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Zeng Y, Gao W, Chen X, Shen K. Comprehensive analysis of the 21-gene recurrence score in invasive ductal breast carcinoma with or without ductal carcinoma in situ component. Br J Cancer 2020; 124:975-981. [PMID: 33335279 PMCID: PMC7921681 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-020-01212-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) is often accompanied by ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). Whether the DCIS component affects the 21-gene recurrence score (RS) is unclear. Methods Consecutive ER-positive, HER2-negative, N0–1 patients with RS results were included. Patients were divided into pure IDC and IDC with DCIS (IDC/DCIS) groups. The RS, the expression of its 16 cancer genes and prognosis were compared between IDC and IDC/DCIS patients. Results A total of 1458 patients were enrolled, 320 of whom had concomitant DCIS. DCIS component was independently associated with lower RS (P = 0.038). IDC/DCIS patients more often had a low-risk RS (P = 0.018) or intermediate-risk RS (P = 0.024). Regarding individual genes in the RS panel, Ki67, CCNB1 and MYBL2 in the proliferation group and MMP11 and CTSL2 in the invasion group were significantly lower among IDC/DCIS patients than pure IDC patients. Among IDC/DCIS patients, lower RS was independently correlated with a higher DCIS proportion and lower DCIS grade. Within a median follow-up of 31 months, the DCIS component in IDC did not significantly influence prognosis. Conclusions IDC with DCIS component is associated with a lower 21-gene RS, possibly due to lower expression of proliferation and invasion genes. DCIS proportion and grade independently influenced the 21-gene RS in IDC/DCIS patients. Due to the relatively short follow-up period and low recurrence rate, the impact of the DCIS component in IDC on prognosis needs further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Zeng
- Department of General Surgery, Comprehensive Breast Health Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiqi Gao
- Department of General Surgery, Comprehensive Breast Health Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaosong Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Comprehensive Breast Health Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Kunwei Shen
- Department of General Surgery, Comprehensive Breast Health Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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Goh CW, Wu J, Ding S, Lin C, Chen X, Huang O, Chen W, Li Y, Shen K, Zhu L. Invasive ductal carcinoma with coexisting ductal carcinoma in situ (IDC/DCIS) versus pure invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC): a comparison of clinicopathological characteristics, molecular subtypes, and clinical outcomes. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2019; 145:1877-1886. [DOI: 10.1007/s00432-019-02930-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Solanki MH, Derylo AF, Visotcky AM, Jorns JM. Encapsulated and solid papillary carcinomas of the breast: Tumors in transition from in situ to invasive? Breast J 2019; 25:539-541. [DOI: 10.1111/tbj.13278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Julie M. Jorns
- Pathology Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee Wisconsin
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Ruszczyk M, Zirpoli G, Kumar S, Bandera EV, Bovbjerg DH, Jandorf L, Khoury T, Hwang H, Ciupak G, Pawlish K, Schedin P, Masso-Welch P, Ambrosone CB, Hong CC. Breast cancer risk factor associations differ for pure versus invasive carcinoma with an in situ component in case-control and case-case analyses. Cancer Causes Control 2015; 27:183-98. [PMID: 26621543 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-015-0696-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) is diagnosed with or without a ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) component. Previous analyses have found significant differences in tumor characteristics between pure IDC lacking DCIS and mixed IDC with DCIS. We will test our hypothesis that pure IDC represents a form of breast cancer with etiology and risk factors distinct from mixed IDC/DCIS. METHODS We compared reproductive risk factors for breast cancer risk, as well as family and smoking history between 831 women with mixed IDC/DCIS (n = 650) or pure IDC (n = 181), and 1,620 controls, in the context of the Women's Circle of Health Study (WCHS), a case-control study of breast cancer in African-American and European-American women. Data on reproductive and lifestyle factors were collected during interviews, and tumor characteristics were abstracted from pathology reports. Case-control and case-case analyses were conducted using unconditional logistic regression. RESULTS Most risk factors were similarly associated with pure IDC and mixed IDC/DCIS. However, among postmenopausal women, risk of pure IDC was lower in women with body mass index (BMI) 25 to <30 [odds ratio (OR) 0.66; 95 % confidence interval (CI) 0.35-1.23] and BMI ≥ 30 (OR 0.33; 95 % CI 0.18-0.67) compared to women with BMI < 25, with no associations with mixed IDC/DCIS. In case-case analyses, women who breastfed up to 12 months (OR 0.55; 95 % CI 0.32-0.94) or longer (OR 0.47; 95 % CI 0.26-0.87) showed decreased odds of pure IDC than mixed IDC/DCIS compared to those who did not breastfeed. CONCLUSIONS Associations with some breast cancer risk factors differed between mixed IDC/DCIS and pure IDC, potentially suggesting differential developmental pathways. These findings, if confirmed in a larger study, will provide a better understanding of the developmental patterns of breast cancer and the influence of modifiable risk factors, which in turn could lead to better preventive measures for pure IDC, which have worse disease prognosis compared to mixed IDC/DCIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Ruszczyk
- Department of Biotechnical and Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University at Buffalo, 12 Capen Hall, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA.
| | - Gary Zirpoli
- Department of Cancer Prevention and Control, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm & Carlton Sts., Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA.
| | - Shicha Kumar
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm & Carlton Sts., Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA.
| | - Elisa V Bandera
- Population Science/Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, 195 Little Albany St., New Brunswick, NJ, 08903, USA. .,Department of Epidemiology, Rutgers School of Public Health, 683 Hoes Ln W, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
| | - Dana H Bovbjerg
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, 5150 Centre Ave., Pittsburgh, PA, 15232, USA.
| | - Lina Jandorf
- Department of Oncology Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1428 Madison Ave., New York, NY, 10029, USA.
| | - Thaer Khoury
- Department of Pathology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm & Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA.
| | - Helena Hwang
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas, Southwestern Medical Center, 5325 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
| | - Gregory Ciupak
- Department of Cancer Prevention and Control, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm & Carlton Sts., Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA.
| | - Karen Pawlish
- New Jersey State Cancer Registry, New Jersey Department of Health, 140 East Front Street, Trenton, NJ, 08625, USA.
| | - Pepper Schedin
- Department of Cell, Development and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health Sciences University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Pkwy, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
| | - Patricia Masso-Welch
- Department of Biotechnical and Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University at Buffalo, 12 Capen Hall, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA.
| | - Christine B Ambrosone
- Department of Cancer Prevention and Control, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm & Carlton Sts., Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA.
| | - Chi-Chen Hong
- Department of Cancer Prevention and Control, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm & Carlton Sts., Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA.
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Radiotherapy in DCIS, an underestimated benefit? Radiother Oncol 2014; 112:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2014.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2014] [Revised: 05/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Chang WC, Hsu HH, Yu JC, Ko KH, Peng YJ, Tung HJ, Chang TH, Hsu GC. Underestimation of invasive lesions in patients with ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast diagnosed by ultrasound-guided biopsy: a comparison between patients with and without HER2/neu overexpression. Eur J Radiol 2014; 83:935-941. [PMID: 24666513 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2014.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2013] [Revised: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the rate of underestimation of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) diagnosed at imaging-guided biopsy and to analyze its association with HER2/neu oncogene, an important biomarker in assessing the tumour aggressiveness and guiding hormone therapy for breast cancer. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed 162 patients with DCIS diagnosed by imaging-guided core needle biopsy between January 2008 and March 2013. All of these patients received surgical excision, and in 25, the diagnosis was upgraded to invasive breast cancer. In this study, we examined the ultrasound, mammographic features and histopathological results for each patient, and compared these parameters between those with and without HER2/neu overexpression. RESULTS Of the 162 DCIS lesions, 110 (67.9%) overexpressed HER2/neu. Nineteen patients with HER2/neu overexpressing DCIS (n=19/110, 17.3%) were upgraded after surgery to a diagnosis of invasive breast cancer. In this group, the upgrade rate was highest in patients with a dilated mammary duct pattern (42.1%, n=8/19, p=0.02) and the presence of abnormal axillary nodes (40.0%, n=12/30, p<0.01) at ultrasound and was significantly associated with comedo tumour type on pathology. CONCLUSIONS Biopsy may underestimate the invasive component in DCIS patients. Sonographic findings of dilated mammary ducts and presence of abnormal axillary lymph nodes may help predicting the invasive components and possibly driving more targeted biopsy procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chou Chang
- Department of Radiology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hsian-He Hsu
- Department of Radiology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Jyh-Cherng Yu
- Department of Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Kai-Hsiung Ko
- Department of Radiology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yi-Jen Peng
- Department of Pathology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ho-Jui Tung
- Department of Healthcare Administration, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Tsun-Hou Chang
- Department of Radiology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Giu-Cheng Hsu
- Department of Radiology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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Poulopoulos AK, Andreadis D, Markopoulos AK. Expression of matrix metalloproteinases 9 and 12 in actinic cheilitis. World J Exp Med 2013; 3:43-49. [PMID: 24520545 PMCID: PMC3905594 DOI: 10.5493/wjem.v3.i3.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the role of matrix-degrading metalloproteinases 9, 12 (MMPs), as mediators of functional connective tissue damage in actinic cheilitis.
METHODS: Thirty five formalin-fixed, paraffin embedded specimens of actinic cheilitis, and twelve specimens of normal lower lip vermillion, which were obtained by the archives of the Department of Oral Medicine and Maxillofacial Pathology, were examined. From each block, 5 μm thick sections were cut and routinely stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin. Immunohistochemical studies were performed on 4-μm thick sections of formalin-fixed paraffin embedded actinic cheilitis lesions and of normal lower lip vermillion, for MMP-9 and MMP-12 in serial sections of our specimens. Appropriate positive and negative controls were performed to confirm the specificity of the staining reaction. MMP immunohistochemistry was evaluated using a semiquantitative immunoreactive score.
RESULTS: Haematoxylin and eosin staining revealed in actinic cheilitis lesions atrophic stratified squamous cell epithelium, or focally and irregularly hyperplastic of variable thickness, in some areas was observed marked keratin production. Varying degrees of epithelial dysplasia were noticed with a wide spectrum of change within the same specimen. Characteristic was the appearance of chronic inflammatory infiltration, and a band of amorphous acellular, basophilic change like solar elastosis (elastin replacement of collagen). In normal lower lip specimens weak and scanty positive expression of MMP-9 and MMP-12 was observed. Anti-MMP-9 antibody showed a weak reaction, in actinic cheilitis lesions, focal in the elastotic material, in chronic inflammatory cells and mostly in macrophages and neutrophils. Strong and in some cases diffused immunohistochemical expression of MMP-12 was detected in actinic cheilitis lesions in the areas of the fragmented, distorted and thickened elastic fibers. MMP-12 was also expressed in chronic inflammatory cells and mostly macrophages. MMP-12 was significantly higher in actinic cheilitis specimens compared with the normal lower lip specimens (P = 0.0029).
CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that especially MMP-12 may play an important role in remodeling events occurring in the connective tissue during long-term exposure to sunlight in the actinic cheilitis lesions.
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Zhao H, Yang Z, Wang X, Zhang X, Wang M, Wang Y, Mei Q, Wang Z. Triptolide inhibits ovarian cancer cell invasion by repression of matrix metalloproteinase 7 and 19 and upregulation of E-cadherin. Exp Mol Med 2013; 44:633-41. [PMID: 22902510 PMCID: PMC3509180 DOI: 10.3858/emm.2012.44.11.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Triptolide, a compound extracted from the traditional Chinese medicine preparation of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F., has been reported to have anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activities. However, its effect on ovarian cancer invasion is unknown. We observed that MMP7 and MMP19 expression increased in ovarian cancer tissue. Triptolide treatment inhibited the migration and invasion of ovarian cancer cells SKOV3 and A2780 at the concentration of 15 nM. We also observed that triptolide suppressed MMP7 and MMP19 promoter activity in a dose-dependent manner, down-regulating the expressions of these promoters on mRNA and protein level. Moreover, triptolide enhanced E-cadherin expression in ovarian cancer cells. In vivo, triptolide inhibited tumor formation and metastasis in nude mice, and suppressed MMP7 and MMP19 expression; it also enhanced E-cadherin expression in tumor in a dose-dependent manner. Over expression of MMP7 and MMP19, or suppression of E-cadherin expression partially abolished the inhibitory effect of triptolide on invasion of ovarian cancer cells. To summarize, triptolide significantly inhibited the migration and invasion of ovarian cancer cells by suppression of MMP7 and MMP19 and up-regulation of E-cadherin expression. This study shows that triptolide is a good candidate for the treatment of ovarian cancer and reduction of metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxi Zhao
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710038, China
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Expression of gelatinases (MMP-2, MMP-9) and gelatinase activator (MMP-14) in actinic keratosis and in in situ and invasive squamous cell carcinoma. Am J Dermatopathol 2013; 34:723-8. [PMID: 22534634 DOI: 10.1097/dad.0b013e31824b1ddf] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Given the established role of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in physiological processes in the skin, we investigated the expression of MMP-2, MMP-9, and MMP-14 to evaluate their role in the grading and development of atypical epithelial lesions. Immunohistochemistry was performed using antibodies against these MMPs in actinic keratosis (AK; n = 24), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in situ (SCCIS; n = 27), SCC well differentiated (SCCWD; n = 28), and SCC moderately to poorly differentiated (SCCMPD; n = 20). Tumoral and stromal expression was assessed by intensity (SI) and percentage positivity (PC). The mean of the total score, calculated by adding intensity and percentage positivity, was used for statistical analyses. In AK, SCCIS, SCCWD, and SCCMPD, mean tumoral MMP-2 expression was 3.33, 4.07, 4.46, and 3.40, respectively (P = NS for all) and stromal expression was 1.42, 3.26, 3.07, and 1.55 respectively (P < 0.05 for AK vs. SCCIS/SCCWD and SCCMPD vs. SCCIS/SCCWD); mean tumoral MMP-9 expression was 4.33, 4.11, 4.46, and 3.35, respectively, and stromal expression was 4.29, 4.41, 4.75, and 4.60, respectively (P = NS for all) and, mean tumoral MMP-14 expression was 1.58, 2.41, 0.32, and 0.35, respectively (P < 0.05 AK vs. SCCWD and SCCIS vs. SCCWD/SCCMPD) and stromal expression was 3.04, 3.52, 0.46, and 0.60, respectively (P < 0.05 for AK vs. SCCWD/SCCMPD). Only MMP-14 showed a statistically significant linear trend with decreasing values for tumoral and stromal expression with invasion suggesting that it might be of use as a prognosticator. Enhanced stromal MMP-2 expression in SCCIS and SCCWD relative to AK suggests that it may be of relevance to disease progression.
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Santos AA, Lopes CC, Ribeiro JR, Martins LR, Santos JC, Amorim IF, Gärtner F, Matos AJ. Identification of prognostic factors in canine mammary malignant tumours: a multivariable survival study. BMC Vet Res 2013; 9:1. [PMID: 23289974 PMCID: PMC3542312 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-9-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2011] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although several histopathological and clinical features of canine mammary gland tumours have been widely studied from a prognostic standpoint, considerable variations in tumour individual biologic behaviour difficult the definition of accurate prognostic factors. It has been suggested that the malignant behaviour of tumours is the end result of several alterations in cellular physiology that culminate in tumour growth and spread. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to determine, using a multivariable model, the independent prognostic value of several immunohistochemically detected tumour-associated molecules, such as MMP-9 and uPA in stromal cells and Ki-67, TIMP-2 and VEGF in cancer cells. RESULTS Eighty-five female dogs affected by spontaneous malignant mammary neoplasias were followed up for a 2-year post-operative period. In univariate analysis, tumour characteristics such as size, mode of growth, regional lymph node metastases, tumour cell MIB-1 LI and MMP-9 and uPA expressions in tumour-adjacent fibroblasts, were associated with both survival and disease-free intervals. Histological type and grade were related with overall survival while VEGF and TIMP-2 were not significantly associated with none of the outcome parameters. In multivariable analysis, only a MIB-1 labelling index higher than 40% and a stromal expression of MMP-9 higher than 50% retained significant relationships with poor overall and disease-free survival. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study indicate that MMP-9 and Ki-67 are independent prognostic markers of canine malignant mammary tumours. Furthermore, the high stromal expressions of uPA and MMP-9 in aggressive tumours suggest that these molecules are potential therapeutic targets in the post-operative treatment of canine mammary cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia A Santos
- Department of Veterinary Clinics of the Biomedical Sciences Institute of Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Torzilli PA, Bourne JW, Cigler T, Vincent CT. A new paradigm for mechanobiological mechanisms in tumor metastasis. Semin Cancer Biol 2012; 22:385-95. [PMID: 22613484 PMCID: PMC3445741 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2012.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Tumor metastases and epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) involve tumor cell invasion and migration through the dense collagen-rich extracellular matrix surrounding the tumor. Little is neither known about the mechanobiological mechanisms involved in this process, nor the role of the mechanical forces generated by the cells in their effort to invade and migrate through the stroma. In this paper we propose a new fundamental mechanobiological mechanism involved in cancer growth and metastasis, which can be both protective or destructive depending on the magnitude of the forces generated by the cells. This new mechanobiological mechanism directly challenges current paradigms that are focused mainly on biological and biochemical mechanisms associated with tumor metastasis. Our new mechanobiological mechanism describes how tumor expansion generates mechanical forces within the stroma to not only resist tumor expansion but also inhibit or enhance tumor invasion by, respectively, inhibiting or enhancing matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) degradation of the tensed interstitial collagen. While this mechanobiological mechanism has not been previously applied to the study of tumor metastasis and EMT, it may have the potential to broaden our understanding of the tumor invasive process and assist in developing new strategies for preventing or treating cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Torzilli
- Tissue Engineering, Regeneration and Repair Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021, United States.
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Lambert K, Patani N, Mokbel K. Ductal carcinoma in situ: recent advances and future prospects. Int J Surg Oncol 2012; 2012:347385. [PMID: 22675624 PMCID: PMC3362914 DOI: 10.1155/2012/347385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2011] [Accepted: 02/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction. This article reviews current management strategies for DCIS in the context of recent randomised trials, including the role of sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB), adjuvant radiotherapy (RT) and endocrine treatment. Methods. Literature review facilitated by Medline, PubMed, Embase and Cochrane databases. Results. DCIS should be managed in the context of a multidisciplinary team. Local control depends upon clear surgical margins (at least 2 mm is generally acceptable). SLNB is not routine, but can be considered in patients undergoing mastectomy (Mx) with risk factors for occult invasion. RT following BCS significantly reduces local recurrence (LR), particularly in those at high-risk. There remains a lack of level-1 evidence supporting omission of adjuvant RT in selected low-risk cases. Large, multi-centric or recurrent lesions should be treated by Mx and immediate reconstruction should be discussed. Adjuvant hormonal treatment may reduce the risk of LR in selected cases with hormone sensitive disease. Conclusion. Further research is required to determine the role of new RT regimes and endocrine therapies. Biological profiling and molecular analysis represent an opportunity to improve our understanding of tumour biology in DCIS to rationalise treatment. Reliable identification of low-risk lesions could allow treatment to be less radical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Lambert
- The Breast Unit, University Hospitals Leicester, Leicester LE3 9QP, UK
| | - Neill Patani
- The London Breast Institute, The Princess Grace Hospital, London W1U 5NY, UK
| | - Kefah Mokbel
- The London Breast Institute, The Princess Grace Hospital, London W1U 5NY, UK
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Kasashima S, Kawashima A, Ozaki S, Nakanuma Y. Expression of 5α-reductase in apocrine carcinoma of the breast and its correlation with clinicopathological aggressiveness. Histopathology 2012; 60:E51-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2012.04214.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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14
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Correlation of matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors with hypoxia and angiogenesis in premenopausal patients with adenocarcinoma of the breast. Clin Biochem 2011; 44:969-74. [PMID: 21620816 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2011.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2011] [Revised: 05/02/2011] [Accepted: 05/06/2011] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The present study was designed to correlate the expression of proteins regulating invasion and angiogenesis in patients with adenocarcinoma of the breast. DESIGN AND METHOD Seventy-five premenopausal breast cancer patients histologically categorized as grades I, II and III were chosen for the study. We analyzed the expression of MMP-2, and -9 and their inhibitors TIMP-2 and RECK together with HIF-1α and VEGF in tumor, adjacent tissues and serum samples by immunohistochemical and Western blot analysis. RESULTS The breast tumors analyzed in the present study were characterized by increased expression of MMP-2, -9, HIF-1α and VEGF with differential expression patterns of TIMP-2 and downregulation of RECK. CONCLUSIONS The simultaneous analysis of the expression of these molecular markers is important to understand the intricate network between key molecules involved in invasion and angiogenesis that eventually determines the clinical course of the disease.
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Santos A, Lopes C, Frias C, Amorim I, Vicente C, Gärtner F, Matos AD. Immunohistochemical evaluation of MMP-2 and TIMP-2 in canine mammary tumours: a survival study. Vet J 2011; 190:396-402. [PMID: 21269852 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2010.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2010] [Revised: 12/02/2010] [Accepted: 12/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Canine mammary tumours (CMTs) are a very heterogeneous group of neoplasms with variable prognosis. Their aggressiveness is mainly due to their ability to invade locally and to metastasize. The degradation of extracellular matrix components is an important determinant of the invasive phenotype. The aims of this study were to analyse by immunohistochemistry and double immunofluorescence the expression of metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 2 (TIMP-2) in eight normal canine mammary glands and 118 CMTs (24 benign, 94 malignant) and to investigate relationships with metastatic disease and survival. MMP-2 and TIMP-2 expression was higher in malignant tumours than in normal canine mammary tissue and benign tumours. The main difference between benign and malignant CMTs was the pattern of expression of both molecules: benign tumours presented TIMP-2 and MMP-2 immunoreactivity in the myoepithelial cells lining the basement membrane of tubuloalveolar structures, while malignant tumours showed mainly diffuse expression in neoplastic cells. In malignant tumours, increased TIMP-2 expression was significantly associated with the development of distant metastases, lower overall survival and lower disease-free survival. MMP-2 expression was not significantly associated to any of these parameters. These results suggest that the immunohistochemical expression of TIMP-2 is a useful prognostic factor in CMTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia Santos
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Largo Professor Abel Salazar, 2, 4099-003 Porto, Portugal
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