1
|
Bauerly KR, Jones RM, Miller C. Effects of Social Stress on Autonomic, Behavioral, and Acoustic Parameters in Adults Who Stutter. JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2019; 62:2185-2202. [PMID: 31265363 DOI: 10.1044/2019_jslhr-s-18-0241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to assess changes in autonomic, behavioral, and acoustic measures in response to social stress in adults who stutter (AWS) compared to adults who do not stutter (ANS). Method Participants completed the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory ( Speilberger, Gorsuch, Luschene, Vagg, & Jacobs, 1983 ). In order to provoke social stress, participants were required to complete a modified version of the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST-M, Kirschbaum, Pirke, & Hellhammer, 1993 ), which included completing a nonword reading task and then preparing and delivering a speech to what was perceived as a group of professionals trained in public speaking. Autonomic nervous system changes were assessed by measuring skin conductance levels, heart rate, and respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA). Behavioral changes during speech production were measured in errors, percentage of syllable stuttered, percentage of other disfluencies, and speaking rate. Acoustic changes were measured using 2nd formant frequency fluctuations. In order to make comparisons of speech with and without social-cognitive stress, measurements were collected while participants completed a speaking task before and during TSST-M conditions. Results AWS showed significantly higher levels of self-reported state and trait anxiety compared to ANS. Autonomic nervous system changes revealed similar skin conductance level and heart rate across pre-TSST-M and TSST-M conditions; however, RSA levels were significantly higher in AWS compared to ANS across conditions. There were no differences found between groups for speaking rate, fundamental frequency, and percentage of other disfluencies when speaking with or without social stress. However, acoustic analysis revealed higher levels of 2nd formant frequency fluctuations in the AWS compared to the controls under pre-TSST-M conditions, followed by a decline to a level that resembled controls when speaking under the TSST-M condition. Discussion Results suggest that AWS, compared to ANS, engage higher levels of parasympathetic control (i.e., RSA) during speaking, regardless of stress level. Higher levels of self-reported state and trait anxiety support this view point and suggest that anxiety may have an indirect role on articulatory variability in AWS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kim R Bauerly
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Vermont, Burlington
| | - Robin M Jones
- Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Charlotte Miller
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Vermont, Burlington
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Boerhout C, van Busschbach JT, Vermerris SM, Troquete NAC, Hof AL, Hoek HW. Force production parameters as behavioural measures for anger expression and control: The Method of Stamp Strike Shout. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0206494. [PMID: 30427896 PMCID: PMC6235295 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study presents first test results of a new performance-based, psychomotor method to measure anger expression and control, based on voice expression and physical force production in directional movement of arms and legs, called the Method of Stamp Strike Shout (MSSS). Recorded are the standardized impact of stamping on a force plate, hitting a punching bag, and the amplitude of shouting in a microphone at various force levels. The premise is, that these body behaviours stand for the ‘urge to act or shout’ that belongs to anger-related emotions. The MSSS is meant to be applied in addition to potentially biased self-report questionnaires and has been designed for diagnostic as well as therapeutic purposes in clinical practice. First, this paper focusses on the instrumentation, internal structure and reliability of the MSSS. An explorative study in a student sample (n = 104) shows correlation patterns between increasing and decreasing levels of force production within each subtest (Stamp, Strike and Shout) and between the three subtests. We found excellent internal consistency of the three subtests and high test-retest reliability. The parameters of increasing and decreasing force levels form the slopes of what we call a force pyramid. To adjust for the clustering within persons, aggregated outcomes were calculated: sum scores per subtest as an indication of total force produced, two linear contrast scores to indicate the rate of increase / decrease, and two quadratic contrast scores as measures of the curvature of the slopes. On all subtests, all aggregated scores showed differences between men and women, also when controlled for weight. To test the validity of the MSSS, the second part of the paper examines the relationship between force parameters and anger coping style, measured by the Self-Expression and Control Scale (SECS). The results suggest that the Shout subtest was the most sensitive indicator for anger coping style, showing negative correlations with Anger In, for women as well as men. For women, higher amplitude was also associated with higher Anger Out and lower amplitude with higher Anger Control. The Stamp subtest showed weak positive correlations with the Anger In subscales, whereas no correlations were found on the Strike subtest. Further, a more robust comparison was made between two groups of participants who reported to have an internalizing versus an externalizing anger coping style. Results indicated that internalizing women as well as men used less force than externalizing participants on all three subtests, especially on the Shout subtest. This was confirmed by lower mean sum scores on the Shout subtest for internalizing women compared with externalizing women. No differences in linear contrast scores were shown between internalizing and externalizing participants. The quadratic contrast scores suggested differences of the curvation of the slopes between women with more or less anger control when stamping, and men with more or less anger control when striking. As this is an explorative study, findings should be interpreted with caution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cees Boerhout
- University Center of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Lentis Psychiatric Institute, Groningen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Jooske T. van Busschbach
- University Center of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Human Movement and Education, Windesheim University of Applied Sciences, Zwolle, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - At L. Hof
- Center for Human Movement Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hans W. Hoek
- University Center of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, The Hague, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bauerly K. The Effects of Emotion on Second Formant Frequency Fluctuations in Adults Who Stutter. Folia Phoniatr Logop 2018; 70:13-23. [DOI: 10.1159/000488758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
|
4
|
Bauerly KR, Paxton J. Effects of emotion on the acoustic parameters in adults who stutter: An exploratory study. JOURNAL OF FLUENCY DISORDERS 2017; 54:35-49. [PMID: 29195626 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfludis.2017.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kim R Bauerly
- Plattsburgh State University, Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Plattsburgh, NY, United States.
| | - Jessica Paxton
- Plattsburgh State University, Department of Psychology, Plattsburgh, NY, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Blakemore RL, Vuilleumier P. An Emotional Call to Action: Integrating Affective Neuroscience in Models of Motor Control. EMOTION REVIEW 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/1754073916670020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Intimate relationships between emotion and action have long been acknowledged, yet contemporary theories and experimental research within affective and movement neuroscience have not been linked into a coherent framework bridging these two fields. Accumulating psychological and neuroimaging evidence has, however, brought new insights regarding how emotions affect the preparation, execution, and control of voluntary movement. Here we review main approaches and findings on such emotion–action interactions. To assimilate key emotion concepts of action tendencies and motive states with fundamental constructs of the motor system, we underscore the need for integrating an information-processing approach of motor control into affective neuroscience. This should provide a rich foundation to bridge the two fields, allowing further refinement and empirical testing of emotion theories and better understanding of affective influences in movement disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah L. Blakemore
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Geneva, Switzerland
- Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Patrik Vuilleumier
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Geneva, Switzerland
- Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Neurology, University Hospitals of Geneva, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Blakemore RL, Neveu R, Vuilleumier P. How emotion context modulates unconscious goal activation during motor force exertion. Neuroimage 2016; 146:904-917. [PMID: 27833013 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Priming participants with emotional or action-related concepts influences goal formation and motor force output during effort exertion tasks, even without awareness of priming information. However, little is known about neural processes underpinning how emotional cues interact with action (or inaction) goals to motivate (or demotivate) motor behaviour. In a novel functional neuroimaging paradigm, visible emotional images followed by subliminal action or inaction word primes were presented before participants performed a maximal force exertion. In neutral emotional contexts, maximum force was lower following inaction than action primes. However, arousing emotional images had interactive motivational effects on the motor system: Unpleasant images prior to inaction primes increased force output (enhanced effort exertion) relative to control primes, and engaged a motivation-related network involving ventral striatum, extended amygdala, as well as right inferior frontal cortex. Conversely, pleasant images presented before action (versus control) primes decreased force and activated regions of the default-mode network, including inferior parietal lobule and medial prefrontal cortex. These findings show that emotional context can determine how unconscious goal representations influence motivational processes and are transformed into actual motor output, without direct rewarding contingencies. Furthermore, they provide insight into altered motor behaviour in psychopathological disorders with dysfunctional motivational processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah L Blakemore
- Laboratory for Behavioral Neurology and Imaging of Cognition, Department of Neuroscience, University Medical Center, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Rémi Neveu
- Laboratory for Behavioral Neurology and Imaging of Cognition, Department of Neuroscience, University Medical Center, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Geneva Neuroscience Center, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Patrik Vuilleumier
- Laboratory for Behavioral Neurology and Imaging of Cognition, Department of Neuroscience, University Medical Center, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Geneva Neuroscience Center, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Neurology, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Emotion and reward are dissociable from error during motor learning. Exp Brain Res 2016; 234:1385-94. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-015-4542-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
8
|
Negative emotions facilitate isometric force through activation of prefrontal cortex and periaqueductal gray. Neuroimage 2016; 124:627-640. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
|