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Li M, Liu R, Wu S, Lv Y, Jia Y, Wang C. The impact of varying trolley case usage modes and weights on body posture. Gait Posture 2024; 109:284-290. [PMID: 38377745 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2024.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the body posture characteristics when walking with trolley case, and to explore the effects of different usage methods and weights of trolley case on body posture characteristics. METHODS Fifteen subjects pushed and pulled(Condition 1 and 2) the case with three load weights of 10 %, 20 % and 30 % of their own body weight with 0 % no load as baseline for both conditions. The basic gait parameters, kinematic and kinetic data were collected using the VICON infrared motion capture system and a 3D force platform. Two repeated measures factor (condition×weight) analysis of variance was used for statistical analysis of the gait temporal and spatial parameters, as well as trunk angle, kinetic ground reaction force, shoulder joint force, and trunk moment. RESULTS Significant condition*weight interactions were detected in DLST (Double Limb Stance Time) (F=5.341,P = 0.006), GRF (Ground Reaction Force) in frontal plane (F=10.507, p < 0.001) and vertical plane (F=3.751, p = 0.021), shoulder joint force in sagittal plane (F=21.129, p < 0.001), and flexion-extension angle of the trunk in the sagittal plane (F=4.888, p < 0.010). Significant main effects were detected in walking speed (F=35.842, p < 0.001), right support time (F=12.156, p < 0.001), left swing time (F=8.506, p < 0.001), left support time (F=1.122, p < 0.001), right step length (F=33.900, p < 0.001), and left step length (F=14.960, p < 0.001) under different weights. A significant main effect was detected in sagittal GRF (F=11.77, p < 0.001), trunk rotation angle (F=4.124, p = 0.016), amplitude of COM (F=2.993, p = 0.046), under different weights. CONCLUSION When the weight of the case exceeds 20 % of the body weight, from the perspective of energy efficiency, the push method is more advantageous than the pull method. When walking with luggage, people tend to maintain the stability of their trunk posture by adjusting the force on their arms more often.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxi Li
- School of Physical Education, North University of China, Taiyuan City, Shanxi Province 030051, PR China
| | - Rong Liu
- School of Physical Education, North University of China, Taiyuan City, Shanxi Province 030051, PR China
| | - Shiying Wu
- School of Physical Education, North University of China, Taiyuan City, Shanxi Province 030051, PR China
| | - Ying Lv
- School of Physical Education, North University of China, Taiyuan City, Shanxi Province 030051, PR China
| | - Yi Jia
- School of Physical Education, North University of China, Taiyuan City, Shanxi Province 030051, PR China.
| | - Chenyan Wang
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan City, Shanxi Province 030002, PR China
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Ventura JD, Hodges BH. Carrying children, groceries, and water across varying terrain: Changes in gait and comfortable walking speed. Gait Posture 2023; 103:140-145. [PMID: 37163856 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2023.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carrying items of substantial weight and value in one's arms while traversing challenging terrain is a common task that requires considerable care. Carrying valuable (e.g., child) or variable (e.g., water) items, compared to stable ones (e.g., groceries) demands increased coordination, and is likely to lead to slower comfortable walking speed (CWS) and altered gait mechanics, especially on difficult terrain. RESEARCH QUESTION How are gait parameters altered by carrying items of substantial weight and varying value and dynamics across more and less demanding terrain? METHODS In two experiments, participants carried their child, an equally weighted sack of groceries, or an open bucket of water in the same manner across level floor and across uneven stairs of varying heights with gaps between them. Kinematics were assessed for both terrains; kinetics were measured for one step up and one step down on stairs. RESULTS Mixed models ANOVAs with repeated measures revealed that CWS on uneven stairs was approximately 65 % of CWS for level floor, regardless of the item carried. Step-to-step coefficients of variation for step length and CWS were also greater. Water was carried most slowly, with shorter steps on level floor and reduced accelerations on uneven stairs. CWS with children and groceries did not differ. SIGNIFICANCE Carrying items of weight and worth with varying dynamics across more and less challenging terrain illustrates the ecological complexity of walking. Terrain requiring greater flexibility, strength, and coordination reduced CWS substantially, a complexity-speed tradeoff. More variable, difficult to control items altered CWS and other gait patterns regardless of terrain difficulty, suggesting terrain and item dynamics contributed independently to gait adjustments. More valuable items were not carried more slowly than less valuable ones. Carrying tasks deserve greater attention in research and clinical assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica D Ventura
- Department of Kinesiology, Gordon College, 255 Grapevine Rd., Wenham, MA 01984, USA
| | - Bert H Hodges
- Department of Psychology, Gordon College, Wenham, MA 01984, USA.
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Busch A, Trounson K, Browne P, Robertson S. Effects of lower limb light-weight wearable resistance on running biomechanics. J Biomech 2021; 130:110903. [PMID: 34922193 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2021.110903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Wearable resistance allows individualized loading for sport specific movements and can lead to specific strength adaptations benefiting the athlete. The objective was to determine biomechanical changes during running with lower limb light-weight wearable resistance. Fourteen participants (age: 28 ± 4 years; height: 180 ± 8 cm; body mass: 77 ± 6 kg) wore shorts and calf sleeves of a compression suit allowing attachment of light loads. Participants completed four times two mins 20-m over-ground shuttle running bouts at 3.3 m*s-1 alternated by three mins rest. The first running bout was unloaded and the other three bouts were under randomised loaded conditions (1%, 3% and 5% additional loading of the individual body mass). 3D motion cameras and force plates recorded kinematic and kinetic data at the midpoint of each 20-m shuttle. Friedman-test for repeated measures and linear mixed effect model analysis were used to determine differences between the loading conditions (α = 0.05). Increased peak vertical ground reaction force (2.7 N/kg to 2.74 N/kg), ground contact time (0.20 s to 0.21 s) and decreased step length (1.49 m to 1.45 m) were found with additional 5 % body mass loading compared to unloaded running (0.001 > p < 0.007). Marginally more knee flexion and hip extension and less plantarflexion was seen with higher loading. Differences in the assessed parameters were present between each loading condition but accompanied by subject variability. Further studies, also examining long term effects, should be conducted to further inform use of this training tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aglaja Busch
- University Outpatient Clinic, Sports Medicine & Sports Orthopedics, University of Potsdam, Germany; Division of Physiotherapy, Department of Health Professions, Bern University of Applied Sciences, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Karl Trounson
- Institute for Health & Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia; Western Bulldogs Football Club, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Peter Browne
- Institute for Health & Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia; Western Bulldogs Football Club, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Sam Robertson
- Institute for Health & Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia.
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Luo C, Jiang T, Tian S, Fan Y. Finite element analysis of lumbar spine with different backpack positions in parachuting landing. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin 2021; 24:1679-1686. [PMID: 33830858 DOI: 10.1080/10255842.2021.1906868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the lumbar spine stress with different backpack positions in parachuting landing using a finite element model of lumbar vertebra 1-5. The backpack gravity center was set at three positions (posterior-high (case PH), posterior-low (case PL), and anterior-low (case AL)) respectively. In results, the peak Von-Mises stresses of the matrix, nucleus, fibers, endplate and ligament in case AL were 2.765 MPa, 0.534 MPa, 6.561 MPa, 4.045 MPa and 1.790 MPa respectively, lower than those in case PL (6.913 MPa, 1.316 MPa, 20.716 MPa, 10.917 MPa and 5.147 MPa respectively) and case PH (7.328 MPa, 1.394 MPa, 22.147 MPa, 11.617 MPa and 5.464 MPa respectively). In conclusion, setting the gravity center of backpack at anterior-low position would reduce lumbar spine stress and reduce lumbar spine injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyu Luo
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Tianyun Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Shan Tian
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Yubo Fan
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China.,School of Engineering Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing, China
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Talarico MK, Haynes CA, Douglas JS, Collazo J. Spatiotemporal and kinematic changes in gait while carrying an energy harvesting assault pack system. J Biomech 2018; 74:143-149. [PMID: 29752054 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2018.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Soldiers are fielded with a variety of equipment including battery powered electronic devices. An energy harvesting assault pack (EHAP) was developed to provide a power source to recharge batteries and reduce the quantity and load of extra batteries carried into the field. Little is known about the biomechanical implications of carrying a suspended-load energy harvesting system compared to the military standard assault pack (AP). Therefore, the goal of this study was to determine the impact of pack type and load magnitude on spatiotemporal and kinematic parameters while walking at 1.34 m/s on an instrumented treadmill at decline, level, and incline grades. There was greater forward trunk lean while carrying the EHAP and the heavy load (decline: p < 0.001; level: p = 0.009; incline: p = 0.003). As load increased from light to heavy, double support stance time was longer (decline: p = 0.012; level: p < 0.001; incline: p < 0.001), strides were shorter (incline: p = 0.013), and knee flexion angle at heel strike was greater (decline: p = 0.033; level: p = 0.035; incline: p = 0.005). When carrying the EHAP, strides (decline: p = 0.007) and double support stance time (incline: p = 0.006) was longer, the knee was more flexed at heel strike (level: p = 0.014; incline: p < 0.001) and there was a smaller change in knee flexion during weight acceptance (decline: p = 0.0013; level: p = 0.007; incline: p = 0.0014). Carrying the EHAP elicits changes to gait biomechanics compared to carrying the standard AP. Understanding how load-suspension systems influence loaded gait biomechanics are warranted before transitioning these systems into military or recreational environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria K Talarico
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA.
| | | | - Julianne S Douglas
- Communications-Electronics, Research, Development, and Engineering Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA
| | - Jose Collazo
- Communications-Electronics, Research, Development, and Engineering Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, USA
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James CR, Atkins LT, Yang HS, Dufek JS, Bates BT. Prediction of calcaneal bone competence from biomechanical accommodation variables measured during weighted walking. Hum Mov Sci 2017; 56:37-45. [PMID: 29096182 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2017.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Carrying weight while walking is a common activity associated with increased musculoskeletal loading, but not all individuals accommodate to the weight in the same way. Different accommodation strategies could lead to different skeletal forces, stimuli for bone adaptation and ultimately bone competence. The purpose of the study was to explore the relationships between calcaneal bone competence and biomechanical accommodation variables measured during weighted walking. Twenty healthy men and women (10 each; age 27.8 ± 6.8 years) walked on a treadmill at 1.34 m/s while carrying 0, 44.5 and 89 N weights with two hands in front of the body. Peak vertical ground reaction force and sagittal plane angular displacements of the trunk and left lower extremity during weight acceptance were measured and used to quantify accommodation. Calcaneal bone stiffness index T-score (BST) was measured using quantitative ultrasound. Correlation and stepwise multiple regression were used to predict calcaneal BST from the accommodation variables. Accommodations of the foot and ankle explained 29 and 54% (p ≤ .015) of the variance in calcaneal BST in different regression models. Statistical resampling using 1000 replications confirmed the strength and consistency of relationships, with the best model explaining 94% of the variance in calcaneal BST. Individuals who change foot and ankle function when carrying heavier weight likely alter the control of gravitational and muscular forces, thereby affecting calcaneal loading, bone adaptation and bone competence. These novel findings illustrate the importance of gait accommodation strategies and highlight a potential clinical consequence that requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Roger James
- Center for Rehabilitation Research, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA.
| | - Lee T Atkins
- Department of Physical Therapy, Angelo State University, San Angelo, TX, USA.
| | - Hyung Suk Yang
- Division of Kinesiology and Sport Management, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, USA.
| | - Janet S Dufek
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA.
| | - Barry T Bates
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA.
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Developing a Low-Cost Force Treadmill via Dynamic Modeling. JOURNAL OF HEALTHCARE ENGINEERING 2017; 2017:9875471. [PMID: 29065677 PMCID: PMC5474287 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9875471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
By incorporating force transducers into treadmills, force platform-instrumented treadmills (commonly called force treadmills) can collect large amounts of gait data and enable the ground reaction force (GRF) to be calculated. However, the high cost of force treadmills has limited their adoption. This paper proposes a low-cost force treadmill system with force sensors installed underneath a standard exercise treadmill. It identifies and compensates for the force transmission dynamics from the actual GRF applied on the treadmill track surface to the force transmitted to the force sensors underneath the treadmill body. This study also proposes a testing procedure to assess the GRF measurement accuracy of force treadmills. Using this procedure in estimating the GRF of “walk-on-the-spot motion,” it was found that the total harmonic distortion of the tested force treadmill system was about 1.69%, demonstrating the effectiveness of the approach.
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Macadam P, Cronin JB, Simperingham KD. The Effects of Wearable Resistance Training on Metabolic, Kinematic and Kinetic Variables During Walking, Running, Sprint Running and Jumping: A Systematic Review. Sports Med 2016; 47:887-906. [DOI: 10.1007/s40279-016-0622-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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