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Buchanan TL, Janelle CM. Emotions and ensuing motor performance are altered by regulating breathing frequency: Implications for emotion regulation and sport performance. Front Psychol 2022; 13:963711. [PMID: 36275219 PMCID: PMC9582930 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.963711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Breathing interventions have been shown to improve sport performance. Although evidence exists to support the role of perceived arousal as a critical underlying mechanism of breathing interventions, methodological differences in the literature preclude clear understanding of potential contributing factors to the effectiveness of such interventions. Under neutral contexts, we have demonstrated attention, dyspnea, and hindrance may need to be considered as mediators of how breathing frequency affects motor performance. We sought to extend our previous findings to determine how breathing frequency affects motor performance under varying emotional conditions. Participants (N = 35, Mage = 21.68, SD = 2.96; 20 females) performed slow, normal, and fast metronome-paced breathing while viewing pleasant and unpleasant stimuli prior to executing a pinch grip task. Performance was assessed via reaction time (RT), variability (V) and error (AE). Assessment of indices of perceived arousal included measuring heart rate variability (HRV) and visual analog scale responses. Visual analog scales were also used to assess attention, dyspnea, and hindrance. Repeated measures ANOVAs showed slow breathing increased RT and HRV compared to normal and fast breathing under emotional conditions (all p’s < 0.05). Hierarchical multiple regression models revealed that decreased breathing frequency predicted increases in RT (β = −0.25, p < 0.05) under pleasant conditions, while predicting increases in HRV for unpleasant conditions (β = −0.45, p < 0.001). Increases in dyspnea (β = 0.29, p < 0.05) and hindrance (β = 0.35, p < 0.01) predicted increases in RT under pleasant conditions, while only increases in hindrance predicted increases in RT under unpleasant conditions (β = 0.41, p < 0.01). Decreases in breathing frequency predicted increases in HRV under unpleasant conditions (β = −0.45, p < 0.001). Overall, our findings suggest under varying emotional contexts breathing frequency differentially affects movement, potentially mediated by factors other than perceived arousal. In addition, these results inform the use of breath regulation as an antecedent emotion regulation strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor L. Buchanan
- Center for Exercise Medicine, Division of Gerontology, Geriatrics, and Palliative Care, College of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- *Correspondence: Taylor L. Buchanan,
| | - Christopher M. Janelle
- Performance Psychology Laboratory, Center for Exercise Science, Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, College of Health and Human Performance, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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Buchanan TL, Janelle CM. Fast breathing facilitates reaction time and movement time of a memory-guided force pulse. Hum Mov Sci 2021; 76:102762. [PMID: 33524929 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2021.102762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Slow controlled breathing can be beneficial for performance of continuous and serial motor tasks. However, how controlled breathing influences discrete motor task performance remains unclear. We sought to determine the impact of paced breathing frequency on measures of movement initiation (reaction time: RT), accuracy (absolute endpoint error: AE; constant error: CE), and variability (trial-to-trial variability: V), in a goal-directed discrete motor task. We hypothesized slow breathing would be accompanied by faster RT, reduced AE and CE, and less V compared to faster breathing rates. Participants (N = 47) performed a memory-guided force pulse pinch task targeted at 10% of their maximum voluntary contraction while breathing at metronome-paced slow, normal, and fast frequencies. During each breathing condition, heart rate variability (HRV) as indexed by the standard deviation of 'NN' intervals (SDNN) was measured to ensure objective manipulation check of participants breathing at their set pace. Following each breathing condition, participants provided subjective ratings using the Affect Grid and Visual Analog Scales for arousal, hindrance, and dyspnea. Manipulation check results indicated participants correctly breathed at metronome paces, as indexed by increased HRV for slow breathing and decreased HRV for fast breathing. Results indicated that fast breathing reduced reaction time and movement time, and increased ratings of arousal, hindrance, and dyspnea. In contrast, slow breathing increased reaction time, and levels of hindrance and dyspnea were similar to normal breathing. Breathing frequency did not differentially impact accuracy or variability across conditions. Findings provide evidence that breathing frequency affects fundamental movement parameters, potentially mediated by factors other than arousal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor L Buchanan
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, Center for Exercise Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America.
| | - Christopher M Janelle
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, Center for Exercise Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
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Hofstee G, Jansen PGW, De Lange AH, Spisak BR, Swinkels M. The cognitive costs of managing emotions: A systematic review of the impact of emotional requirements on cognitive performance. WORK AND STRESS 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/02678373.2020.1832608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Godelieve Hofstee
- Department of Management & Organization, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- School of Organisation and Development, HAN University of Applied Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul G. W. Jansen
- Department of Management & Organization, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Annet H. De Lange
- School of Organisation and Development, HAN University of Applied Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Faculty of Psychology, Open University Heerlen, Heerlen, The Netherlands
- Norwegian School of Hotel Management, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
- Faculty of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Psychology, Universidade da Coruna, Coruña, Spain
| | - Brian R. Spisak
- Department of Management, University of Otago, Otago, New Zealand
- National Preparedness Leadership Initiative, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | - Maaike Swinkels
- School of Organisation and Development, HAN University of Applied Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Balsamo M, Carlucci L, Padulo C, Perfetti B, Fairfield B. A Bottom-Up Validation of the IAPS, GAPED, and NAPS Affective Picture Databases: Differential Effects on Behavioral Performance. Front Psychol 2020; 11:2187. [PMID: 33013565 PMCID: PMC7498678 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept of emotion is a complex neural and psychological phenomenon, central to the organization of human social behavior. As the result of subjective experience, emotions involve bottom-up cognitive styles responsible for efficient adaptation of human behavior to the environment based on salient goals. Indeed, bottom-up cognitive processes are mandatory for clarifying emotion-cognition interactions. Accordingly, a huge number of studies and standardized affective stimuli databases have been developed (i.e., International Affective Picture System (IAPS), Geneva Affective Picture Database (GAPED), and Nencki Affective Picture System (NAPS)). However, these neither accurately reflect the complex neural system underlying emotional responses nor do they offer a comprehensive framework for researchers. The present article aims to provide an additional bottom-up validation of affective stimuli that are independent from cognitive processing and control mechanisms, related to the implicit relevance and evolutionistic significance of stimuli. A subset of 360 images from the original NAPS, GAPED, and IAPS datasets was selected in order to proportionally cover the whole dimensional affective space. Among these, using a two-step analysis strategy, we identified three clusters (“good performance”, “poor performance”, and “false alarm”) of stimuli with similar cognitive response profiles. Results showed that the three clusters differed in terms of arousal and database membership, but not in terms of valence. The new database, with accompanying ratings and image parameters, allows researchers to select visual stimuli independent from dimensional/discrete-categories, and provides information on the implicit effects triggered by such stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Balsamo
- Department of Psychological, Health and Territorial Sciences, University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
| | - Leonardo Carlucci
- Department of Psychological, Health and Territorial Sciences, University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
| | - Caterina Padulo
- Department of Psychological, Health and Territorial Sciences, University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
| | - Bernardo Perfetti
- Department of Psychological, Health and Territorial Sciences, University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
| | - Beth Fairfield
- Department of Psychological, Health and Territorial Sciences, University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
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Lee J, Dong S, Jeong J, Yoon B. Effects of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Over the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex (PFC) on Cognitive-Motor Dual Control Skills. Percept Mot Skills 2020; 127:803-822. [PMID: 32660347 DOI: 10.1177/0031512520935695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This randomized crossover study investigated whether anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over the dorsolateral prefontal cortex (dlPFC) modulates memory-guided finger isometric maintenance during single motor and dual cognitive-motor tasks, based on electroencephalogram (EEG) signals. Twenty-three healthy participants (14 female; M age = 29.130 years, SD = 10.918) underwent both sham and 2-mA stimulation sessions over the dlPFC for 20 minutes, with a minimum washout period of seven days. We analyzed finger-force isometric maintenance and event-related spectral perturbation (ERSP) of the EEG during early and later phases of both tasks. We observed a significant motor accuracy improvement (p = .014) and significant variation of force output (p = .027) with significant decrease in ERSP on the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC) (early phase, p = .027; later phase, p = .023) only after 2 mA stimulation. Thus, anodal tDCS over the dlPFC may improve memory-guided force control during cognitive-motor dual tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- JaeHyuk Lee
- Major in Rehabilitation Science, Graduate School, Korea University
| | - SungHee Dong
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Korea University
| | - JiChai Jeong
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Korea University
| | - BumChul Yoon
- Major in Rehabilitation Science, Graduate School, Korea University.,Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Science, Korea University
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Boerhout C, van Busschbach JT, Vermerris SM, Troquete NAC, Hof AL, Hoek HW. Force production parameters as behavioural measures for anger expression and control: The Method of Stamp Strike Shout. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0206494. [PMID: 30427896 PMCID: PMC6235295 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study presents first test results of a new performance-based, psychomotor method to measure anger expression and control, based on voice expression and physical force production in directional movement of arms and legs, called the Method of Stamp Strike Shout (MSSS). Recorded are the standardized impact of stamping on a force plate, hitting a punching bag, and the amplitude of shouting in a microphone at various force levels. The premise is, that these body behaviours stand for the ‘urge to act or shout’ that belongs to anger-related emotions. The MSSS is meant to be applied in addition to potentially biased self-report questionnaires and has been designed for diagnostic as well as therapeutic purposes in clinical practice. First, this paper focusses on the instrumentation, internal structure and reliability of the MSSS. An explorative study in a student sample (n = 104) shows correlation patterns between increasing and decreasing levels of force production within each subtest (Stamp, Strike and Shout) and between the three subtests. We found excellent internal consistency of the three subtests and high test-retest reliability. The parameters of increasing and decreasing force levels form the slopes of what we call a force pyramid. To adjust for the clustering within persons, aggregated outcomes were calculated: sum scores per subtest as an indication of total force produced, two linear contrast scores to indicate the rate of increase / decrease, and two quadratic contrast scores as measures of the curvature of the slopes. On all subtests, all aggregated scores showed differences between men and women, also when controlled for weight. To test the validity of the MSSS, the second part of the paper examines the relationship between force parameters and anger coping style, measured by the Self-Expression and Control Scale (SECS). The results suggest that the Shout subtest was the most sensitive indicator for anger coping style, showing negative correlations with Anger In, for women as well as men. For women, higher amplitude was also associated with higher Anger Out and lower amplitude with higher Anger Control. The Stamp subtest showed weak positive correlations with the Anger In subscales, whereas no correlations were found on the Strike subtest. Further, a more robust comparison was made between two groups of participants who reported to have an internalizing versus an externalizing anger coping style. Results indicated that internalizing women as well as men used less force than externalizing participants on all three subtests, especially on the Shout subtest. This was confirmed by lower mean sum scores on the Shout subtest for internalizing women compared with externalizing women. No differences in linear contrast scores were shown between internalizing and externalizing participants. The quadratic contrast scores suggested differences of the curvation of the slopes between women with more or less anger control when stamping, and men with more or less anger control when striking. As this is an explorative study, findings should be interpreted with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cees Boerhout
- University Center of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Lentis Psychiatric Institute, Groningen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Jooske T. van Busschbach
- University Center of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Human Movement and Education, Windesheim University of Applied Sciences, Zwolle, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - At L. Hof
- Center for Human Movement Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hans W. Hoek
- University Center of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Parnassia Psychiatric Institute, The Hague, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States of America
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Le Ray S, Le Gal M, Delfour F. Does emotional state influence motor lateralization in California sea lions (Zalophus californianus)? Acta Ethol 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10211-017-0273-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Ryu K, Kim J, Ali A, Choi S, Kim H, Radlo SJ. Comparison of Athletes with and without Burnout Using the Stroop Color and Word Test. Percept Mot Skills 2015; 121:413-30. [DOI: 10.2466/22.pms.121c16x7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The present study compared brain activity of adolescents with or without burnout during their responses to a computerized version of the Stroop Color and Word Test. The Sport Adaptation of the Maslach Burnout Inventory was administered to 460 Korean high school student athletes. Electroencephalographic data were recorded from frontal, central, parietal, and occipital brain regions while these participants were performing the Stroop Color and Word Test. A 2 (group) × 2 (condition) × 15 (electrodes) three-way analysis of variance was used to analyze the data. Results indicated that the athletes without burnout exhibited significantly higher accuracy than their counterparts with burnout on the Stroop Color and Word Test. The athletes without burnout also showed higher amplitudes for theta, alpha, and beta power in the frontal areas than the athletes with burnout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwangmin Ryu
- Department of Physical Education, Kyungpook National University, Korea
| | - Jingu Kim
- Department of Physical Education, Kyungpook National University, Korea
| | - Asif Ali
- Department of Physical Education, The Islamic University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Sungmook Choi
- Department of English Education, Kyungpook National University, Korea
| | - Hyunji Kim
- Department of Psychology, Kyungpook National University, Korea
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