensity for CV and α on gait parameters were evaluated using a two-way repeated measures analysis of variance. Although no significant effect was observed in the CV and α of ST, significant intensity main effects were observed for the CV and α of CT and PA. The lack of significant changes in ST might be the result of runners' adequate control of ST to minimize energy cost. All the parameters showing significant changes with increasing intensity decreased dramatically when they were close to LT. This might have been caused by an increase in physiological load near LT and be interpreted as a variation in motor control because of alternations in the mobilized muscle fibers and physiological changes around the LT. The α should be useful for non-invasive LT detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Watanabe
- Department of Sports Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Meguro, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shuichi Kondo
- Department of Sports Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Meguro, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Chiho Fukusaki
- School of Health and Sports Sciences, Chukyo University, Toyota, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hideo Hatta
- Department of Sports Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Meguro, Tokyo, Japan
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Wilson TJ, Likens AD. Running gait produces long range correlations: A systematic review. Gait Posture 2023; 102:171-179. [PMID: 37028119 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2023.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Walking and running are common forms of locomotion, both of which exhibit variability over many gait cycles. Many studies have investigated the patterns generated from that ebb and flow, and a large proportion suggests human gait exhibits Long Range Correlations (LRCs). LRCs refer to the observation that healthy gait characteristic, like stride times, are positively correlated to themselves over time. Literature on LRCs in walking gait is well known but less attention has been given to LRCs in running gait. RESEARCH QUESTION What is the state of the art concerning LRCs in running gait? METHODS We conducted a systematic review to identify the typical LRC patterns present in human running gait, in addition to disease, injury, and running surface effects on LRCs. Inclusion criteria were human subjects, running related experiments, computed LRCs, and experimental design. Exclusion criteria were studies on animals, non-humans, walking only, non-running, non-LRC analysis, and non-experiments. RESULTS The initial search returned 536 articles. After review and deliberation, our review included 26 articles. Almost every article produced strong evidence for LRCs apparent in running gait and in all running surfaces. Additionally, LRCs tended to decrease due to fatigue, past injury, increased load carriage and seem to be lowest at preferred running speed on a treadmill. No studies investigated disease effects on LRCs in running gait. SIGNIFICANCE LRCs seem to increase with deviations away from preferred running speed. Previously injured runners produced decreased LRCs compared to non-injured runners. LRCs also tended to decrease due to an increase in fatigue rate, which has been associated with increased injury rate. Lastly, there is a need for research on the typical LRCs in an overground environment, for which the typical LRCs found in a treadmill environment may or may not transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor J Wilson
- University of Nebraska at Omaha, 6160 University Drive S., Omaha NE 68182, United States.
| | - Aaron D Likens
- University of Nebraska at Omaha, 6160 University Drive S., Omaha NE 68182, United States
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Panday SB, Pathak P, Moon J, Koo D. Complexity of Running and Its Relationship with Joint Kinematics during a Prolonged Run. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:9656. [PMID: 35955013 PMCID: PMC9368290 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19159656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the effect of prolonged running on joint kinematics and its association with stride complexity between novice and elite runners. Ten elite marathoners and eleven healthy individuals took part in a 20 min submaximal prolonged running experiment at their preferred running speed (PRS). A three-dimensional motion capture system was utilized to capture and calculate the alpha exponent, stride-to-stride fluctuations (SSFs), and stride-to-stride variability (SSV) of spatiotemporal parameters and joint kinematics. In the results, the elite athletes ran at a considerably higher PRS than the novice runners, yet no significant differences were found in respiratory exchange ratio with increasing time intervals. For the spatiotemporal parameters, we observed a significant increase in the step width and length variability in novice runners with increasing time-interval (p < 0.05). However, we did not observe any differences in the alpha exponent of spatiotemporal parameters. Significant differences in SSF of joint kinematics were observed, particularly in the sagittal plane for ankle, knee, and hip at heel strike (p < 0.05). While in mid-stance, time-interval differences were observed in novices who ran with a lower knee flexion angle (p < 0.05). During toe-off, significantly higher SSV was observed, particularly in the hip and ankle for novices (p < 0.05). The correlation analysis of joint SSV revealed a distinct negative relationship with the alpha exponent of step-length and step-width for elite runners, while, for novices, a positive relation was observed only for the alpha exponent of step-width. In conclusion, our study shows that increased step-width variability seen in novices could be a compensatory mechanism to maintain performance and mitigate the loss of stability. On the other hand, elite runners showed a training-induced effective modulation of lower-limb kinematics to improve their running performance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Prabhat Pathak
- Department of Physical Education, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Jeheon Moon
- Department of Physical Education, Korea National University of Education, Cheongju-si 28173, Korea
| | - Dohoon Koo
- Department of Exercise Prescription, College of Medical Science, Jeonju University, Jeonju 55069, Korea
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Brahms CM, Zhao Y, Gerhard D, Barden JM. Long-range correlations and stride pattern variability in recreational and elite distance runners during a prolonged run. Gait Posture 2022; 92:487-492. [PMID: 32933821 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2020.08.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although movement variability and long-range correlations (LRCs) have been assessed in relation to neuropathology and aging during walking, to date only a few studies have investigated these aspects in subjects of different skill levels during prolonged overground running. RESEARCH QUESTION What effect does skill level and run duration have on different stride parameters, measures of variability and long-range correlations? METHODS Using a between-subject repeated measures design, we assessed stride mechanics, variability and LRCs in recreational and elite runners over the course of a continuous exhaustive run. All subjects ran at a fixed, pre-determined running speed relative to their maximal performance. Stride parameters were continually recorded using a single foot-mounted inertial measurement unit. It was hypothesized that a significant reduction in the strength of the LRCs would occur over the course of the run and that the observed changes would be more pronounced in the group of recreational runners. RESULTS Runners maintained a consistent stride length (SL), stride time (ST) and contact time (CT) during the run, while peak impact acceleration increased. Across groups, long-range correlations significantly decreased over the course of the run, while the magnitude of the variability remained constant. LRCs did not differ significantly between groups. SIGNIFICANCE This is the first study to simultaneously investigate the effects of prolonged running and skill level on a range of stride parameters as well as stride-to-stride variability. Generally, long-range correlations were shown to be sensitive to run duration, while the magnitude of the variability did not differ between earlier and later stages of the run. The lack of a group effect on LRCs supports the idea that the mechanisms responsible for the emergence of temporal patterns in the stride pattern are not influenced by skill level.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Markus Brahms
- Division of Training and Movement Sciences, Research Focus Cognition Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Yang Zhao
- Department of Computer Science, University of Regina, Canada
| | - David Gerhard
- Department of Computer Science, University of Regina, Canada
| | - John M Barden
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, Canada
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Zanin M, Olivares F, Pulido-Valdeolivas I, Rausell E, Gomez-Andres D. Gait analysis under the lens of statistical physics. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2022; 20:3257-3267. [PMID: 35782747 PMCID: PMC9237948 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2022.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Human gait is a fundamental activity, essential for the survival of the individual, and an emergent property of the interactions between complex physical and cognitive processes. Gait is altered in many situations, due both to external constraints, as e.g. paced walk, and to physical and neurological pathologies. Its study is therefore important as a way of improving the quality of life of patients, but also as a door to understanding the inner working of the human nervous system. In this review we explore how four statistical physics concepts have been used to characterise normal and pathological gait: entropy, maximum Lyapunov exponent, multi-fractal analysis and irreversibility. Beyond some basic definitions, we present the main results that have been obtained in this field, as well as a discussion of the main limitations researchers have dealt and will have to deal with. We finally conclude with some biomedical considerations and avenues for further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Zanin
- Instituto de Física Interdisciplinar y Sistemas Complejos IFISC (CSIC-UIB), Campus UIB, Palma de Mallorca 07122, Spain
| | - Felipe Olivares
- Instituto de Física Interdisciplinar y Sistemas Complejos IFISC (CSIC-UIB), Campus UIB, Palma de Mallorca 07122, Spain
| | - Irene Pulido-Valdeolivas
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Calle del Arzobispo Morcillo 2, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Estrella Rausell
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Calle del Arzobispo Morcillo 2, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - David Gomez-Andres
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Calle del Arzobispo Morcillo 2, Madrid 28029, Spain
- Pediatric Neurology, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, ERN-RND & EURO-NMD, Pg. de la Vall d'Hebron 119-129, Barcelona 08035, Spain
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McClymont J, Davids K, Crompton R. Variation, mosaicism and degeneracy in the hominin foot. EVOLUTIONARY HUMAN SCIENCES 2021; 4:e2. [PMID: 37588898 PMCID: PMC10426032 DOI: 10.1017/ehs.2021.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The fossil record is scarce and incomplete by nature. Animals and ecological processes devour soft tissue and important bony details over time and, when the dust settles, we are faced with a patchy record full of variation. Fossil taxa are usually defined by craniodental characteristics, so unless postcranial bones are found associated with a skull, assignment to taxon is unstable. Naming a locomotor category based on fossil bone morphology by analogy to living hominoids is not uncommon, and when no single locomotor label fits, postcrania are often described as exhibiting a 'mosaic' of traits. Here, we contend that the unavoidable variation that characterises the fossil record can be described far more rigorously based on extensive work in human neurobiology and neuroanatomy, movement sciences and motor control and biomechanics research. In neurobiology, degeneracy is a natural mechanism of adaptation allowing system elements that are structurally different to perform the same function. This concept differs from redundancy as understood in engineering, where the same function is performed by identical elements. Assuming degeneracy, structurally different elements are able to produce different outputs in a range of environmental contexts, favouring ecological robusticity by enabling adaptations. Furthermore, as degeneracy extends to genome level, genetic variation is sustained, so that genes which might benefit an organism in a different environment remain part of the genome, favouring species' evolvability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - K. Davids
- Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
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11
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Kinetic and Kinematic Effects of Asymmetrical Loading of the Lower Limb During High-Speed Running. J Sport Rehabil 2021; 31:313-318. [PMID: 34929666 DOI: 10.1123/jsr.2021-0131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Light lower-limb wearable resistance has little effect on running biomechanics. However, asymmetrical wearable resistance may potentially alter the kinetics and kinematics of high speed, enabling greater loading or unloading of an injured or rehabilitative lower limb. DESIGN A cross-sectional study design was used to quantify the influence of asymmetric calf loading on the kinematics and kinetics during 90% maximum sprinting velocity. METHODS Following a familiarization session, 12 (male = 7 and female = 5) physically active volunteers ran at 90% of maximal velocity. In random order, participants ran with zero (0) wearable resistance and with loads of 300 g (L300) and 600 g (L600) fixed to one shank. A nonmotorized treadmill quantified vertical and horizontal kinetics and step kinematics. The kinetics and kinematics of the loaded (L0, L300, and L600) and unloaded (UL; UL0, UL300, and UL600) limbs were compared. RESULTS Vertical step ground reaction force of the loaded limb tended to increase between unloaded and 300 and 600 conditions (effect size [ES] = 0.48 to 0.76, all P ≤ .12), while the horizontal step force of the UL tended to decrease (ES = 0.54 to 1.32, all P ≤ .09) with greater external loading. Step length increased in the UL in 0 versus 300 and 600 conditions (ES = 0.60 to 0.70, all P ≤ .06). Step frequency decreased in the ULs in unloaded versus 300 and 600 conditions (ES = 0.73 to 1.10, all P ≤ .03). Mean step velocity tended to be greater in the ULs than the 300 and 600 conditions (ES = 0.52 to 1.01, all P ≤ .10). Only 4 of 16 variables were significantly different between the 300 and 600 conditions. CONCLUSIONS Asymmetrical shank resistance could be used during high-speed running to reduce or increase the kinetic loading of an injured/rehabilitative limb during return to play protocols. Asymmetrical wearable resistance could also be used to alter step kinematics in runners with known asymmetries. Finally, meaningful alterations in high-speed running biomechanics can be achieved with only 300 g of shank loading.
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Rao JS, Zhao C, Bao SS, Feng T, Xu M. MRI metrics at the epicenter of spinal cord injury are correlated with the stepping process in rhesus monkeys. Exp Anim 2021; 71:139-149. [PMID: 34789621 PMCID: PMC9130044 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.21-0154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical evaluations of long-term outcomes in the early-stage spinal cord injury (SCI) focus on macroscopic motor performance and are limited in their prognostic precision. This study was designed to investigate the sensitivity of the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) indexes to the data-driven gait process after SCI. Ten adult female rhesus monkeys were subjected to thoracic SCI. Kinematics-based gait examinations were performed at 1 (early stage) and 12 (chronic stage) months post-SCI. The proportion of stepping (PS) and gait stability (GS) were calculated as the outcome measures. MRI metrics, which were derived from structural imaging (spinal cord cross-sectional area, SCA) and diffusion tensor imaging (fractional anisotropy, FA; axial diffusivity, λ//), were acquired in the early stage and compared with functional outcomes by using correlation analysis and stepwise multivariable linear regression. Residual tissue SCA at the injury epicenter and residual tissue FA/remote normal-like tissue FA were correlated with the early-stage PS and GS. The extent of lesion site λ///residual tissue λ// in the early stage after SCI was correlated with the chronic-stage GS. The ratios of lesion site λ// to residual tissue λ// and early-stage GS were predictive of the improvement in the PS at follow-up. Similarly, the ratios of lesion site λ// to residual tissue λ// and early-stage PS best predicted chronic GS recovery. Our findings demonstrate the predictive power of MRI combined with the early data-driven gait indexes for long-term outcomes. Such an approach may help clinicians to predict functional recovery accurately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Sheng Rao
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Neural Regeneration, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University
| | - Can Zhao
- Institute of Rehabilitation Engineering, China Rehabilitation Science Institute.,School of Rehabilitation, Capital Medical University
| | - Shu-Sheng Bao
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Neural Regeneration, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University
| | - Ting Feng
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Neural Regeneration, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University
| | - Meng Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Medical Center of PLA General Hospital
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13
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Latash ML. One more time about motor (and non-motor) synergies. Exp Brain Res 2021; 239:2951-2967. [PMID: 34383080 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-021-06188-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We revisit the concept of synergy based on the recently translated classical book by Nikolai Bernstein (On the construction of movements, Medgiz, Moscow 1947; Latash, Bernstein's Construction of Movements, Routledge, Abingdon 2020b) and progress in understanding the physics and neurophysiology of biological action. Two aspects of synergies are described: organizing elements into stable groups (modes) and ensuring dynamical stability of salient performance variables. The ability of the central nervous system to attenuate synergies in preparation for a quick action-anticipatory synergy adjustments-is emphasized. Recent studies have demonstrated synergies at the level of hypothetical control variables associated with spatial referent coordinates for effectors. Overall, the concept of synergies fits naturally the hierarchical scheme of control with referent coordinates with an important role played by back-coupling loops within the central nervous system and from peripheral sensory endings. Further, we review studies showing non-trivial changes in synergies with development, aging, fatigue, practice, and a variety of neurological disorders. Two aspects of impaired synergic control-impaired stability and impaired agility-are introduced. The recent generalization of the concept of synergies for non-motor domains, including perception, is discussed. We end the review with a list of unresolved and troubling issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark L Latash
- Department of Kinesiology, Rec.Hall-268N, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
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14
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Mohr M, Pieper R, Löffler S, Schmidt AR, Federolf PA. Sex-Specific Hip Movement Is Correlated With Pelvis and Upper Body Rotation During Running. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:657357. [PMID: 34235137 PMCID: PMC8255915 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.657357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a sex bias for common overuse running injuries that are associated with sex-specific hip kinematics. Gait retraining programs aimed at altering hip kinematics may be more efficient if they incorporated an understanding of how hip kinematics are correlated with the movement of the remaining body segments. We applied a principal component analysis to structure the whole-body running kinematics of 23 runners (12 ♀) into k = 12 principal movements (PMk), describing correlated patterns of upper and lower body movements. We compared the time-dependent movement amplitudes with respect to each PMk between males and females using a waveform analysis and interpreted our findings according to stick figure animations. The movement amplitudes of two PMs (PM6 and PM8) showed statistically significant effects of "sex," which were independent of running speed. According to PM8, females showed more hip adduction, which correlated with increased transverse rotation of the pelvis and upper body compared to men. We propose that increased hip adduction and upper body rotation in female runners may be a strategy to compensate for a less efficient arm and upper body swing compared to men. Gait interventions aimed at reducing hip adduction and running-related injuries in female runners should consider instructions for both upper and lower body to maximize training efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurice Mohr
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Robin Pieper
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sina Löffler
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andreas R Schmidt
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Peter A Federolf
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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15
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Quirino J, Santos TRT, Okai-Nóbrega LA, de Araújo PA, Carvalho R, Ocarino JDM, Souza TR, Fonseca ST. Runners with a history of injury have greater lower limb movement regularity than runners without a history of injury. Sports Biomech 2021:1-13. [PMID: 34121609 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2021.1929435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the regularity of the lower limb joint kinematics in runners with and without a history of running-related injuries. The second aim was to verify if the movement pattern regularities are different among the lower limb joints. Eighteen asymptomatic recreational runners with and without a history of running-related injury participated in this study. Lower limb kinematics in the sagittal plane were recorded during running on a treadmill at a self-selected speed. The regularities of the time series of hip, knee, and ankle were analysed using sample entropy (SampEn). A mixed analysis of variance was used to investigate differences between groups and among joints. Runners with a history of injury had lower SampEn values than runners without a history of injury. Ankle kinematics SampEn was higher than that of the knee and hip. Knee kinematics had higher values of SampEn than that of the hip. Runners with a history of running-related injury had greater joint kinematic's regularity. This result suggests that, even in asymptomatic runners, previous injuries could influence the movement pattern regularity. Also, the regularity was different among joints. The ankle demonstrated the lowest regularity, reinforcing the different functions that lower limb joints perform during running.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Quirino
- School of Physical Education, Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy, Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate Program of Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Thiago Ribeiro Teles Santos
- School of Physical Education, Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy, Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate Program of Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Liria Akie Okai-Nóbrega
- School of Physical Education, Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy, Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate Program of Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Priscila Albuquerque de Araújo
- School of Physical Education, Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy, Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate Program of Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Renatha Carvalho
- School of Physical Education, Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy, Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate Program of Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Juliana de Melo Ocarino
- School of Physical Education, Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy, Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate Program of Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Thales Rezende Souza
- School of Physical Education, Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy, Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate Program of Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Teixeira Fonseca
- School of Physical Education, Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy, Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate Program of Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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16
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Bonnaerens S, Fiers P, Galle S, Derie R, Aerts P, Frederick E, Kaneko Y, Derave W, De Clercq D, Segers V. Relationship between duty factor and external forces in slow recreational runners. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2021; 7:e000996. [PMID: 33747540 PMCID: PMC7931753 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2020-000996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Recreational runners show a large interindividual variation in spatiotemporal characteristics. This research focused on slow runners and intended: (1) to document the variance in duty factor (DF) between runners in a real-life running setting and (2) examine whether the interindividual variation in DF and stride frequency (SF) relates to differences in external loading parameters between runners. Methods Spatiotemporal characteristics of 23 slow runners (ie, <2.6 m/s) were determined during a 5.2 km running event. To relate the interindividual variation in DF and SF to differences in external forces between runners (maximal vertical ground reaction force (FzMax), peak braking force (PBF) and vertical instantaneous loading rate (VILR)), 14 of them were invited to the lab. They ran at 1.9 m/s on a treadmill while ground reaction forces were recorded. A multiple linear regression analysis was conducted to investigate the effect of DF and SF on external force measures. Results DF between slow runners varied from 42.50% to 56.49% in a recreational running event. DF was found to be a significant predictor of FzMax (R²=0.755) and PBF (R²=0.430). SF only improved the model for PBF, but to a smaller extent than DF (R² change=0.191). For VILR, neither DF nor SF were significant predictors. Conclusion External forces are lower in recreational runners that run with higher DFs and slightly lower SFs. These findings may be important for injury prevention purposes, especially directed to recreational runners that are more prone to overuse injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senne Bonnaerens
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Pieter Fiers
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Samuel Galle
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Rud Derie
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Peter Aerts
- Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Yasunori Kaneko
- Global Research & Development Department, Mizuno Corporation, Osaka, Japan
| | - Wim Derave
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dirk De Clercq
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Veerle Segers
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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17
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Effectiveness and Reliability of Foot Orthoses on Impact Loading and Lower Limb Kinematics When Running at Preferred and Nonpreferred Speeds. J Appl Biomech 2020; 37:66-73. [PMID: 33232937 DOI: 10.1123/jab.2019-0281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the effect of foot orthoses used on ground reaction forces, ankle, and knee kinematics when running at preferred and nonpreferred speeds. Sixteen runners ran on instrumented treadmills at various speeds (90%, 100%, and 110% of preferred speed) when wearing arch-support and flat-control orthoses. Two-way repeated analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed on the mean and coefficient of variation of all variables. Results indicated that arch-support orthoses experienced larger maximum loading rates than flat-control orthoses (P = .017, 95% CI, 2.22 to 19.53). Slower speed was related to smaller loading rates (preferred: P = .002, 95% CI, -17.02 to -4.20; faster: P = .003, 95% CI, -29.78 to -6.17), shorter stride length (preferred: P < .001, 95% CI, -0.204 to -0.090; faster: P < .001, 95% CI, -0.382 to -0.237), and longer contact time (preferred: P < .001, 95% CI, 0.006-0.021; faster: 95% CI, 0.012-0.042). In arch-support condition, preferred speed induced higher stride length coefficient of variation (P = .046, 95% CI, 0.035-1.117) than faster speed, while displaying no differences in flat-control condition. These findings suggest that the use of arch-support orthoses would influence impact loading, but not spatial-temporal and joint kinematics in recreational runners.
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18
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Likens AD, Kent JA, Sloan CI, Wurdeman SR, Stergiou N. Stochastic Resonance Reduces Sway and Gait Variability in Individuals With Unilateral Transtibial Amputation: A Pilot Study. Front Physiol 2020; 11:573700. [PMID: 33192576 PMCID: PMC7604354 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.573700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Sub-threshold (imperceptible) vibration, applied to parts of the body, impacts how people move and perceive our world. Could this idea help someone who has lost part of their limb? Sub-threshold vibration was applied to the thigh of the affected limb of 20 people with unilateral transtibial amputation. Vibration conditions tested included two noise structures: pink and white. Center of pressure (COP) excursion (range and root-mean-square displacements) during quiet standing, and speed and spatial stride measures (mean and standard deviations of step length and width) during walking were assessed. Pink noise vibration decreased COP displacements in standing, and white noise vibration decreased sound limb step length standard deviation in walking. Sub-threshold vibration positively impacted aspects of both posture and gait; however, different noise structures had different effects. The current study represents foundational work in understanding the potential benefits of incorporating stochastic resonance as an intervention for individuals with amputation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron D Likens
- Center for Research in Human Movement Variability, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Jenny A Kent
- Center for Research in Human Movement Variability, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, United States.,Feinberg School of Medicine, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Northwestern University Prosthetics-Orthotics Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - C Ian Sloan
- Center for Research in Human Movement Variability, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Shane R Wurdeman
- Center for Research in Human Movement Variability, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, United States.,Department of Clinical and Scientific Affairs, Hanger Clinic, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Nick Stergiou
- Center for Research in Human Movement Variability, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, United States.,Department of Environmental, Agricultural, and Occupational Health, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
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19
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Ravi DK, Marmelat V, Taylor WR, Newell KM, Stergiou N, Singh NB. Assessing the Temporal Organization of Walking Variability: A Systematic Review and Consensus Guidelines on Detrended Fluctuation Analysis. Front Physiol 2020; 11:562. [PMID: 32655400 PMCID: PMC7324754 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human physiological signals are inherently rhythmic and have a hallmark feature in that even distant intrasignal measurements are related to each other. This relationship is termed long-range correlation and has been recognized as an indicator of the optimal state of the observed physiological systems, among which the locomotor system. Loss of long-range correlations has been found as a result of aging as well as disease, which can be evaluated with detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA). Recently, DFA and the scaling exponent α have been employed for understanding the degeneration of temporal regulation of human walking biorhythms in, for example, Parkinson disease (PD). However, heterogeneous evidence on scaling exponent α values reported in the literature across different population groups has put into question what constitutes a healthy physiological pattern. Therefore, the purpose of this systematic review was to investigate the functional thresholds of scaling exponent α in young vs. older adults, as well as between patients with PD and age-matched asymptomatic controls. Aging and PD exhibited a negative effect size (i.e., led to decreased long-range correlations) of -0.20 and -0.53, respectively. Our meta-analysis based on 14 studies provides evidence that a mean scaling exponent α threshold of 0.86 [2 standard error (0.76, 0.96)] is able to optimally discriminate temporal organization of stride interval between young and old, whereas 0.82 (0.72, 0.92) differentiates patients with PD and age-matched asymptomatic controls. The optimal thresholds presented in this review together with the consensus guidelines for using DFA might allow a more sensitive and reliable application of this metric for understanding human walking physiology than has been achieved to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak K Ravi
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Vivien Marmelat
- Department of Biomechanics and Center for Research in Human Movement Variability, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, United States
| | | | - Karl M Newell
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Nick Stergiou
- Department of Biomechanics and Center for Research in Human Movement Variability, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Navrag B Singh
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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20
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Möhler F, Marahrens S, Ringhof S, Mikut R, Stein T. Variability of running coordination in experts and novices: A 3D uncontrolled manifold analysis. Eur J Sport Sci 2020; 20:1187-1196. [PMID: 31952460 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2019.1709561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The uncontrolled manifold (UCM) approach has been widely used in recent studies to examine variability in daily tasks; however, it has not yet been used to study running or the effects of expertise. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyse the synergy structure stabilizing the centre of mass (CoM) trajectory in experts compared to novices during running at two different speeds using a subject-specific 3D model. A total of 25 healthy young adults (13 experts, 12 novices) participated in the study. All subjects ran at 10 and 15 km h-1 on a treadmill. In each case, kinematics of 20 consecutive gait cycles were recorded and the effects of expertise and gait cycle phase on the synergy structure were investigated at both speeds. Specifically, the variance affecting the CoM ( U C M ⊥ ) , the variance not affecting the CoM ( U C M ∥ ) , and their ratio ( U C M R a t i o ) were analysed. Descriptively, in both groups there was a synergy stabilizing the CoM trajectory in running. However, the ANOVA showed no differences in U C M R a t i o between the two groups. In novices, U C M ⊥ and U C M ∥ were significantly higher compared to experts at the 15 km h-1 condition. In both groups, there was more variability in the stance phase compared to the flight phase in the majority of cases. The results indicate that experts adopted a more consistent running style. The stride-to-stride variability was diminished but not abolished. This difference was only visible at the 15 km h-1 condition. Furthermore, variability was less constrained in the stance phase compared to the flight phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Möhler
- BioMotion Centre, Institute of Sports and Sports Science (IfSS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Sonja Marahrens
- BioMotion Centre, Institute of Sports and Sports Science (IfSS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Steffen Ringhof
- BioMotion Centre, Institute of Sports and Sports Science (IfSS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany.,Department of Sport and Sport Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Mikut
- Institute for Automation and Applied Informatics (IAI), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Thorsten Stein
- BioMotion Centre, Institute of Sports and Sports Science (IfSS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
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21
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Ducharme SW, Kent JA, van Emmerik REA. Comparable Stride Time Fractal Dynamics and Gait Adaptability in Active Young and Older Adults Under Normal and Asymmetric Walking. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1318. [PMID: 31708794 PMCID: PMC6823242 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous research indicates the correlation structure of gait parameters (i.e., fractal dynamics) decreases with age. This decrease is suggested to reflect a reduced capacity for locomotor adaptation in older adults. The purpose of this study was to investigate potential differences between physical activity-matched young and older adults’ fractal dynamics and gait adaptability during unperturbed and asymmetric walking, and to determine if fractal dynamics predict adaptive capacity. Fifteen young (28.9 ± 5.6 years, nine women) and 15 older (64.7 ± 2.7, nine women) adults with similar habitual physical activity levels walked at preferred speed, half of preferred speed, and asymmetrically whereby their dominant and non-dominant legs moved at preferred and half-preferred speed, respectively. Fractal correlations (scaling exponent α) of stride times were assessed through detrended fluctuation analysis, and gait adaptation to asymmetric walking on the basis of lower limb relative phase. Both cohorts displayed similar fractal dynamics at preferred speed and asymmetric walking, while older adults exhibited greater α during slow walking. Both groups exhibited comparable gait adaptation to split-belt walking based on analysis of lower limb relative phase. Fractal dynamics during preferred speed and asymmetric walking was moderately associated with gait adaptation in the young and older adult cohorts, respectively. In these activity-matched groups, there were no age-based reductions in fractal dynamics or gait adaptation, and fractal scaling α was moderately associated with gait adaptation. These findings suggest that stride time fractal dynamics and gait adaptation may be preserved in older adults who habitually perform moderate intensity physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott W Ducharme
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Long Beach, Long Beach, CA, United States
| | - Jane A Kent
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States
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22
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Ankle Joint Dynamic Stiffness in Long-Distance Runners: Effect of Foot Strike and Shoes Features. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app9194100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Foot strike mode and footwear features are known to affect ankle joint kinematics and loading patterns, but how those factors are related to the ankle dynamic properties is less clear. In our study, two distinct samples of experienced long-distance runners: habitual rearfoot strikers (n = 10) and habitual forefoot strikers (n = 10), were analysed while running at constant speed on an instrumented treadmill in three footwear conditions. The joint dynamic stiffness was analysed for three subphases of the moment–angle plot: early rising, late rising and descending. Habitual rearfoot strikers displayed a statistically (p < 0.05) higher ankle dynamic stiffness in all combinations of shoes and subphases, except in early stance in supportive shoes. In minimal-supportive shoes, both groups had the lowest dynamic stiffness values for early and late rising (initial contact through mid-stance), whilst the highest stiffness values were at late rising in minimal shoes for both rearfoot and forefoot strikers (0.21 ± 0.04, 0.24 ± 0.06 (Nm/kg/°∙100), respectively). In conclusion, habitual forefoot strikers may have access to a wider physiological range of the muscle torque and joint angle. This increased potential may allow forefoot strikers to adapt to different footwear by regulating ankle dynamic stiffness depending upon the motor task.
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23
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Agresta CE, Goulet GC, Peacock J, Housner J, Zernicke RF, Zendler JD. Years of running experience influences stride-to-stride fluctuations and adaptive response during step frequency perturbations in healthy distance runners. Gait Posture 2019; 70:376-382. [PMID: 30959429 PMCID: PMC7607923 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2019.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
RESEARCH QUESTION The current study investigated stride-to-stride fluctuations of step rate and contact time in response to enforced step frequency perturbations as well as adaptation and de-adaptation behavior. METHODS Forty distance runners ran at a self-selected speed and were asked to match five different enforced step frequencies (150, 160, 170, 180, and 190 beats per min). The influence of experience was explored, because running is a skill that presumably gets better with practice, and increased years of running experience is protective against injury. Detrended fluctuation analysis was used to determine the strength of long-range correlations in gait fluctuations at baseline, during the perturbation, and post-perturbation. Adaptive response was measured by the ability to match, rate of matching, and aftereffect of step frequency perturbations. RESULTS The structure of stride-to-stride fluctuations for step rate and contact time did not change during the perturbation or post-perturbation compared to baseline. However, fluctuations in step rate were affected by the level of perturbation. Runners with the most experience had a less persistent structural gait pattern for both step rate and contact time at baseline. Highly experienced runners also demonstrated the best adaptive response. They better matched the enforced step frequency, reached the enforced step frequency sooner, and returned to preferred step frequency more quickly following removal of the perturbation. SIGNIFICANCE These findings indicate baseline locomotor flexibility may be beneficial to achieve task demands and return to a stable state once the task is complete. Increased locomotor flexibility may also be a contributing factor for reduced injury risk in experienced runners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristine E. Agresta
- Michigan Performance Research Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, United States,Central Campus Recreational Building, 401 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, United States,Corresponding author at: Michigan Performance Research Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, United States. (C.E. Agresta)
| | - Grant C. Goulet
- Michigan Performance Research Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, United States,Central Campus Recreational Building, 401 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, United States
| | - Jillian Peacock
- Michigan Performance Research Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, United States,Central Campus Recreational Building, 401 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, United States
| | - Jeffrey Housner
- Department of Family Medicine, 24 Frank Lloyd Wright Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, United States
| | - Ronald F. Zernicke
- Michigan Performance Research Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, United States,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, United States,Department of Biomedical Engineering, United States,Central Campus Recreational Building, 401 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, United States
| | - Jessica Deneweth Zendler
- Michigan Performance Research Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, United States,Central Campus Recreational Building, 401 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, United States
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Seethapathi N, Srinivasan M. Step-to-step variations in human running reveal how humans run without falling. eLife 2019; 8:e38371. [PMID: 30888320 PMCID: PMC6424559 DOI: 10.7554/elife.38371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans can run without falling down, usually despite uneven terrain or occasional pushes. Even without such external perturbations, intrinsic sources like sensorimotor noise perturb the running motion incessantly, making each step variable. Here, using simple and generalizable models, we show that even such small step-to-step variability contains considerable information about strategies used to run stably. Deviations in the center of mass motion predict the corrective strategies during the next stance, well in advance of foot touchdown. Horizontal motion is stabilized by total leg impulse modulations, whereas the vertical motion is stabilized by differentially modulating the impulse within stance. We implement these human-derived control strategies on a simple computational biped, showing that it runs stably for hundreds of steps despite incessant noise-like perturbations or larger discrete perturbations. This running controller derived from natural variability echoes behaviors observed in previous animal and robot studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Seethapathi
- Mechanical and Aerospace EngineeringThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusUnited States
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Manoj Srinivasan
- Mechanical and Aerospace EngineeringThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusUnited States
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25
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Wittstein MW, Starobin JM, Schmitz RJ, Shulz SJ, Haran FJ, Rhea CK. Cardiac and gait rhythms in healthy younger and older adults during treadmill walking tasks. Aging Clin Exp Res 2019; 31:367-375. [PMID: 29777477 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-018-0962-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aging and pathology result in changes in the dynamics of several physiological subsystems. Often, these changes are concurrent, altering the dynamics between subsystems. Cardiac and gait rhythms are one example in which patterns change during physical activity. AIMS The purpose of this research is to simultaneously monitor changes in cardiac and gait rhythms when participants complete various treadmill walking tasks-normal speed, fast speed, and while synchronizing steps with a blinking metronome. METHODS The cardiac and gait rhythms of younger and older healthy adults were examined in this study during treadmill walking tasks. Pre-test and post-test walking at a preferred walking speed were compared to fast walking and walking with a gait synchronization test. Cardiac and gait rhythms were observed to calculate the mean, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, detrended fluctuation analysis scaling exponent alpha (DFA α), and sample entropy from each 15-min trial. Separate MANOVAs were used to examine the two experimental conditions for cardiac and gait rhythm variability. RESULTS During the gait synchronization experiment, main effects for phase were exhibited for all gait variables, but none were shown during the fast walking task. Meanwhile, the cardiac rhythms demonstrated decreased mean and increased DFA α only during the synchronization condition. DISCUSSION Participants, regardless of age, exhibited similar patterns of change in their cardiac and locomotor rhythms during the treadmill walking tasks. Cardiac rhythms were only altered during the gait synchronization task, suggesting it may be possible to simultaneously influence the variability and structure of cardiac and gait rhythms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Randy J Schmitz
- University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - Sandra J Shulz
- University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, USA
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Bellenger CR, Arnold JB, Buckley JD, Thewlis D, Fuller JT. Detrended fluctuation analysis detects altered coordination of running gait in athletes following a heavy period of training. J Sci Med Sport 2018; 22:294-299. [PMID: 30220574 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate whether functional overreaching affects locomotor system behaviour when running at fixed relative intensities and if any effects were associated with changes in running performance. DESIGN Prospective intervention study. METHODS Ten trained male runners completed three training blocks in a fixed order. Training consisted of one week of light training (baseline), two weeks of heavy training designed to induce functional overreaching, and ten days of light taper training designed to allow athletes to recover from, and adapt to, the heavy training. Locomotor behaviour, 5-km time trial performance, and subjective reports of training status (Daily Analysis of Life Demands for Athletes (DALDA) questionnaire) were assessed at the completion of each training block. Locomotor behaviour was assessed using detrended fluctuation analysis of stride intervals during running at speeds corresponding to 65% and 85% of maximum heart rate (HRmax) at baseline. RESULTS Time trial performance (effect size ±95% confidence interval (ES): 0.16±0.06; p<0.001), locomotor behaviour at 65% HRmax (ES: -1.12±0.95; p=0.026), and DALDA (ES: 2.55±0.80; p<0.001) were all detrimentally affected by the heavy training. Time trial performance improved relative to baseline after the taper (ES: -0.16±0.10; p=0.003) but locomotor behaviour at 65% HRmax (ES: -1.18±1.17; p=0.048) and DALDA (ES: 0.92±0.90; p=0.045) remained impaired. CONCLUSIONS Locomotor behaviour during running at 65% HRmax was impaired by functional overreaching and remained impaired after a 10-day taper, despite improved running performance. Locomotor changes may increase injury risk and should be considered within athlete monitoring programs independently of performance changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clint R Bellenger
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Australia; Australian Institute of Sport, Australia
| | - John B Arnold
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Australia
| | - Jonathan D Buckley
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Australia
| | - Dominic Thewlis
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Australia; Centre for Orthopaedic & Trauma Research, University of Adelaide, Australia
| | - Joel T Fuller
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Australia; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Australia.
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Stride-to-stride variability and complexity between novice and experienced runners during a prolonged run at anaerobic threshold speed. Gait Posture 2018; 64:7-11. [PMID: 29803083 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2018.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Motor control, related to running performance and running related injuries, is affected by progression of fatigue during a prolonged run. Distance runners are usually recommended to train at or slightly above anaerobic threshold (AT) speed for improving performance. However, running at AT speed may result in accelerated fatigue. It is not clear how one adapts running gait pattern during a prolonged run at AT speed and if there are differences between runners with different training experience. PURPOSES To compare characteristics of stride-to-stride variability and complexity during a prolonged run at AT speed between novice runners (NR) and experienced runners (ER). METHODS Both NR (n = 17) and ER (n = 17) performed a treadmill run for 31 min at his/her AT speed. Stride interval dynamics was obtained throughout the run with the middle 30 min equally divided into six time intervals (denoted as T1, T2, T3, T4, T5 and T6). Mean, coefficient of variation (CV) and scaling exponent alpha of stride intervals were calculated for each interval of each group. RESULTS This study revealed mean stride interval significantly increased with running time in a non-linear trend (p<0.001). The stride interval variability (CV) maintained relatively constant for NR (p = 0.22) and changed nonlinearly for ER (p = 0.023) throughout the run. Alpha was significantly different between groups at T2, T5 and T6, and nonlinearly changed with running time for both groups with slight differences. SIGNIFICANCE These findings provided insights into how the motor control system adapts to progression of fatigue and evidences that long-term training enhances motor control. Although both ER and NR could regulate gait complexity to maintain AT speed throughout the prolonged run, ER also regulated stride interval variability to achieve the goal.
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Abstract
In human locomotion, the magnitude of gait variability is a strong predictor of fall risk and frailty due to aging and disease. Beyond variability magnitude, the past two decades have provided emerging alternative methodologies for studying biological variability. Specifically, coordination variability has been found to be critically important within a healthy, adaptive system. While many activities aim to minimize end-point variability, greater coordination variability indicates a more flexible system, and is greater in experts compared to novices, or healthy compared to diseased individuals. Finally, variability structure (i.e., fractal dynamics) may describe the overall adaptive capacity of the locomotor system. We provide empirical support that fractal dynamics are associated with step length symmetry during challenging split-belt treadmill walking. Individuals whose fractal scaling approached 1/f fractal scaling during constrained walking also exhibited the best gait adaptability performance. Importantly, this relation between fractality and gait adaptability was not observed in unperturbed preferred speed walking.
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Stancic I, Supuk TG, Bonkovic M. New Kinematic Parameters for Quantifying Irregularities in the Human and Humanoid Robot Gait. INT J ADV ROBOT SYST 2017. [DOI: 10.5772/54563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Gait patterns of humans and humanoid robots are often described by analysing changes in angular rotation of hip, knee and ankle joints during one gait cycle. Each joint displays specific behaviour and irregularities of the gait pattern could be detected by measuring displacements from the normal rotation curve, while small deviations of individual gait characteristics are usually not easily detected. In this paper, an advanced gait analysis method is proposed, which incorporates analysis of angular data and its derivations of hip, knee, and ankle joints, presented in the phase plane. The gait kinematics was measured using a system based on active markers and fast digital cameras. The experiment included measurements on thirty healthy, barefoot humans while walking on a treadmill. We also simulated types of irregular gait, by measurements on subjects wearing knee constraints. The new kinematic parameters which are introduced clearly indicated the discrepancy between normal, healthy gait trials and irregular gait trials. The proposed gait factor parameter is a valuable measure for the detection of irregularities in gait patterns of humans and humanoid robots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivo Stancic
- Laboratory for Biomechanics and Automatic Control, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Tamara Grujic Supuk
- Laboratory for Biomechanics and Automatic Control, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Mirjana Bonkovic
- Laboratory for Mobile Robotics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, University of Split, Split, Croatia
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Winter SL, Challis JH. Classifying the variability in impact and active peak vertical ground reaction forces during running using DFA and ARFIMA models. Hum Mov Sci 2017; 51:153-160. [PMID: 28068561 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The vertical ground reaction force (VGRF) during rear-foot striking running typically exhibits peaks referred to as the impact peak and the active peak; their timings and magnitudes have been implicated in injury. Identifying the structure of time-series can provide insight into associated control processes. The purpose here was to detect long-range correlations associated with the time from first contact to impact peak (TIP) and active peak (TAP); and the magnitudes of impact (IPM) and active peaks (APM) using a Detrended Fluctuation Analysis, and Auto-Regressive Fractionally Integrated Moving Average models. Twelve subjects performed an 8min trial at their preferred running speed on an instrumented treadmill. TIP, TAP; IPM, and APM were identified from the VGRF profile for each footfall. TIP and TAP time-series did not demonstrate long-range correlations, conversely IPM and APM time-series did. Short range correlations appeared as well as or instead of long range correlations for IPM. Conversely pure powerlaw behaviour was demonstrated in 11 of the 24 time series for APM, and long range dependencies along with short range correlations were present in a further 9 time series. It has been hypothesised that control mechanisms for IPM and APM are different, these results support this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha L Winter
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Kent, Medway Building, Chatham Maritime, Chatham, Kent ME4 4AG, UK; Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, 29K Recreation Building, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| | - John H Challis
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, 29K Recreation Building, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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Abstract
This study characterises the relationship between gait variability and speed in runners using data from trunk accelerations in each axis. Twelve participants of varying fitness ran on the treadmill with three sessions of six randomly ordered self-selected speeds. A VO2max test was conducted on the fourth session. Running gait was tracked with inertial sensors. The occurrence of a mid-range speed was analysed for the anterior-posterior, vertical and lateral directional coefficient of variation (CV) of root mean square (RMS) acceleration data. One participant with noisy gait signals was omitted. The results show all remaining participants consistently showed significant quadratic U-shaped relationships between vertical RMS CV acceleration and speed. Neither anterior-posterior nor lateral RMS CV acceleration were clearly related to speed. These least variable gait speeds were similar to estimates of optimal speed derived from minimum cost of transport with speed. In conclusion, there exists a mid-range speed for each runner with the least variable gait in the vertical direction, and this occurred significantly more often than would be expected by chance (P < 0.05). However, there are no prominent patterns for the anterior-posterior and lateral directions. This finding supports anecdotal evidence from runners and coaches concerning gait consistency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Hua Cher
- a Faculty of Health , Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation and School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology , Kelvin Grove , Australia
| | - Charles J Worringham
- a Faculty of Health , Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation and School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology , Kelvin Grove , Australia
| | - Ian B Stewart
- a Faculty of Health , Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation and School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology , Kelvin Grove , Australia
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32
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Wei RH, Song W, Zhao C, Zhao W, Li LF, Ji R, Rao JS, Yang ZY, Li XG. Influence of walking speed on gait parameters of bipedal locomotion in rhesus monkeys. J Med Primatol 2016; 45:304-311. [PMID: 27640786 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The primate model of bipedal locomotion has been extensively used to study human evolution and played a critical role in exploring the pathological mechanisms of human neurologic disease and spinal cord injury. Speed has great influence on both walking posture and gait parameters in human walking; however, how speed changes the gait pattern of bipedal locomotion in primates remains unclear. METHODS We chose six adult female rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) and collected the gait parameters of these animals during their treadmill locomotion over a wide range of speed. Using a 3D motion analysis system, we studied the spatiotemporal characteristics of the gait pattern. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS We have built an efficient and time-saving primate model and shown that speed significantly impacts kinematic parameters. This may present a thorough description of speed-related changes in the gait pattern of rhesus and shed light on the control of bipedal locomotion in primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Han Wei
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering; Beihang University; Beijing China
| | - Wei Song
- Rehabilitation Engineering Research Institute; China Rehabilitation Research Center; Beijing China
| | - Can Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering; Beihang University; Beijing China
| | - Wen Zhao
- Department of Neurobiology; Capital Medical University; Beijing China
| | - Li-Feng Li
- Human Biomechanics Laboratory; National Research Center for Rehabilitation Technical Aids; Beijing China
| | - Run Ji
- Human Biomechanics Laboratory; National Research Center for Rehabilitation Technical Aids; Beijing China
| | - Jia-Sheng Rao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering; Beihang University; Beijing China
| | - Zhao-Yang Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering; Beihang University; Beijing China
- Department of Neurobiology; Capital Medical University; Beijing China
| | - Xiao-Guang Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering; Beihang University; Beijing China
- Department of Neurobiology; Capital Medical University; Beijing China
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The role of environmental constraints in walking: Effects of steering and sharp turns on gait dynamics. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28374. [PMID: 27345577 PMCID: PMC4937443 DOI: 10.1038/srep28374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Stride durations in gait exhibit long-range correlation (LRC) which tends to disappear with certain movement disorders. The loss of LRC has been hypothesized to result from a reduction of functional degrees of freedom of the neuromuscular apparatus. A consequence of this theory is that environmental constraints such as the ones induced during constant steering may also reduce LRC. Furthermore, obstacles may perturb control of the gait cycle and also reduce LRC. To test these predictions, seven healthy participants walked freely overground in three conditions: unconstrained, constrained (constant steering), and perturbed (frequent 90° turns). Both steering and sharp turning reduced LRC with the latter having a stronger effect. Competing theories explain LRC in gait by positing fractal CPGs or a biomechanical process of kinetic energy reuse. Mediation analysis showed that the effect of the experimental manipulation in the current experiment depends partly on a reduction in walking speed. This supports the biomechanical theory. We also found that the local Hurst exponent did not reflect the frequent changes of heading direction. This suggests that the recovery from the sharp turn perturbation, a kind of relaxation time, takes longer than the four to seven meters between successive turns in the present study.
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Pennone J, Mezêncio B, Amadio AC, Serrão JC. Dynamic Parameters Variability: Time Interval Interference on Ground Reaction Force During Running. Percept Mot Skills 2016; 122:533-41. [PMID: 27166332 DOI: 10.1177/0031512516633346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the effect of the time between measures on ground reaction force running variability; 15 healthy men (age = 23.8 ± 3.7 years; weight = 72.8 ± 7.7 kg; height 174.3 ± 8.4 cm) performed two trials of running 45 minutes at 9 km/hr at intervals of seven days. The ground reaction forces were recorded every 5 minutes. The coefficients of variation of indicative parameters of the ground reaction forces for each condition were compared. The coefficients of variations of the ground reaction forces curve analyzed between intervals and sessions were 21.9% and 21.48%, respectively. There was no significant difference for the ground reaction forces parameters Fy1, tFy1, TC1, Imp50, Fy2, and tFy2 between intervals and sessions. Although the ground reaction forces variables present a natural variability, this variability in intervals and in sessions remained consistent, ensuring a high reliability in repeated measures designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Pennone
- Laboratory of Biomechanics - School of Physical Education and Sports (EEFE-USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno Mezêncio
- Laboratory of Biomechanics - School of Physical Education and Sports (EEFE-USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alberto C Amadio
- Laboratory of Biomechanics - School of Physical Education and Sports (EEFE-USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Júlio C Serrão
- Laboratory of Biomechanics - School of Physical Education and Sports (EEFE-USP), São Paulo, Brazil
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35
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Fuller JT, Amado A, Emmerik REAV, Hamill J, Buckley JD, Tsiros MD, Thewlis D. The effect of footwear and footfall pattern on running stride interval long-range correlations and distributional variability. Gait Posture 2016; 44:137-42. [PMID: 27004647 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2015.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The presence of long-range correlations (self-similarity) in the stride-to-stride fluctuations in running stride interval has been used as an indicator of a healthy adaptable system. Changes to footfall patterns when running with minimalist shoes could cause a less adaptable running gait. The purpose of this study was to investigate stride interval variability and the degree of self-similarity of stride interval in runners wearing minimalist and conventional footwear. Twenty-six trained habitual rearfoot footfall runners, unaccustomed to running in minimalist footwear, performed 6-min sub-maximal treadmill running bouts at 11, 13 and 15 km·h(-1) in minimalist and conventional shoes. Force sensitive resistors were placed in the shoes to quantify stride interval (time between successive foot contacts). Footfall position, stride interval mean and coefficient of variation (CV), were used to assess performance as a function of shoe type. Long-range correlations of stride interval were assessed using detrended fluctuation analysis (α). Mean stride interval was 1-1.3% shorter (P=0.02) and 27% of runners adopted a midfoot footfall (MFF) in the minimalist shoe. There was a significant shoe effect on α and shoe*speed*footfall interaction effect on CV (P<0.05). Runners that adopted a MFF in minimalist shoes, displayed reduced long-range correlations (P<0.05) and CV (P<0.06) in their running stride interval at the 15 km·h(-1) speed. The reduced variability and self-similarity observed for runners that changed to a MFF in the minimalist shoe may be suggestive of a system that is less flexible and more prone to injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel T Fuller
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia.
| | - Avelino Amado
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, United States
| | | | - Joseph Hamill
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, United States
| | - Jonathan D Buckley
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia
| | - Margarita D Tsiros
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia
| | - Dominic Thewlis
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia
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36
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Arshi AR, Mehdizadeh S, Davids K. Quantifying foot placement variability and dynamic stability of movement to assess control mechanisms during forward and lateral running. J Biomech 2015; 48:4020-4025. [PMID: 26476766 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2015.09.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Revised: 09/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Research has indicated that human walking is more unstable in the secondary, rather than primary plane of progression. However, the mechanisms of controlling dynamic stability in different planes of progression during running remain unknown. The aim of this study was to compare variability (standard deviation and coefficient of variation) and dynamic stability (sample entropy and local divergence exponent) in anterior-posterior and medio-lateral directions in forward and lateral running patterns. For this purpose, fifteen healthy, male participants ran in a forward and lateral direction on a treadmill at their preferred running speeds. Coordinate data of passive reflective markers attached to body segments were recorded using a motion capture system. Results indicated that: (1) there is lower dynamic stability in the primary plane of progression during both forward and lateral running suggesting that, unlike walking, greater control might be required to regulate dynamic stability in the primary plane of progression during running, (2) as in walking, the control of stability in anterior-posterior and medio-lateral directions of running is dependent on the direction of progression, and (3), quantifying magnitude of variability might not be sufficient to understand control mechanisms in human movement and directly measuring dynamic stability could be an appropriate alternative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Reza Arshi
- Biomechanics and Sports Engineering Group, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Hafez Ave., Tehran, Iran.
| | - Sina Mehdizadeh
- Biomechanics and Sports Engineering Group, Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Hafez Ave., Tehran, Iran.
| | - Keith Davids
- Centre for Sports Engineering Research, Sheffield Hallam University, UK; FiDiPro Programme, University of Jyväskylä, Finland.
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37
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Miller RH, Hamill J. Optimal footfall patterns for cost minimization in running. J Biomech 2015; 48:2858-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2015.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Mehdizadeh S, Arshi AR, Davids K. Quantifying coordination and coordination variability in backward versus forward running: Implications for control of motion. Gait Posture 2015; 42:172-7. [PMID: 26021460 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2015.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 05/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to compare coordination and coordination variability in backward and forward running and to investigate the effects of speed on coordination variability in both backward and forward running. Fifteen healthy male participants took part in this study to run forwards and backwards on a treadmill at 80%, 100% and 120% of their preferred running speeds. The coordinate data of passive reflective markers attached to body segments were recorded using motion capture systems. Coordination of shank-foot and thigh-shank couplings in sagittal plane was quantified using the continuous relative phase method. Coordination variability was calculated as the standard deviation of a coordination pattern over 50 strides. Cross-correlation coefficients and associated phase shifts were determined to quantify similarity in coordination patterns between forward and backward running. Our results demonstrated that the coordination pattern in a gait cycle of backward running was in reverse to that of forward running at all speeds implying that the same neural circuitry is responsible for regulating both forward and backward running gaits. In addition, results demonstrated that there was an average of approximately 11% phase shift between the coordination patterns of backward and forward running which indicates that a single underlying mechanism might be responsible for generating motor patterns in both forward and backward running. Finally, backward running had significantly higher magnitude of coordination variability compared to forward running, signifying that more degrees of freedom were involved in backward running. Speed however, did not affect coordination variability in either task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Mehdizadeh
- Biomechanics and Sports Engineering Groups, Biomedical Engineering Department, Amirkabir University of Technology, Hafez Ave. , Tehran, Iran.
| | - Ahmed Reza Arshi
- Biomechanics and Sports Engineering Groups, Biomedical Engineering Department, Amirkabir University of Technology, Hafez Ave. , Tehran, Iran.
| | - Keith Davids
- Centre for Sports Engineering Research, Sheffield Hallam University, UK; FiDiPro Programme, University of Jyväskylä, Finland.
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Barbado D, Elvira JLL, Moreno FJ, Vera-Garcia FJ. Effect of Performance Speed on Trunk Movement Control During the Curl-Up Exercise. J Hum Kinet 2015; 46:29-37. [PMID: 26240646 PMCID: PMC4519219 DOI: 10.1515/hukin-2015-0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Trunk exercise speed has significant effects on neuro-mechanical demands; however, the influence of a variety of exercise speeds on motor control of the trunk displacement remains unknown. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of performance speed on trunk motion control during the curl-up exercise by analyzing the kinematic variance about the sagittal trajectory. Seventeen subjects volunteered to perform curl-ups at different cadences controlled by a metronome. Standard deviation (SD) and range (RG) of shoulder girdle medial-lateral displacement (SGML) and detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA) of SGML were calculated to examine linear variability and long range autocorrelation of medial-lateral upper trunk displacements, respectively. In addition, SD, RG and DFA of centre of pressure medial-lateral displacement (COPML) were performed to analyze the behavior of the motor system while controlling trunk displacement. Although SD and RG of COPML increased as speed increased, the curl-up cadence did not have significant effects on SD and RG of SGML. These results suggest that although high speed curl-ups challenged participants' ability to carry out medial-lateral adjustments, an increase of performance speed did not modify the linear variability about the sagittal trajectory. Regarding DFA, the scaling exponent α of SGML and COPML was higher for the fastest movements, mainly in long term fluctuations. Therefore, to maintain the target trajectory, participants used different strategies depending on performance speed. This is to say, there were less trajectory changes when participants performed the fastest exercises.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Barbado
- Sports Research Centre, Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, Elche (Alicante), Spain
| | - Jose Luis L Elvira
- Sports Research Centre, Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, Elche (Alicante), Spain
| | - Francisco J Moreno
- Sports Research Centre, Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, Elche (Alicante), Spain
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Mehdizadeh S, Arshi AR, Davids K. Constraints on dynamic stability during forward, backward and lateral locomotion in skilled football players. Eur J Sport Sci 2015; 16:190-8. [DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2014.995233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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41
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Mann R, Malisoux L, Nührenbörger C, Urhausen A, Meijer K, Theisen D. Association of previous injury and speed with running style and stride-to-stride fluctuations. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2014; 25:e638-45. [PMID: 25557130 DOI: 10.1111/sms.12397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Running-related injuries remain problematic among recreational runners. We evaluated the association between having sustained a recent running-related injury and speed, and the strike index (a measure of footstrike pattern, SI) and spatiotemporal parameters of running. Forty-four previously injured and 46 previously uninjured runners underwent treadmill running at 80%, 90%, 100%, 110%, and 120% of their preferred running speed. Participants wore a pressure insole device to measure SI, temporal parameters, and stride length (S(length)) and stride frequency (S(frequency)) over 2-min intervals. Coefficient of variation and detrended fluctuation analysis provided information on stride-to-stride variability and correlative patterns. Linear mixed models were used to compare differences between groups and changes with speed. Previously injured runners displayed significantly higher stride-to-stride correlations of SI than controls (P = 0.046). As speed increased, SI, contact time (T(contact)), stride time (T(stride)), and duty factor (DF) decreased (P < 0.001), whereas flight time (T(flight)), S(length), and S(frequency) increased (P < 0.001). Stride-to-stride variability decreased significantly for SI, T(contact), T(flight), and DF (P ≤ 0.005), as did correlative patterns for T(contact), T(stride), DF, S(length), and S(frequency) (P ≤ 0.044). Previous running-related injury was associated with less stride-to-stride randomness of footstrike pattern. Overall, runners became more pronounced rearfoot strikers as running speed increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Mann
- Sports Medicine Research Laboratory, Public Research Centre for Health, Luxembourg, Luxembourg.,NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - L Malisoux
- Sports Medicine Research Laboratory, Public Research Centre for Health, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - C Nührenbörger
- Sports Clinic, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - A Urhausen
- Sports Medicine Research Laboratory, Public Research Centre for Health, Luxembourg, Luxembourg.,Sports Clinic, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - K Meijer
- NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - D Theisen
- Sports Medicine Research Laboratory, Public Research Centre for Health, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
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Rhea CK, Kiefer AW, Wittstein MW, Leonard KB, MacPherson RP, Wright WG, Haran FJ. Fractal gait patterns are retained after entrainment to a fractal stimulus. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106755. [PMID: 25221981 PMCID: PMC4164455 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous work has shown that fractal patterns in gait can be altered by entraining to a fractal stimulus. However, little is understood about how long those patterns are retained or which factors may influence stronger entrainment or retention. In experiment one, participants walked on a treadmill for 45 continuous minutes, which was separated into three phases. The first 15 minutes (pre-synchronization phase) consisted of walking without a fractal stimulus, the second 15 minutes consisted of walking while entraining to a fractal visual stimulus (synchronization phase), and the last 15 minutes (post-synchronization phase) consisted of walking without the stimulus to determine if the patterns adopted from the stimulus were retained. Fractal gait patterns were strengthened during the synchronization phase and were retained in the post-synchronization phase. In experiment two, similar methods were used to compare a continuous fractal stimulus to a discrete fractal stimulus to determine which stimulus type led to more persistent fractal gait patterns in the synchronization and post-synchronization (i.e., retention) phases. Both stimulus types led to equally persistent patterns in the synchronization phase, but only the discrete fractal stimulus led to retention of the patterns. The results add to the growing body of literature showing that fractal gait patterns can be manipulated in a predictable manner. Further, our results add to the literature by showing that the newly adopted gait patterns are retained for up to 15 minutes after entrainment and showed that a discrete visual stimulus is a better method to influence retention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher K Rhea
- Department of Kinesiology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Adam W Kiefer
- Division of Sports Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America; Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America; Center for Cognition, Action & Perception, Department of Psychology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Matthew W Wittstein
- Department of Kinesiology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Kelsey B Leonard
- Department of Kinesiology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Ryan P MacPherson
- Department of Kinesiology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - W Geoffrey Wright
- Department of Physical Therapy, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America; Department of Bioengineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - F Jay Haran
- Biomedical Research & Operations Department, Navy Experimental Diving Unit, Panama City Beach, Florida, United States of America
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Lindsay TR, Noakes TD, McGregor SJ. Effect of treadmill versus overground running on the structure of variability of stride timing. Percept Mot Skills 2014; 118:331-46. [PMID: 24897871 DOI: 10.2466/30.26.pms.118k18w8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Gait timing dynamics of treadmill and overground running were compared. Nine trained runners ran treadmill and track trials at 80, 100, and 120% of preferred pace for 8 min. each. Stride time series were generated for each trial. To each series, detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA), power spectral density (PSD), and multiscale entropy (MSE) analysis were applied to infer the regime of control along the randomness-regularity axis. Compared to overground running, treadmill running exhibited a higher DFA and PSD scaling exponent, as well as lower entropy at non-preferred speeds. This indicates a more ordered control for treadmill running, especially at non-preferred speeds. The results suggest that the treadmill itself brings about greater constraints and requires increased voluntary control. Thus, the quantification of treadmill running gait dynamics does not necessarily reflect movement in overground settings.
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Mehdizadeh S, Arshi AR, Davids K. Effect of speed on local dynamic stability of locomotion under different task constraints in running. Eur J Sport Sci 2014; 14:791-8. [DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2014.905986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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45
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Hovsepian D, Meardon SA, Kernozek TW. Consistency and Agreement of Two Devices for Running Speed. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.3928/19425864-20140306-02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Wurdeman SR, Myers SA, Stergiou N. Amputation effects on the underlying complexity within transtibial amputee ankle motion. CHAOS (WOODBURY, N.Y.) 2014; 24:013140. [PMID: 24697402 DOI: 10.1063/1.4869580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The presence of chaos in walking is considered to provide a stable, yet adaptable means for locomotion. This study examined whether lower limb amputation and subsequent prosthetic rehabilitation resulted in a loss of complexity in amputee gait. Twenty-eight individuals with transtibial amputation participated in a 6 week, randomized cross-over design study in which they underwent a 3 week adaptation period to two separate prostheses. One prosthesis was deemed "more appropriate" and the other "less appropriate" based on matching/mismatching activity levels of the person and the prosthesis. Subjects performed a treadmill walking trial at self-selected walking speed at multiple points of the adaptation period, while kinematics of the ankle were recorded. Bilateral sagittal plane ankle motion was analyzed for underlying complexity through the pseudoperiodic surrogation analysis technique. Results revealed the presence of underlying deterministic structure in both prostheses and both the prosthetic and sound leg ankle (discriminant measure largest Lyapunov exponent). Results also revealed that the prosthetic ankle may be more likely to suffer loss of complexity than the sound ankle, and a "more appropriate" prosthesis may be better suited to help restore a healthy complexity of movement within the prosthetic ankle motion compared to a "less appropriate" prosthesis (discriminant measure sample entropy). Results from sample entropy results are less likely to be affected by the intracycle periodic dynamics as compared to the largest Lyapunov exponent. Adaptation does not seem to influence complexity in the system for experienced prosthesis users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane R Wurdeman
- Nebraska Biomechanics Core Facility, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, Nebraska 68182, USA
| | - Sara A Myers
- Nebraska Biomechanics Core Facility, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, Nebraska 68182, USA
| | - Nicholas Stergiou
- Nebraska Biomechanics Core Facility, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, Nebraska 68182, USA
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Mignardot JB, Deschamps T, Barrey E, Auvinet B, Berrut G, Cornu C, Constans T, de Decker L. Gait disturbances as specific predictive markers of the first fall onset in elderly people: a two-year prospective observational study. Front Aging Neurosci 2014; 6:22. [PMID: 24611048 PMCID: PMC3933787 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2014.00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Falls are common in the elderly, and potentially result in injury and disability. Thus, preventing falls as soon as possible in older adults is a public health priority, yet there is no specific marker that is predictive of the first fall onset. We hypothesized that gait features should be the most relevant variables for predicting the first fall. Clinical baseline characteristics (e.g., gender, cognitive function) were assessed in 259 home-dwelling people aged 66 to 75 that had never fallen. Likewise, global kinetic behavior of gait was recorded from 22 variables in 1036 walking tests with an accelerometric gait analysis system. Afterward, monthly telephone monitoring reported the date of the first fall over 24 months. A principal components analysis was used to assess the relationship between gait variables and fall status in four groups: non-fallers, fallers from 0 to 6 months, fallers from 6 to 12 months and fallers from 12 to 24 months. The association of significant principal components (PC) with an increased risk of first fall was then evaluated using the area under the Receiver Operator Characteristic Curve (ROC). No effect of clinical confounding variables was shown as a function of groups. An eigenvalue decomposition of the correlation matrix identified a large statistical PC1 (termed “Global kinetics of gait pattern”), which accounted for 36.7% of total variance. Principal component loadings also revealed a PC2 (12.6% of total variance), related to the “Global gait regularity.” Subsequent ANOVAs showed that only PC1 discriminated the fall status during the first 6 months, while PC2 discriminated the first fall onset between 6 and 12 months. After one year, any PC was associated with falls. These results were bolstered by the ROC analyses, showing good predictive models of the first fall during the first six months or from 6 to 12 months. Overall, these findings suggest that the performance of a standardized walking test at least once a year is essential for fall prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Baptiste Mignardot
- Laboratory "Motricité, Interactions, Performance" (UPRES EA 4334), University of Nantes Nantes, France ; Up-COURTINE Lab, Centre for Neuroprosthetics and Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thibault Deschamps
- Laboratory "Motricité, Interactions, Performance" (UPRES EA 4334), University of Nantes Nantes, France
| | - Eric Barrey
- Unité de Biologie Intégrative des Adaptations à l'Exercice (Inserm U902) Genople, Université d'Evry Val d'Essonne Évry, France ; GABI, UMR-1313, INRA Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Bernard Auvinet
- Service de Rhumatologie, Centre Hospitalier de Laval Laval, France
| | - Gilles Berrut
- Laboratory "Motricité, Interactions, Performance" (UPRES EA 4334), University of Nantes Nantes, France ; Gérontopôle des Pays de la Loire, CHU de Nantes Nantes, France
| | - Christophe Cornu
- Laboratory "Motricité, Interactions, Performance" (UPRES EA 4334), University of Nantes Nantes, France
| | - Thierry Constans
- Geriatrics Department, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Tours Tours, France
| | - Laure de Decker
- Gérontopôle des Pays de la Loire, CHU de Nantes Nantes, France
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Schniepp R, Wuehr M, Schlick C, Huth S, Pradhan C, Dieterich M, Brandt T, Jahn K. Increased gait variability is associated with the history of falls in patients with cerebellar ataxia. J Neurol 2013; 261:213-23. [PMID: 24263407 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-013-7189-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Revised: 11/03/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Falls are common in patients with cerebellar ataxia (CA). Identification of gait variables associated with a higher risk of falls allows us to detect fallers and initiate protective procedures early. Gait variability, which is increased in CA patients, is a good predictor of falls in elderly subjects and patients with neurodegenerative diseases. The relationship between gait variability and fall risk in patients with different cerebellar disorders was systematically investigated. A total of 48 patients with different cerebellar ataxia entities [adult-onset cerebellar atrophy (SAOA) (n = 23), unknown entity (n = 7), vascular (n = 5), post-cerebellitis (n = 6), congenital (n = 2), Louis-Bar syndrome (n = 2), ethyltoxic (n = 2) posttraumatic (n = 1)] were examined using a GAITRite® sensor mat. Spatial and temporal variability parameters were used for ANOVA testing and logistic regression models with categorized fall events as dependent variables. Gait variability in the fore-aft direction showed significant differences between the fall groups (p < 0.05-0.01). Model effects were highest for walking with slow speed (correct prediction 0.50-0.72). The speed-dependent integral of gait variability markers showed a higher discriminatory power (correct prediction 0.74-0.94). Gait variability is linked to the fall risk of patients with CA, slow walking and temporal gait variability being most relevant. The use of speed-dependent integrals of gait variability improves the accuracy of fall prediction. To predict fall risks in cerebellar ataxia, gait variability measurements made during slow walking should be included in a gait analysis procedure. The effects of speed-adjusted physiotherapeutic interventions have to be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Schniepp
- Department of Neurology, University of Munich, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377, Munich, Germany,
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Gait performance is not influenced by working memory when walking at a self-selected pace. Exp Brain Res 2013; 232:515-25. [PMID: 24240389 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-013-3759-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Gait performance exhibits patterns within the stride-to-stride variability that can be indexed using detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA). Previous work employing DFA has shown that gait patterns can be influenced by constraints, such as natural aging or disease, and they are informative regarding a person's functional ability. Many activities of daily living require concurrent performance in the cognitive and gait domains; specifically working memory is commonly engaged while walking, which is considered dual-tasking. It is unknown if taxing working memory while walking influences gait performance as assessed by DFA. This study used a dual-tasking paradigm to determine if performance decrements are observed in gait or working memory when performed concurrently. Healthy young participants (N = 16) performed a working memory task (automated operation span task) and a gait task (walking at a self-selected speed on a treadmill) in single- and dual-task conditions. A second dual-task condition (reading while walking) was included to control for visual attention, but also introduced a task that taxed working memory over the long term. All trials involving gait lasted at least 10 min. Performance in the working memory task was indexed using five dependent variables (absolute score, partial score, speed error, accuracy error, and math error), while gait performance was indexed by quantifying the mean, standard deviation, and DFA α of the stride interval time series. Two multivariate analyses of variance (one for gait and one for working memory) were used to examine performance in the single- and dual-task conditions. No differences were observed in any of the gait or working memory dependent variables as a function of task condition. The results suggest the locomotor system is adaptive enough to complete a working memory task without compromising gait performance when walking at a self-selected pace.
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BOWLES KELLYANN, STEELE JULIER. Effects of Strap Cushions and Strap Orientation on Comfort and Sports Bra Performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2013; 45:1113-9. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e3182808a21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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