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Atout S, Shurrab S, Loveridge C. Evaluation of the Suitability of RNAscope as a Technique to Measure Gene Expression in Clinical Diagnostics: A Systematic Review. Mol Diagn Ther 2021; 26:19-37. [PMID: 34957535 PMCID: PMC8710359 DOI: 10.1007/s40291-021-00570-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Objective To evaluate the application of RNAscope in the clinical diagnostic field compared to the current ‘gold standard’ methods employed for testing gene expression levels, including immunohistochemistry (IHC), quantitative real time PCR (qPCR), and quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR (qRT-PCR), and to detect genes, including DNA in situ hybridisation (DNA ISH). Methods This systematic review searched CINAHL, Medline, Embase and Web of Science databases for studies that were conducted after 2012 and that compared RNAscope with one or more of the ‘gold standard’ techniques in human samples. QUADAS-2 test was used for the evaluation of the articles’ risk of bias. The results were reviewed narratively and analysed qualitatively. Results A total of 27 articles (all retrospective studies) were obtained and reviewed. The 27 articles showed a range of low to middle risk of bias scores, as assessed by QUADAS-2 test. 26 articles studied RNAscope within cancer samples. RNAscope was compared to different techniques throughout the included studies (IHC, qPCR, qRT-PCR and DNA ISH). The results confirmed that RNAscope is a highly sensitive and specific method that has a high concordance rate (CR) with qPCR, qRT-PCR, and DNA ISH (81.8–100%). However, the CR with IHC was lower than expected (58.7–95.3%), which is mostly due to the different products that each technique measures (RNA vs. protein). Discussion This is the first systematic review to be conducted on the use of RNAscope in the clinical diagnostic field. RNAscope was found to be a reliable and robust method that could complement gold standard techniques currently used in clinical diagnostics to measure gene expression levels or for gene detection. However, there were not enough data to suggest that RNAscope could stand alone in the clinical diagnostic setting, indicating further prospective studies to validate diagnostic accuracy values, in keeping with relevant regulations, followed by cost evaluation are required. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40291-021-00570-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameeha Atout
- College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Room 202, Sir James Black Building, Glasgow, G128QQ, UK
| | - Shaymaa Shurrab
- Division of Biochemical Diseases, Department of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, BC Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6H 3N1, Canada
| | - Carolyn Loveridge
- College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Room 202, Sir James Black Building, Glasgow, G128QQ, UK.
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Sarami I, Shi J, Lin B, Liu H, Monroe R, Lin F. Evaluation of Human Kidney Injury Molecule 1 (hKIM-1) Expression in Tumors From Various Organs by Messenger RNA In Situ Hybridization. Am J Clin Pathol 2021; 156:288-299. [PMID: 33608720 DOI: 10.1093/ajcp/aqaa236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Human kidney injury molecule 1 (hKIM-1) is a sensitive and specific marker for detection of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (CRCC), papillary renal cell carcinoma (PRCC), and ovarian clear cell carcinoma (OCCC). Its use was limited to a few surgical pathology laboratories because this specific antibody to hKIM-1 was not commercially available. We investigated the diagnostic utility of RNA in situ hybridization/RNAscope in the detection of hKIM-1 in tumors from various organs. METHODS RNAscope for hKIM-1 was performed on 1,252 cases on tissue microarray sections, including CRCC (n = 185), PRCC (n = 59), chromophobe renal cell carcinoma (n = 18), oncocytoma (n = 12), OCCC (n = 27), and metastatic CRCC (n = 46). RESULTS Fifty-nine (100%) of 59 PRCCs, 94 (95%) of 99 low-grade CRCCs, 83 (96%) of 86 high-grade CRCCs, and 24 (89%) of 27 OCCCs, and 44 (96%) of 46 metastatic CRCCs were positive for hKIM-1. In contrast, hKIM-1 expression was not seen in normal renal tubules or in most nonrenal tumors. Low-level expression could be seen in a small percentage of urothelial, hepatocellular, and colon carcinomas. CONCLUSIONS hKIM-1 is a sensitive and relatively specific marker (1) for diagnosing PRCC, CRCC, and OCCC when working on a tumor of unknown origin and (2) for differentiating CRCC from chromophobe renal cell carcinoma and oncocytoma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Haiyan Liu
- Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, PA, USA
| | | | - Fan Lin
- Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, PA, USA
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Gülten G, Yilmaz B, Demirkan NÇ. Comparing human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 amplification and expression using immunohistochemistry and silver in situ hybridisation in gastric carcinoma and lymph node metastasis. Oncol Lett 2020; 20:1897-1905. [PMID: 32724433 PMCID: PMC7377164 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.11731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Detecting the amplification and expression of human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER2) is important for planning trastuzumab treatment for patients with gastric carcinoma. The present study aimed to analyse HER2 amplification and expression in primary gastric adenocarcinoma tumours and metastatic lymph nodes using microarray methods, and to assess the potential contribution of these methods to treatment planning. In total, 60 patients with lymph node metastasis were included in the present study. Microarray blocks were obtained from the tissue blocks of primary tumours and metastatic lymph nodes. HER2 expression and amplification were investigated using immunohistochemical and silver in situ hybridisation (SISH) methods, respectively. Following immunohistochemical evaluation of HER2 in primary tumours, the sensitivity and specificity of the microarray method relative to the single block method were 69 and 100%, respectively. For HER2 detection in microarray block sections from primary tumours, the sensitivity and specificity of the SISH method relative to immunohistochemistry were 56 and 100%, respectively. When using SISH in microarray blocked sections, there was a high degree of concordance (98% concordance rate) between HER2 amplification in the primary tumour and the metastatic lymph node. Furthermore, the sensitivity and specificity of metastatic lymph node results relative to those of the primary tumour were 100 and 98%, respectively. Overall, the single block method was more reliable compared with the microarray method for planning treatment. When microarray blocking was used, a large number of samples must be tested to ensure reliable results. The immunohistochemical method is recommended as the first step as SISH alone increases the risk of false-negative results. Assessing HER2 amplification for treatment planning would be beneficial for primary tumours, as well as metastatic lymph nodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gülsün Gülten
- Department of Pathology, Şanlıurfa Training and Research Hospital, 63250 Şanlıurfa, Turkey
| | - Bayram Yilmaz
- Department of Pathology, Hitit University Erol Olçok Training and Research Hospital, 19040 Çorum, Turkey
| | - Neşe Çalli Demirkan
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Pamukkale University, 20160 Denizli, Turkey
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MYCN RNA levels determined by quantitative in situ hybridization is better than MYCN gene dosages in predicting the prognosis of neuroblastoma patients. Mod Pathol 2020; 33:531-540. [PMID: 31695155 DOI: 10.1038/s41379-019-0410-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the prognostic role of MYCN RNA expression by quantitative RNA in situ hybridization and its association with MYCN amplification in neuroblastoma. MYCN RNA expression in 69 neuroblastoma tumors was evaluated by an ultrasensitive quantitative RNA in situ hybridization technique, RNAscope. The correlations between MYCN RNA expression, MYCN amplification, and other clinicopathologic variables of neuroblastoma were analyzed. High expression levels of MYCN RNA were detected 30 of 69 (43%) of neuroblastomas, mainly in those with undifferentiated or poorly differentiated histology. High expression of MYCN RNA was significantly associated with MYCN amplification (P < 0.001) and other adversely prognostic factors, including older age at diagnosis (>18 months, P = 0.017), advanced clinical stage (International Neuroblastoma Staging System stage 3, 4, P = 0.002), unfavorable International Neuroblastoma Pathology Classification tumor histology (P < 0.001), and high-risk Children's Oncology Group risk group (P = 0.001). In Kaplan-Meier analysis, MYCN RNA levels determined by quantitative in situ hybridization were better than MYCN gene dosages determined by chromogenic in situ hybridization in discriminating good and poor prognostic groups of neuroblastoma patients. In multivariate analysis, we further confirmed that high expression of MYCN RNA was an independent adverse prognostic factor for event-free and overall survival. Furthermore, high expression of MYCN RNA predicted unfavorable survival outcomes for neuroblastoma patients with MYCN non-amplification or high-risk Children's Oncology Group risk group. In conclusion, our study is the first report to show the application of MYCN RNA in situ hybridization in neuroblastoma and established that high expression of MYCN RNA could be a better biomarker than MYCN amplification for predicting poor prognosis of neuroblastoma patients.
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Wang M, Chen K, Wu Q, Peng R, Zhang R, Li J. RCasFISH: CRISPR/dCas9-Mediated in Situ Imaging of mRNA Transcripts in Fixed Cells and Tissues. Anal Chem 2019; 92:2468-2475. [PMID: 31782306 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b03797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meng Wang
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing 100730, P. R. China
- Graduate School, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, P. R. China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing Hospital, Beijing 100730, P. R. China
| | - Kun Chen
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing 100730, P. R. China
- Graduate School, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, P. R. China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing Hospital, Beijing 100730, P. R. China
| | - Qisheng Wu
- Division of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Hebei Yanda Lu Daopei Hospital, Langfang 065201, P. R. China
| | - Rongxue Peng
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing 100730, P. R. China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing Hospital, Beijing 100730, P. R. China
| | - Rui Zhang
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing 100730, P. R. China
- Graduate School, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, P. R. China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing Hospital, Beijing 100730, P. R. China
| | - Jinming Li
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing 100730, P. R. China
- Graduate School, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, P. R. China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing Hospital, Beijing 100730, P. R. China
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Huber D, Kaigala GV. Rapid micro fluorescence in situ hybridization in tissue sections. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2018; 12:042212. [PMID: 29887936 PMCID: PMC5976495 DOI: 10.1063/1.5023775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes a micro fluorescence in situ hybridization (μFISH)-based rapid detection of cytogenetic biomarkers on formalin-fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) tissue sections. We demonstrated this method in the context of detecting human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2) in breast tissue sections. This method uses a non-contact microfluidic scanning probe (MFP), which localizes FISH probes at the micrometer length-scale to selected cells of the tissue section. The scanning ability of the MFP allows for a versatile implementation of FISH on tissue sections. We demonstrated the use of oligonucleotide FISH probes in ethylene carbonate-based buffer enabling rapid hybridization within <1 min for chromosome enumeration and 10-15 min for assessment of the HER2 status in FFPE sections. We further demonstrated recycling of FISH probes for multiple sequential tests using a defined volume of probes by forming hierarchical hydrodynamic flow confinements. This microscale method is compatible with the standard FISH protocols and with the Instant Quality FISH assay and reduces the FISH probe consumption ∼100-fold and the hybridization time 4-fold, resulting in an assay turnaround time of <3 h. We believe that rapid μFISH has the potential of being used in pathology workflows as a standalone method or in combination with other molecular methods for diagnostic and prognostic analysis of FFPE sections.
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Koh J, Ock CY, Kim JW, Nam SK, Kwak Y, Yun S, Ahn SH, Park DJ, Kim HH, Kim WH, Lee HS. Clinicopathologic implications of immune classification by PD-L1 expression and CD8-positive tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in stage II and III gastric cancer patients. Oncotarget 2018; 8:26356-26367. [PMID: 28412752 PMCID: PMC5432263 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We co-assessed PD-L1 expression and CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in gastric cancer (GC), and categorized into 4 microenvironment immune types. Immunohistochemistry (PD-L1, CD8, Foxp3, E-cadherin, and p53), PD-L1 mRNA in situ hybridization (ISH), microsatellite instability (MSI), and EBV ISH were performed in 392 stage II/III GCs treated with curative surgery and fluoropyrimidine-based adjuvant chemotherapy, and two public genome databases were analyzed for validation. PD-L1+ was found in 98/392 GCs (25.0%). The proportions of immune types are as follows: PD-L1+/CD8High, 22.7%; PD-L1−/CD8Low, 22.7%; PD-L1+/CD8Low, 2.3%; PD-L1−/CD8High, 52.3%. PD-L1+/CD8High type accounted for majority of EBV+ and MSI-high (MSI-H) GCs (92.0% and 66.7%, respectively), and genome analysis from public datasets demonstrated similar pattern. PD-L1−/CD8High showed the best overall survival (OS) and PD-L1−/CD8Low the worst (P < 0.001). PD-L1 expression alone was not associated with OS, however, PD-L1−/CD8High type compared to PD-L1+/CD8High was independent favorable prognostic factor of OS by multivariate analysis (P = 0.042). Adaptation of recent molecular classification based on EBV, MSI, E-cadherin, and p53 showed no significant survival differences. These findings support the close relationship between PD-L1/CD8 status based immune types and EBV+, MSI-H GCs, and their prognostic significance in stage II/III GCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwon Koh
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan-Young Ock
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Won Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13620, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Kyung Nam
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13620, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonjin Kwak
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13620, Republic of Korea
| | - Sumi Yun
- Department of Pathology, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Yongsan-gu, Seoul 04401, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hoon Ahn
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13620, Republic of Korea
| | - Do Joong Park
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13620, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Ho Kim
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13620, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Ho Kim
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Seung Lee
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13620, Republic of Korea
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Ultrasensitive automated RNA in situ hybridization for kappa and lambda light chain mRNA detects B-cell clonality in tissue biopsies with performance comparable or superior to flow cytometry. Mod Pathol 2018; 31:385-394. [PMID: 29052600 PMCID: PMC5843495 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2017.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The assessment of B-cell clonality is a critical component of the evaluation of suspected lymphoproliferative disorders, but analysis from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues can be challenging if fresh tissue is not available for flow cytometry. Immunohistochemical and conventional bright field in situ hybridization stains for kappa and lambda are effective for evaluation of plasma cells but are often insufficiently sensitive to detect the much lower abundance of light chains present in B-cells. We describe an ultrasensitive RNA in situ hybridization assay that has been adapted for use on an automated immunohistochemistry platform and compare results with flow cytometry in 203 consecutive tissues and 104 consecutive bone marrows. Overall, in 203 tissue biopsies, RNA in situ hybridization identified light chain-restricted B-cells in 85 (42%) vs 58 (29%) by flow cytometry. Within 83 B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas, RNA in situ hybridization identified restricted B-cells in 74 (89%) vs 56 (67%) by flow cytometry. B-cell clonality could be evaluated in only 23/104 (22%) bone marrow cases owing to poor RNA preservation, but evaluable cases showed 91% concordance with flow cytometry. RNA in situ hybridization allowed for recognition of biclonal/composite lymphomas not identified by flow cytometry and highlighted unexpected findings, such as coexpression of kappa and lambda RNA in 2 cases and the presence of lambda light chain RNA in a T lymphoblastic lymphoma. Automated RNA in situ hybridization showed excellent interobserver reproducibility for manual evaluation (average K=0.92), and an automated image analysis system showed high concordance (97%) with manual evaluation. Automated RNA in situ hybridization staining, which can be adopted on commonly utilized immunohistochemistry instruments, allows for the interpretation of clonality in the context of the morphological features in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues with a clinical sensitivity similar or superior to flow cytometry.
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Kuboki Y, Schatz CA, Koechert K, Schubert S, Feng J, Wittemer-Rump S, Ziegelbauer K, Krahn T, Nagatsuma AK, Ochiai A. In situ analysis of FGFR2 mRNA and comparison with FGFR2 gene copy number by dual-color in situ hybridization in a large cohort of gastric cancer patients. Gastric Cancer 2018; 21:401-412. [PMID: 28852882 PMCID: PMC5906494 DOI: 10.1007/s10120-017-0758-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR2) has been proposed as a target in gastric cancer. However, appropriate methods to select patients for anti-FGFR2 therapies have not yet been established. METHODS We used in situ techniques to investigate FGFR2 mRNA expression and gene amplification in a large cohort of 1036 Japanese gastric cancer patients. FGFR2 mRNA expression was determined by RNAscope. FGFR2 gene amplification was determined by dual-color in situ hybridization (DISH). RESULTS We successfully analyzed 578 and 718 samples by DISH and RNAscope, respectively; 2% (12/578) showed strong FGFR2 gene amplification (FGFR2:CEN10 >10); moderate FGFR2 gene amplification (FGFR2:CEN10 <10; ≥2) was detected in 8% (47/578); and high FGFR2 mRNA expression of score 4 (>10 dots/cell and >10% of positive cells with dot clusters under a 20× objective) was seen in 4% (29/718). For 468 samples, both mRNA and DISH data were available. FGFR2 mRNA expression levels were associated with gene amplification; FGFR2 mRNA levels were highest in the highly amplified samples (n = 12). All highly amplified samples showed very strong FGFR2 mRNA expression (dense clusters of the signal visible under a 1× objective). Patients with very strong FGFR2 mRNA expression showed more homogeneous FGFR2 mRNA expression compared to patients with lower FGFGR2 mRNA expression. Gastric cancer patients with tumors that had an FGFR2 mRNA expression score of 4 had shorter RFS compared with score 0-3 patients. CONCLUSION RNAscope and DISH are suitable methods to evaluate FGFR2 status in gastric cancer. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue slides allowed evaluation of the intratumor heterogeneity of these FGFR2 biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasutoshi Kuboki
- 0000 0001 2168 5385grid.272242.3National Cancer Center Hospital East Kashiwa, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Christoph A. Schatz
- 0000 0004 0374 4101grid.420044.6Bayer AG, Muellerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Karl Koechert
- 0000 0004 0374 4101grid.420044.6Bayer AG, Muellerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sabine Schubert
- 0000 0004 0374 4101grid.420044.6Bayer AG, Muellerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Janine Feng
- 0000 0004 0534 4718grid.418158.1Ventana Medical Systems Inc., Oro Valley, AZ USA
| | - Sabine Wittemer-Rump
- 0000 0004 0374 4101grid.420044.6Bayer AG, Muellerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Karl Ziegelbauer
- 0000 0004 0374 4101grid.420044.6Bayer AG, Muellerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Krahn
- 0000 0004 0374 4101grid.420044.6Bayer AG, Muellerstr. 178, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Akiko Kawano Nagatsuma
- National Cancer Center, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Ochiai
- 0000 0001 2168 5385grid.272242.3National Cancer Center Hospital East Kashiwa, Kashiwa, Japan
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Schmid E, Klotz M, Steiner-Hahn K, Konen T, Frisk AL, Schatz C, Krahn T, von Ahsen O. Detection of MET mRNA in gastric cancer in situ. Comparison with immunohistochemistry and sandwich immunoassays. Biotech Histochem 2017; 92:425-435. [PMID: 28836864 DOI: 10.1080/10520295.2017.1339913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Determination of predictive biomarkers by immunohistochemistry (IHC) relies on antibodies with high selectivity. RNA in situ hybridization (RNA ISH) may be used to confirm IHC and may potentially replace it if suitable antibodies are not available or are insufficiently selective to discriminate closely related protein isoforms. We validated RNA ISH as specificity control for IHC and as a potential alternative method for selecting patients for treatment with MET inhibitors. MET, the HGF receptor, is encoded by the MET proto-oncogene that may be activated by mutation or amplification. MET expression and activity were tested in a panel of control cell lines. MET could be detected in formalin fixed paraffin, embedded (FFPE) samples by IHC and RNA ISH, and this was confirmed by sandwich immunoassays of fresh frozen samples. Gastric cancer cell lines with high MET expression and phosphorylation of tyrosine-1349 respond to the MET inhibitor, BAY-853474. High expression and phosphorylation of MET is a predictive biomarker for response to MET inhibitors. We then analyzed MET expression and activity in a matched set of FFPE vs. fresh frozen tumor samples consisting of 20 cases of gastric cancer. Two of 20 clinical samples investigated exhibited high MET expression with RNA ISH and IHC. Both cases were shown by sandwich immunoassays to exhibits strong functional activity. Expression levels and functional activity in these two cases were in a range that predicted response to treatment. Our findings indicate that owing to its high selectivity, RNA ISH can be used to confirm findings obtained by IHC and potentially may replace IHC for certain targets if no suitable antibodies are available. RNA ISH is a valid platform for testing predictive biomarkers for patient selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Schmid
- a Biomarker Research , Bayer AG , Berlin
| | - M Klotz
- a Biomarker Research , Bayer AG , Berlin
| | | | - T Konen
- a Biomarker Research , Bayer AG , Berlin.,b Department of NanoBiophotonics , Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry , Göttingen , Germany
| | - A L Frisk
- a Biomarker Research , Bayer AG , Berlin
| | - C Schatz
- a Biomarker Research , Bayer AG , Berlin
| | - T Krahn
- a Biomarker Research , Bayer AG , Berlin
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Kepil N, Batur S, Sonmez Wetherilt C, Erdamar Cetin S. Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER-2) status evaluation in advanced gastric cancer using immunohistochemistry versus silver in situ hybridization. Bosn J Basic Med Sci 2017; 17:109-113. [PMID: 27579854 DOI: 10.17305/bjbms.2016.1497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate identification of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER-2) status in advanced gastric cancer patients is of utmost importance in terms of treatment planning. This study aimed to examine the HER-2 status in advanced gastric cancer patients using both immunohistochemistry (IHC) and silver in situ hybridization (SISH) techniques and to investigate concordance and diagnostic accuracy. In addition, associations between clinical parameters and HER 2 status were examined. A total of 313 patients diagnosed with locally advanced (Stage III: T3-4, N+) recurrent or metastatic adenocarcinoma of the stomach or esophagogastric junction, between 2009 and 2015, were included. HER-2 status was examined using both IHC and SISH techniques and the findings were compared. Overall SISH-confirmed HER-2 positivity rate was 22%. Multivariate analysis identified only well-differentiated tumor as a significant predictor of HER-2 positivity (OR: 2.9, 95% CI: 1.4-5.9, p = 0.003). When IHC 2+ and 3+ were considered positive for HER-2 status, sensitivity, specificity, and concordance rate (κ) was 95.7%, 93.8%, and 0.84, respectively. Corresponding figures when only IHC 3+ cases were considered positive were lower: 50%, 100%, and 0.61, respectively. The present method used for the identification of HER-2 positive gastric cancer patients provides satisfactory results. However, better categorization of IHC 2+ cases has the potential to improve the diagnostic accuracy, which is particularly important when more sophisticated methods are not readily available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuray Kepil
- Department of Pathology, Istanbul University Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey.
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12
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Bartley AN, Washington MK, Colasacco C, Ventura CB, Ismaila N, Benson AB, Carrato A, Gulley ML, Jain D, Kakar S, Mackay HJ, Streutker C, Tang L, Troxell M, Ajani JA. HER2 Testing and Clinical Decision Making in Gastroesophageal Adenocarcinoma: Guideline From the College of American Pathologists, American Society for Clinical Pathology, and the American Society of Clinical Oncology. J Clin Oncol 2017; 35:446-464. [PMID: 28129524 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2016.69.4836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Context ERBB2 (erb-b2 receptor tyrosine kinase 2 or HER2) is currently the only biomarker established for selection of a specific therapy for patients with advanced gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma (GEA). However, there are no comprehensive guidelines for the assessment of HER2 in patients with GEA. Objectives To establish an evidence-based guideline for HER2 testing in patients with GEA, formalize the algorithms for methods to improve the accuracy of HER2 testing while addressing which patients and tumor specimens are appropriate, and to provide guidance on clinical decision making. Design The College of American Pathologists (CAP), American Society for Clinical Pathology (ASCP), and the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) convened an Expert Panel to conduct a systematic review of the literature to develop an evidence-based guideline with recommendations for optimal HER2 testing in patients with GEA. Results The Panel is proposing 11 recommendations with strong agreement from the open comment participants. Recommendations The Panel recommends that tumor specimen(s) from all patients with advanced GEA, who are candidates for HER2-targeted therapy, should be assessed for HER2 status before the initiation of HER2-targeted therapy. Clinicians should offer combination chemotherapy and an HER2-targeted agent as initial therapy for all patients with HER2-positive advanced GEA. For pathologists, guidance is provided for morphologic selection of neoplastic tissue, testing algorithms, scoring methods, interpretation and reporting of results, and laboratory quality assurance. Conclusion This guideline provides specific recommendations for assessment of HER2 in patients with advanced GEA while addressing pertinent technical issues and clinical implications of the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela N Bartley
- Angela N. Bartley, St Joseph Mercy Hospital, Ann Arbor, MI; Mary Kay Washington, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Carol Colasacco and Christina B. Ventura, College of American Pathologists, Northfield; Al B. Benson III, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; Nofisat Ismaila, American Society of Clinical Oncology, Alexandria, VA; Alfredo Carrato, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, Madrid, Spain; Margaret L. Gulley, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC; Dhanpat Jain, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Sanjay Kakar, University of California, San Francisco, CA; Helen J. Mackay, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre; Catherine Streutker, St Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Laura Tang, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Megan Troxell, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA; and Jaffer A. Ajani, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Mary Kay Washington
- Angela N. Bartley, St Joseph Mercy Hospital, Ann Arbor, MI; Mary Kay Washington, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Carol Colasacco and Christina B. Ventura, College of American Pathologists, Northfield; Al B. Benson III, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; Nofisat Ismaila, American Society of Clinical Oncology, Alexandria, VA; Alfredo Carrato, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, Madrid, Spain; Margaret L. Gulley, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC; Dhanpat Jain, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Sanjay Kakar, University of California, San Francisco, CA; Helen J. Mackay, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre; Catherine Streutker, St Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Laura Tang, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Megan Troxell, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA; and Jaffer A. Ajani, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Carol Colasacco
- Angela N. Bartley, St Joseph Mercy Hospital, Ann Arbor, MI; Mary Kay Washington, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Carol Colasacco and Christina B. Ventura, College of American Pathologists, Northfield; Al B. Benson III, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; Nofisat Ismaila, American Society of Clinical Oncology, Alexandria, VA; Alfredo Carrato, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, Madrid, Spain; Margaret L. Gulley, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC; Dhanpat Jain, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Sanjay Kakar, University of California, San Francisco, CA; Helen J. Mackay, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre; Catherine Streutker, St Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Laura Tang, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Megan Troxell, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA; and Jaffer A. Ajani, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Christina B Ventura
- Angela N. Bartley, St Joseph Mercy Hospital, Ann Arbor, MI; Mary Kay Washington, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Carol Colasacco and Christina B. Ventura, College of American Pathologists, Northfield; Al B. Benson III, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; Nofisat Ismaila, American Society of Clinical Oncology, Alexandria, VA; Alfredo Carrato, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, Madrid, Spain; Margaret L. Gulley, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC; Dhanpat Jain, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Sanjay Kakar, University of California, San Francisco, CA; Helen J. Mackay, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre; Catherine Streutker, St Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Laura Tang, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Megan Troxell, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA; and Jaffer A. Ajani, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Nofisat Ismaila
- Angela N. Bartley, St Joseph Mercy Hospital, Ann Arbor, MI; Mary Kay Washington, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Carol Colasacco and Christina B. Ventura, College of American Pathologists, Northfield; Al B. Benson III, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; Nofisat Ismaila, American Society of Clinical Oncology, Alexandria, VA; Alfredo Carrato, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, Madrid, Spain; Margaret L. Gulley, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC; Dhanpat Jain, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Sanjay Kakar, University of California, San Francisco, CA; Helen J. Mackay, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre; Catherine Streutker, St Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Laura Tang, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Megan Troxell, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA; and Jaffer A. Ajani, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Al B Benson
- Angela N. Bartley, St Joseph Mercy Hospital, Ann Arbor, MI; Mary Kay Washington, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Carol Colasacco and Christina B. Ventura, College of American Pathologists, Northfield; Al B. Benson III, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; Nofisat Ismaila, American Society of Clinical Oncology, Alexandria, VA; Alfredo Carrato, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, Madrid, Spain; Margaret L. Gulley, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC; Dhanpat Jain, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Sanjay Kakar, University of California, San Francisco, CA; Helen J. Mackay, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre; Catherine Streutker, St Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Laura Tang, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Megan Troxell, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA; and Jaffer A. Ajani, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Alfredo Carrato
- Angela N. Bartley, St Joseph Mercy Hospital, Ann Arbor, MI; Mary Kay Washington, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Carol Colasacco and Christina B. Ventura, College of American Pathologists, Northfield; Al B. Benson III, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; Nofisat Ismaila, American Society of Clinical Oncology, Alexandria, VA; Alfredo Carrato, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, Madrid, Spain; Margaret L. Gulley, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC; Dhanpat Jain, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Sanjay Kakar, University of California, San Francisco, CA; Helen J. Mackay, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre; Catherine Streutker, St Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Laura Tang, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Megan Troxell, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA; and Jaffer A. Ajani, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Margaret L Gulley
- Angela N. Bartley, St Joseph Mercy Hospital, Ann Arbor, MI; Mary Kay Washington, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Carol Colasacco and Christina B. Ventura, College of American Pathologists, Northfield; Al B. Benson III, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; Nofisat Ismaila, American Society of Clinical Oncology, Alexandria, VA; Alfredo Carrato, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, Madrid, Spain; Margaret L. Gulley, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC; Dhanpat Jain, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Sanjay Kakar, University of California, San Francisco, CA; Helen J. Mackay, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre; Catherine Streutker, St Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Laura Tang, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Megan Troxell, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA; and Jaffer A. Ajani, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Dhanpat Jain
- Angela N. Bartley, St Joseph Mercy Hospital, Ann Arbor, MI; Mary Kay Washington, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Carol Colasacco and Christina B. Ventura, College of American Pathologists, Northfield; Al B. Benson III, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; Nofisat Ismaila, American Society of Clinical Oncology, Alexandria, VA; Alfredo Carrato, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, Madrid, Spain; Margaret L. Gulley, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC; Dhanpat Jain, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Sanjay Kakar, University of California, San Francisco, CA; Helen J. Mackay, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre; Catherine Streutker, St Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Laura Tang, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Megan Troxell, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA; and Jaffer A. Ajani, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Sanjay Kakar
- Angela N. Bartley, St Joseph Mercy Hospital, Ann Arbor, MI; Mary Kay Washington, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Carol Colasacco and Christina B. Ventura, College of American Pathologists, Northfield; Al B. Benson III, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; Nofisat Ismaila, American Society of Clinical Oncology, Alexandria, VA; Alfredo Carrato, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, Madrid, Spain; Margaret L. Gulley, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC; Dhanpat Jain, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Sanjay Kakar, University of California, San Francisco, CA; Helen J. Mackay, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre; Catherine Streutker, St Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Laura Tang, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Megan Troxell, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA; and Jaffer A. Ajani, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Helen J Mackay
- Angela N. Bartley, St Joseph Mercy Hospital, Ann Arbor, MI; Mary Kay Washington, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Carol Colasacco and Christina B. Ventura, College of American Pathologists, Northfield; Al B. Benson III, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; Nofisat Ismaila, American Society of Clinical Oncology, Alexandria, VA; Alfredo Carrato, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, Madrid, Spain; Margaret L. Gulley, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC; Dhanpat Jain, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Sanjay Kakar, University of California, San Francisco, CA; Helen J. Mackay, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre; Catherine Streutker, St Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Laura Tang, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Megan Troxell, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA; and Jaffer A. Ajani, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Catherine Streutker
- Angela N. Bartley, St Joseph Mercy Hospital, Ann Arbor, MI; Mary Kay Washington, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Carol Colasacco and Christina B. Ventura, College of American Pathologists, Northfield; Al B. Benson III, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; Nofisat Ismaila, American Society of Clinical Oncology, Alexandria, VA; Alfredo Carrato, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, Madrid, Spain; Margaret L. Gulley, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC; Dhanpat Jain, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Sanjay Kakar, University of California, San Francisco, CA; Helen J. Mackay, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre; Catherine Streutker, St Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Laura Tang, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Megan Troxell, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA; and Jaffer A. Ajani, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Laura Tang
- Angela N. Bartley, St Joseph Mercy Hospital, Ann Arbor, MI; Mary Kay Washington, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Carol Colasacco and Christina B. Ventura, College of American Pathologists, Northfield; Al B. Benson III, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; Nofisat Ismaila, American Society of Clinical Oncology, Alexandria, VA; Alfredo Carrato, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, Madrid, Spain; Margaret L. Gulley, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC; Dhanpat Jain, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Sanjay Kakar, University of California, San Francisco, CA; Helen J. Mackay, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre; Catherine Streutker, St Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Laura Tang, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Megan Troxell, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA; and Jaffer A. Ajani, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Megan Troxell
- Angela N. Bartley, St Joseph Mercy Hospital, Ann Arbor, MI; Mary Kay Washington, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Carol Colasacco and Christina B. Ventura, College of American Pathologists, Northfield; Al B. Benson III, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; Nofisat Ismaila, American Society of Clinical Oncology, Alexandria, VA; Alfredo Carrato, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, Madrid, Spain; Margaret L. Gulley, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC; Dhanpat Jain, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Sanjay Kakar, University of California, San Francisco, CA; Helen J. Mackay, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre; Catherine Streutker, St Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Laura Tang, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Megan Troxell, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA; and Jaffer A. Ajani, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Jaffer A Ajani
- Angela N. Bartley, St Joseph Mercy Hospital, Ann Arbor, MI; Mary Kay Washington, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Carol Colasacco and Christina B. Ventura, College of American Pathologists, Northfield; Al B. Benson III, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL; Nofisat Ismaila, American Society of Clinical Oncology, Alexandria, VA; Alfredo Carrato, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, Madrid, Spain; Margaret L. Gulley, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC; Dhanpat Jain, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; Sanjay Kakar, University of California, San Francisco, CA; Helen J. Mackay, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre; Catherine Streutker, St Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Laura Tang, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Megan Troxell, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA; and Jaffer A. Ajani, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
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Yu X, Guo S, Song W, Xiang T, Yang C, Tao K, Zhou L, Cao Y, Liu S. Estrogen receptor α (ERα) status evaluation using RNAscope in situ hybridization: a reliable and complementary method for IHC in breast cancer tissues. Hum Pathol 2016; 61:121-129. [PMID: 27993577 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2016.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen receptor α (ERα) plays a significant role in the development of breast cancer and has been used clinically as an endocrine therapeutic target. Currently, clinical laboratories use immunohistochemistry (IHC) to determine the ERα status of patients in order to distinguish those who would benefit from endocrine therapy. This method is highly subjective, requires a large amount of tumor tissue, and may generate false-negative results. To improve the detection of ERα, we used a new RNA in situ hybridization technique (RNAscope) and compared its use with IHC in 72 breast cancer tissues (47 ERα positive and 25 ERα negative). Then we evaluated ERα mRNA by RT-qPCR with RNAscope. An unobvious difference was found between reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and IHC, but a positive correlation was found between RNAscope and IHC. In addition, breast cancer is a highly heterogeneous cancer, and RNAscope could easily reveal the heterogeneity in breast cancer. Moreover, we found that some ERα IHC-based negative and RNAscope-based positive test results were detected as positive after testing with IHC again. Our findings suggest that RNAscope may be a complementary method for improving the detection of patient ERα status and has potential clinical utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuwei Yu
- Department of Endocrine and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shipeng Guo
- Chongqing City Key Lab of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Disorders, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Weihong Song
- Townsend Family Laboratories, Department of Psychiatry, Brain Research Center, Graduate Program in Neuroscience, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Tingxiu Xiang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Epigenetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chengcheng Yang
- Department of Endocrine and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Kai Tao
- Department of Endocrine and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lin Zhou
- Department of Endocrine and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yijia Cao
- Department of Endocrine and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shengchun Liu
- Department of Endocrine and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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14
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Bartley AN, Washington MK, Ventura CB, Ismaila N, Colasacco C, Benson AB, Carrato A, Gulley ML, Jain D, Kakar S, Mackay HJ, Streutker C, Tang L, Troxell M, Ajani JA. HER2 Testing and Clinical Decision Making in Gastroesophageal Adenocarcinoma: Guideline From the College of American Pathologists, American Society for Clinical Pathology, and American Society of Clinical Oncology. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2016; 140:1345-1363. [PMID: 27841667 DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2016-0331-cp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT - ERBB2 (erb-b2 receptor tyrosine kinase 2 or HER2) is currently the only biomarker established for selection of a specific therapy for patients with advanced gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma (GEA). However, there are no comprehensive guidelines for the assessment of HER2 in patients with GEA. OBJECTIVES - To establish an evidence-based guideline for HER2 testing in patients with GEA, to formalize the algorithms for methods to improve the accuracy of HER2 testing while addressing which patients and tumor specimens are appropriate, and to provide guidance on clinical decision making. DESIGN - The College of American Pathologists, American Society for Clinical Pathology, and American Society of Clinical Oncology convened an expert panel to conduct a systematic review of the literature to develop an evidence-based guideline with recommendations for optimal HER2 testing in patients with GEA. RESULTS - The panel is proposing 11 recommendations with strong agreement from the open-comment participants. RECOMMENDATIONS - The panel recommends that tumor specimen(s) from all patients with advanced GEA, who are candidates for HER2-targeted therapy, should be assessed for HER2 status before the initiation of HER2-targeted therapy. Clinicians should offer combination chemotherapy and a HER2-targeted agent as initial therapy for all patients with HER2-positive advanced GEA. For pathologists, guidance is provided for morphologic selection of neoplastic tissue, testing algorithms, scoring methods, interpretation and reporting of results, and laboratory quality assurance. CONCLUSIONS - This guideline provides specific recommendations for assessment of HER2 in patients with advanced GEA while addressing pertinent technical issues and clinical implications of the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela N Bartley
- From the Department of Pathology, St. Joseph Mercy Hospital, Ann Arbor, Michigan (Dr Bartley); the Department of Pathology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee (Dr Washington); Surveys (Ms Ventura) and Governance (Ms Colasacco), College of American Pathologists, Northfield, Illinois; Quality and Guidelines Department, American Society of Clinical Oncology, Alexandria, Virginia (Dr Ismaila); the Division of Hematology/Oncology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois (Dr Benson); Medical Oncology Department, Ramon y Cajal University Hospital, Madrid, Spain (Dr Carrato); the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill (Dr Gulley); the Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut (Dr Jain); the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, California (Dr Kakar); the Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University of Toronto/Sunnybrook Odette Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (Dr Mackay); the Department of Laboratory Medicine, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (Dr Streutker); the Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York (Dr Tang); the Department of Pathology, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California (Dr Troxell); and the Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (Dr Ajani)
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15
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Bartley AN, Washington MK, Ventura CB, Ismaila N, Colasacco C, Benson AB, Carrato A, Gulley ML, Jain D, Kakar S, Mackay HJ, Streutker C, Tang L, Troxell M, Ajani JA. HER2 Testing and Clinical Decision Making in Gastroesophageal Adenocarcinoma: Guideline From the College of American Pathologists, American Society for Clinical Pathology, and American Society of Clinical Oncology. Am J Clin Pathol 2016; 146:647-669. [PMID: 28077399 PMCID: PMC6272805 DOI: 10.1093/ajcp/aqw206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT ERBB2 (erb-b2 receptor tyrosine kinase 2 or HER2) is currently the only biomarker established for selection of a specific therapy for patients with advanced gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma (GEA). However, there are no comprehensive guidelines for the assessment of HER2 in patients with GEA. OBJECTIVES To establish an evidence-based guideline for HER2 testing in patients with GEA, to formalize the algorithms for methods to improve the accuracy of HER2 testing while addressing which patients and tumor specimens are appropriate, and to provide guidance on clinical decision making. DESIGN The College of American Pathologists, American Society for Clinical Pathology, and American Society of Clinical Oncology convened an expert panel to conduct a systematic review of the literature to develop an evidence-based guideline with recommendations for optimal HER2 testing in patients with GEA. RESULTS The panel is proposing 11 recommendations with strong agreement from the open-comment participants. RECOMMENDATIONS The panel recommends that tumor specimen(s) from all patients with advanced GEA, who are candidates for HER2-targeted therapy, should be assessed for HER2 status before the initiation of HER2-targeted therapy. Clinicians should offer combination chemotherapy and a HER2-targeted agent as initial therapy for all patients with HER2-positive advanced GEA. For pathologists, guidance is provided for morphologic selection of neoplastic tissue, testing algorithms, scoring methods, interpretation and reporting of results, and laboratory quality assurance. CONCLUSIONS This guideline provides specific recommendations for assessment of HER2 in patients with advanced GEA while addressing pertinent technical issues and clinical implications of the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela N Bartley
- From the Department of Pathology, St Joseph Mercy Hospital, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Mary Kay Washington
- Department of Pathology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | | | - Nofisat Ismaila
- Quality and Guidelines Department, American Society of Clinical Oncology, Alexandria, VA
| | - Carol Colasacco
- Surveys and Governance, College of American Pathologists, Northfield, IL
| | - Al B Benson
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Alfredo Carrato
- Medical Oncology Department, Ramon y Cajal University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Margaret L Gulley
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
| | - Dhanpat Jain
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Sanjay Kakar
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, CA
| | - Helen J Mackay
- Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University of Toronto/Sunnybrook Odette Cancer Centre, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Laura Tang
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Megan Troxell
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA
| | - Jaffer A Ajani
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston
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Shi J, Liu H, Ma XJ, Chen Z, He MX, Luo Y, Lin F. Ribonucleic Acid In Situ Hybridization Is a More Sensitive Method Than Immunohistochemistry in Detection of Thyroid Transcription Factor 1 and Napsin A Expression in Lung Adenocarcinomas. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2016; 140:332-40. [PMID: 27028392 DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2014-0644-oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT TTF-1 and napsin A immunomarkers have a crucial role in differentiating lung adenocarcinoma from lung squamous cell carcinoma and in identifying a primary lung adenocarcinoma when working on a tumor of unknown origin. OBJECTIVES To investigate the diagnostic sensitivity of ribonucleic acid in situ hybridization (RNAscope) in the detection of expression of these biomarkers in lung adenocarcinomas and to compare RNAscope to immunohistochemical techniques. DESIGN Both RNAscope and the immunohistochemical assays for TTF-1 and napsin A were performed on tissue microarray sections containing 80 lung adenocarcinomas and 80 lung squamous cell carcinomas. The RNAscope assay for both TTF-1 and napsin A was also performed on 220 adenocarcinomas from various organs. RESULTS The RNAscope assay for TTF-1 gave positive results in 92.5% (74 of 80) of the lung adenocarcinomas; in contrast, immunohistochemistry gave positive results in 82.5% (66 of 80) of those cases. The RNAscope assay for napsin A gave positive results in 90% (72 of 80) of lung adenocarcinomas; immunohistochemistry results were positive in 77.5% (62 of 80) of those cases. Napsin A expression was not seen in lung squamous cell carcinomas by either method. In contrast, TTF-1 expression was seen in 3.8% (3 of 80) (1(+)) and 10% (8 of 80) (1(+)) of the squamous cell carcinomas by immunochemistry and the RNAscope, respectively. All nonpulmonary adenocarcinoma results were negative for TTF-1 by the RNAscope assay. CONCLUSIONS Preliminary data suggest that RNAscope is superior to immunohistochemistry in detecting TTF-1 and napsin A expression in primary lung adenocarcinomas. Therefore, performing an RNAscope assay may be considered for both TTF-1(-) and napsin A(-) cases with a clinical suspicion of lung adenocarcinoma. The TTF-1 results should be interpreted with caution because a small percentage of squamous cell carcinomas can be focally positive by either assay.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Fan Lin
- From the Department of Laboratory Medicine, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, Pennsylvania (Drs Shi, Liu, Chen, and Lin); and the Department of Research and Development, Advanced Cell Diagnostics, Inc, Hayward, California (Drs Ma, He, and Luo)
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17
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Concordance rate between HER2 immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization in gastric carcinoma: systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Biol Markers 2016; 31:e1-10. [PMID: 26349670 DOI: 10.5301/jbm.5000171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to investigate the diagnostic accuracy of HER2 immunohistochemistry (IHC) in gastric carcinoma (GC) through a systematic review, meta-analysis and diagnostic test accuracy review. METHOD The current study included 12,679 GC cases and 181 subsets in 45 eligible studies. We performed concordance analysis between HER2 IHC and in situ hybridization (ISH) in GC. Diagnostic test accuracy was analyzed and the area under the curve (AUC) on the summary receiver operating characteristic (SROC) curve was calculated. RESULTS HER2 amplification rates were 3.0%, 31.8%, and 93.0% in the IHC score 0/1+, 2+, and 3+ groups, respectively. The concordance rates between IHC and ISH were 0.969 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.962-0.975), 0.393 (95% CI 0.331-0.458) and 0.915 (95% CI 0.882-0.939) in the HER2 IHC score 0/1+, 2+, and 3+ groups, respectively. For all the HER2 IHC score groups, the positive rates were higher in the silver ISH (SISH) subgroup than in the fluorescence ISH (FISH) and chromogenic ISH (CISH) subgroups. In diagnostic test accuracy review, the pooled sensitivity and specificity were 0.86 (95% CI 0.84-0.87) and 0.91 (95% CI 0.90-0.91). The AUC on SROC curve was 0.958. However, there was no significant difference in the values of AUC between the ISH methods. CONCLUSIONS Our results showed that HER2 IHC was well concordant with ISH in HER2 IHC score 0/1+ or 3+. Although this meta-analysis showed higher diagnostic accuracy of HER2 IHC, more detailed criteria for HER2 IHC score 2+ cases will be required to predict HER2 status.
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18
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Han N, Kim MA, Lee HS, Kim WH. Evaluation of Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 2 Expression, Heterogeneity and Clinical Significance in Gastric Cancer. Pathobiology 2015; 82:269-79. [PMID: 26516773 DOI: 10.1159/000441149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to evaluate the protein and mRNA expression of fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and mRNA in situ hybridization (ISH), respectively, and to assess the heterogeneity of FGFR2 expression in gastric cancer (GC). METHODS A tissue microarray containing 362 surgically resected GC tissues and 135 matched metastatic lymph nodes was evaluated using FGFR2b IHC and FGFR2 ISH. FGFR2 fluorescence ISH was also performed in 188 cases. RESULTS All FGFR2-amplified cases (5 of 188) showed FGFR2b protein and FGFR2 mRNA overexpression (p < 0.001), and FGFR2 amplification was not identified in FGFR2b IHC- and FGFR2 mRNA ISH-negative cases. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis revealed that FGFR2b protein and FGFR2 mRNA overexpression was significantly associated with a poor overall survival (p < 0.001 and p = 0.012, respectively), and multivariate analyses showed that FGFR2 mRNA overexpression was an independent biomarker of a poor overall survival. Intratumoral heterogeneity of FGFR2b protein and FGFR2 mRNA overexpression was observed in 5 of 9 (55.5%) and 18 of 21 (85.7%) cases, respectively. Discordant FGFR2b and FGFR2 expression results between primary and matched metastatic lymph nodes were observed in 5 of 9 (55.5%) and 4 of 14 (28.6%) cases, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Intratumoral heterogeneity and discordant FGFR2b expression in primary tumors and metastatic lymph nodes are common in GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayoung Han
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Seo AN, Park KU, Choe G, Kim WH, Kim DW, Kang SB, Lee HS. Clinical and prognostic value of MET gene copy number gain and chromosome 7 polysomy in primary colorectal cancer patients. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:9813-21. [PMID: 26159851 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3726-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to explore the clinical and prognostic influence of numeric alterations of MET gene copy number (GCN) and chromosome 7 (CEP7) CN in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. MET GCN and CEP7 CN were investigated in tissue arrayed tumors from 170 CRC patients using silver in situ hybridization (SISH). MET GCN gain was defined as ≥4 copies of MET, and CEP7 polysomy was prespecified as ≥3 copies of CEP7. Additionally, MET messenger RNA (mRNA) transcription was evaluated using mRNA ISH and compared with MET GCN. MET GCN gain was observed in 14.7 % (25/170), which correlated with advanced stage (P = 0.037), presence of distant metastasis (P = 0.006), and short overall survival (OS) (P = 0.009). In contrast, CEP7 polysomy was found in 6.5 % (11/170), which was related to tumor location in the left colon (P = 0.027) and poor OS (P = 0.029). MET GCN positively correlated with CEP7 CN (R = 0.659, P < 0.001) and mRNA transcription (R = 0.239, P = 0.002). Of note, MET GCN gain and CEP7 polysomy were also associated with poor OS (P = 0.016 and P < 0.001, respectively) in stage II/III CRC patients (n = 123). In multivariate analysis, CEP7 polysomy was an independent prognostic factor for poor OS in all patients (P = 0.009; hazard ratio [HR], 2.220; 95 % confidence interval [CI], 1.233-3.997) and in stage II/III CRC patients (P < 0.001; HR, 20.781; 95 % CI, 4.600-93.882). MET GCN gain and CEP7 polysomy could predict a poor outcome in CRC patients, especially CEP7 polysomy has the most powerful prognostic impact in stage II/III CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Na Seo
- Department of Pathology, Kyungpook National University Medical Center, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Un Park
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Gheeyoung Choe
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 173-82 Gumi-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 463-707, Republic of Korea.,Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Ho Kim
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Duck-Woo Kim
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Bum Kang
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Seung Lee
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 173-82 Gumi-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 463-707, Republic of Korea.
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Sanguedolce F, Bufo P. HER2 assessment by silver in situ hybridization: where are we now? Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2015; 15:385-98. [PMID: 25578771 DOI: 10.1586/14737159.2015.992416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
HER2 testing in breast and gastric cancer is critical not only as a prognostic tool but also as a predictive marker for response to the humanized monoclonal antibody trastuzumab. Currently, HER2 status is assessed on histological and cytological specimens by conventional validated methods such as immunohistochemistry and FISH, while bright-field in situ hybridization techniques, such as silver in situ hybridization and chromogenic in situ hybridization, may offer performance benefits over FISH. The major points are first, technical issues, advantages and disadvantages relevant to each methods, and their clinical implications and second, the well-known genetic heterogeneity of HER2, and the occurrence of polysomy of chromosome 17. This review aims to summarize the growing body of literature on the accuracy of bright-field in situ techniques, notably silver in situ hybridization, in assessing HER2 status, and to discuss the role of such methods in pathology practice.
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Choi J, Lee HE, Kim MA, Jang BG, Lee HS, Kim WH. Analysis of MET mRNA expression in gastric cancers using RNA in situ hybridization assay: its clinical implication and comparison with immunohistochemistry and silver in situ hybridization. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111658. [PMID: 25364819 PMCID: PMC4218795 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated MET mRNA expression status using RNA in situ hybridization (ISH) technique in primary and metastatic lesions of 535 surgically resected gastric carcinoma (GC) cases. We compared the results with those of immunohistochemistry and silver in situ hybridization, and examined the association with clinicopathologic characteristics and prognosis. Among 535 primary GCs, 391 (73.1%) were scored 0, 87 (16.3%) were scored 1, 38 (7.1%) were scored 2, 12 (2.2%) were scored 3 and 7 (1.3%) were scored 4 by RNA ISH. High MET mRNA expression (score ≥3) was associated with lymph node metastasis (P = .014), distant metastasis (P = .001), and higher TNM stage (P<.001). MET mRNA expression was correlated with protein expression (r = 0.398; P<.001) and gene copy number (r = 0.345; P<.001). The patients showing high-MET mRNA in primary or metastatic lesions had shorter overall survival than those showing low-MET mRNA (primary tumors, P = .002; metastatic lymph nodes, P<.001). The patients showing positive conversion of MET mRNA status in metastatic lymph node had shorter overall survival than those with no conversion (P = .011). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that high MET mRNA expression in metastatic lymph node was an independent prognostic factor for overall survival (P = .007). Therefore, this study suggests that MET mRNA expression assessed by RNA ISH could be useful as a potential marker to identify MET oncogene-addicted GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwoon Choi
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Jongno-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee Eun Lee
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Jongno-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min A. Kim
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Jongno-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Bo Gun Jang
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Jongno-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye Seung Lee
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Gyeonggi, Korea
| | - Woo Ho Kim
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Jongno-gu, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail:
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Gross-Thebing T, Paksa A, Raz E. Simultaneous high-resolution detection of multiple transcripts combined with localization of proteins in whole-mount embryos. BMC Biol 2014; 12:55. [PMID: 25124741 PMCID: PMC4172952 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-014-0055-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Whole-mount in situ hybridization (WISH) is a fundamental tool for studying the spatio-temporal expression pattern of RNA molecules in intact embryos and tissues. The available methodologies for detecting mRNAs in embryos rely on enzymatic activities and chemical reactions that generate diffusible products, which are not fixed to the detected RNA, thereby reducing the spatial resolution of the technique. In addition, current WISH techniques are time-consuming and are usually not combined with methods reporting the expression of protein molecules. Results The protocol we have developed and present here is based on the RNAscope technology that is currently employed on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded and frozen tissue sections for research and clinical applications. By using zebrafish embryos as an example, we provide a robust and rapid method that allows the simultaneous visualization of multiple transcripts, demonstrated here for three different RNA molecules. The optimized procedure allows the preservation of embryo integrity, while exhibiting excellent signal-to-noise ratios. Employing this method thus allows the determination of the spatial expression pattern and subcellular localization of multiple RNA molecules relative to each other at high resolution, in the three-dimensional context of the developing embryo or tissue under investigation. Lastly, we show that this method preserves the function of fluorescent proteins that are expressed in specific cells or cellular organelles and conserves antigenicity, allowing protein detection using antibodies. Conclusions By fine-tuning the RNAscope technology, we have successfully redesigned the protocol to be compatible with whole-mount embryo samples. Using this robust method for zebrafish and extending it to other organisms would have a strong impact on research in developmental, molecular and cell biology. Of similar significance would be the adaptation of the method to whole-mount clinical samples. Such a protocol would contribute to biomedical research and clinical diagnostics by providing information regarding the three-dimensional expression pattern of clinical markers. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12915-014-0055-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Seo AN, Kwak Y, Kim DW, Kang SB, Choe G, Kim WH, Lee HS. HER2 status in colorectal cancer: its clinical significance and the relationship between HER2 gene amplification and expression. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98528. [PMID: 24879338 PMCID: PMC4039475 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed at determining the incidence and clinical implications of HER2 status in primary colorectal cancer (CRC). HER2 status was investigated in two retrospective cohorts of 365 consecutive CRC patients (cohort 1) and 174 advanced CRC patients with synchronous or metachronous distant metastasis (cohort 2). HER2 status was determined by performing dual-color silver in-situ hybridization (SISH), mRNA in-situ hybridization (ISH), and immunohistochemistry (IHC). The incidence of HER2 protein overexpression (IHC 2+/3+) was approximately 6% (22 of 365 in cohort 1; 10 of 174 in cohort 2). HER2 gene amplification was observed in 5.8% of the patients from cohort 1 and 6.3% of the patients from cohort 2. HER2 gene amplification was more frequently observed in CRCs located in the rectum than in the right and left colon (P = 0.013 in cohort 1; P = 0.009 in cohort 2). HER2 status, determined by IHC, ISH, and dual-color SISH, was not significantly associated with aggressive CRC behaviour or patients' prognosis in both the cohorts. Of the combined cohort with a total of 539 cases, the concordance rate was 95.5% between dual-color SISH and IHC detection methods. On excluding equivocally immunostained cases (IHC 2+), the concordance rate was 97.7%. HER2 mRNA overtranscription, detected by ISH, significantly correlated with protein overexpression and gene amplification (P<0.001). HER2 gene amplification was identified in a minority of CRC patients with high concordance rates between dual-color SISH and IHC detection methods. Although HER2 status did not predict patients' prognosis, our findings may serve as a basis for future studies on patient selection for HER2 targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Na Seo
- Department of Pathology, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonjin Kwak
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Duck-Woo Kim
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Bum Kang
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Gheeyoung Choe
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Ho Kim
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Seung Lee
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam-si, Republic of Korea
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Wang H, Su N, Wang LC, Wu X, Bui S, Nielsen A, Vo HT, Luo Y, Ma XJ. Quantitative ultrasensitive bright-field RNA in situ hybridization with RNAscope. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1211:201-12. [PMID: 25218387 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1459-3_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
RNA in situ hybridization (ISH) can provide valuable morphological context for molecular markers on one hand and enable morphological analysis in molecular context on the other hand. It has become increasingly important, thanks to increasing interest in new biomarkers and noncoding RNAs in both research and clinical applications. We have developed an ultrasensitive RNA ISH technology, RNAscope, employing a unique probe design strategy that allows target-specific signal amplification while suppressing background noise. This approach enables single RNA molecule detection in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) specimens under standard bright-field microscopy and is capable of multiplex detection at the single cell level. After staining, target-specific signals appear as punctate dots present in individual cells in well-preserved tissue morphological context, which facilitates both semiquantitative manual scoring and software-assisted quantitative analysis. Here, we present detailed protocols of RNAscope for FFPE tissue sections. The step-by-step protocols describe tissue preparation, pretreatment, probe hybridization, signal amplification, visualization, and analysis. We also highlight the critical steps for ensuring successful staining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Wang
- Advanced Cell Diagnostics, Inc., 3960 Point Eden Way, Hayward, CA, 94545, USA
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Abstract
In situ hybridization (ISH) techniques have been important to the study of gene expression signatures in cells and tissues. The ability to detect multiple targets simultaneously is especially valuable, since it allows dissecting gene expression of distinct cell types with precise cellular and subcellular resolution within morphological context. Recently, we have reported using a novel dual-color ultrasensitive bright-field RNA in situ hybridization for detection of clonally restricted immunoglobulin light chain mRNA expression in B cell lymphomas. Here, we present detailed protocols of RNAscope 2-Plex assays for FFPE tissue sections. The protocols describe the tissue preparation, pretreatment, probe hybridization, signal amplification, visualization, and analysis, as well as emphasize the critical steps for ensuring successful staining.
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Tubbs RR, Wang H, Wang Z, Minca EC, Portier BP, Gruver AM, Lanigan C, Luo Y, Cook JR, Ma XJ. Ultrasensitive RNA in situ hybridization for detection of restricted clonal expression of low-abundance immunoglobulin light chain mRNA in B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders. Am J Clin Pathol 2013; 140:736-46. [PMID: 24124155 DOI: 10.1309/ajcpjtwk07fsabrj] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the feasibility of using a novel ultrasensitive bright-field in situ hybridization approach (BRISH) to evaluate κ and λ immunoglobulin messenger RNA (mRNA) expression in situ in B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). METHODS A series of 110 semiconsecutive clinical cases evaluated for lymphoma with historic flow cytometric (FCM) results were assessed with BRISH. RESULTS BRISH light chain restriction (LCR) results were concordant with FCM in 108 (99%) of 109 evaluable cases. Additional small B-cell lymphoma cohorts were successfully evaluated. CONCLUSIONS BRISH analysis of κ and λ immunoglobulin mRNA expression is a sensitive tool for establishing LCR in B-cell NHL when FCM results are not available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond R. Tubbs
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Robert J. Tomsich Pathology & Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic and the Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, OH
| | | | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Robert J. Tomsich Pathology & Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic and the Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, OH
| | - Eugen C. Minca
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Robert J. Tomsich Pathology & Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic and the Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, OH
| | - Bryce P. Portier
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Robert J. Tomsich Pathology & Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic and the Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, OH
| | - Aaron M. Gruver
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Robert J. Tomsich Pathology & Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic and the Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, OH
| | - Christopher Lanigan
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Robert J. Tomsich Pathology & Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic and the Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, OH
| | | | - James R. Cook
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Robert J. Tomsich Pathology & Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic and the Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, OH
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