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Inubashiri N, Hagio S, Kouzaki M. Motor learning in multijoint virtual arm movements with novel kinematics. Sci Rep 2024; 14:10421. [PMID: 38710897 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60844-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Humans move their hands toward precise positions, a skill supported by the coordination of multiple joint movements, even in the presence of inherent redundancy. However, it remains unclear how the central nervous system learns the relationship between redundant joint movements and hand positions when starting from scratch. To address this question, a virtual-arm reaching task was performed in which participants were required to move a cursor corresponding to the hand of a virtual arm to a target. The joint angles of the virtual arm were determined by the heights of the participants' fingers. The results demonstrated that the participants moved the cursor to the target straighter and faster in the late phase than they did in the initial phase of learning. This improvement was accompanied by a reduction in the amount of angular changes in the virtual limb joint, predominantly characterized by an increased reliance on the virtual shoulder joint as opposed to the virtual wrist joint. These findings suggest that the central nervous system selects a combination of multijoint movements that minimize motor effort while learning novel upper-limb kinematics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagisa Inubashiri
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shota Hagio
- Laboratory of Motor Control and Learning, Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-nihonmatsu-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.
- Unit of Synergetic Studies for Space, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Motoki Kouzaki
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Unit of Synergetic Studies for Space, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Wehrman J, Sanders R, Wearden J. What came before: Assimilation effects in the categorization of time intervals. Cognition 2023; 234:105378. [PMID: 36706494 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2023.105378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Assimilation is the process by which one judgment tends to approach some aspect of another stimulus or judgment. This effect has been known for over half a century in various domains such as the judgment of weight or sound intensity. However, the assimilation of judgments of durations have been relatively unexplored. In the current article, we present the results of five experiments in which participant s were required to judge the duration of a visual stimulus on each trial. In each experiment, we manipulated the pattern of durations they experienced in order to systematically separate the effects of the objective and subjective duration of stimuli on subsequent judgments. We found that duration judgments were primarily driven by prior judgments, with little, if any, effect of the prior objective stimulus duration. This is in contrast to the findings previously reported in regards to non-temporal judgments. We propose two mechanist explanations of this effect; a representational account in which judgments represent the speed of an underlying pacemaker, and an assimilation account in which judgment is based in prior experience. We further discuss results in terms of predictive coding, in which the previous rating is representative of a prior expectation, which is modified by current experience.
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Moriyama M, Kouzaki M, Hagio S. Visuomotor Adaptation of Lower Extremity Movements During Virtual Ball-Kicking Task. Front Sports Act Living 2022; 4:883656. [PMID: 35813057 PMCID: PMC9259925 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.883656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sophisticated soccer players can skillfully manipulate a ball with their feet depending on the external environment. This ability of goal-directed control in the lower limbs has not been fully elucidated, although upper limb movements have been studied extensively using motor adaptation tasks. The purpose of this study was to clarify how the goal-directed movements of the lower limbs is acquired by conducting an experiment of visuomotor adaptation in ball-kicking movements. In this study, healthy young participants with and without experience playing soccer or futsal performed ball-kicking movements. They were instructed to move a cursor representing the right foot position and shoot a virtual ball to a target on a display in front of them. During the learning trials, the trajectories of the virtual ball were rotated by 15° either clockwise or counterclockwise relative to the actual ball direction. As a result, participants adapted their lower limb movements to novel visuomotor perturbation regardless of the soccer playing experience, and changed their whole trajectories not just the kicking position during adaptation. These results indicate that the goal-directed lower limb movements can be adapted to the novel environment. Moreover, it was suggested that fundamental structure of visuomotor adaptation is common between goal-directed movements in the upper and lower limbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Moriyama
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Motoki Kouzaki
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Unit of Synergetic Studies for Space, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shota Hagio
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Unit of Synergetic Studies for Space, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- *Correspondence: Shota Hagio
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Crossley MJ, Hewitson CL, Cartmill J, Kaplan DM. Motor adaptation: an underappreciated aspect of technical surgical skill. ANZ J Surg 2021; 91:489-490. [PMID: 33847048 DOI: 10.1111/ans.16396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Crossley
- Department of Cognitive Science, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Perception and Action Research Centre, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Centre for Elite Performance, Expertise and Training, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Christopher L Hewitson
- Department of Cognitive Science, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Perception and Action Research Centre, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Centre for Elite Performance, Expertise and Training, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - John Cartmill
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David M Kaplan
- Department of Cognitive Science, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Perception and Action Research Centre, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Centre for Elite Performance, Expertise and Training, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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