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Pérez-López FR, López-Baena MT, Ulloque-Badaracco JR, Benites-Zapata VA. Telomere Length in Patients with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Normoglycemic Pregnant Women: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Reprod Sci 2024; 31:45-55. [PMID: 37491556 PMCID: PMC10784358 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-023-01306-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies assessing telomere length in blood leukocytes or mononuclear cells in women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and normoglycemic pregnant women (NPW) and their infants. The review protocol was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42022300950). Searches were conducted in PubMed, Embase, LILACS, CNKI, and Wang Fang, from inception through November 2022. The primary outcomes were maternal and offspring telomere length. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was used to assess the quality of included studies. Random-effect meta-analyses were applied to estimate standardized mean differences (SMDs) and their 95% confidence interval (CI). The meta-analysis of four studies showed no significant maternal telomere length difference (SMD = -0.80, 95% CI: -1.66, 0.05) in women with GDM compared to NPW. In the sensibility analysis omitting one study with a small sample of women, the telomere length becomes significantly reduced in women with GDM (SMD = -1.10, 95% CI: -2.18, -0.02). GDM patients had increased glucose (SMD = 0.28, 95% CI: 0.09, 0.46) and glycosylated hemoglobin than NPW (SMD = 0.62, 95% CI: 0.23, 1.01) while total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides did not display differences between women with and without GDM. There was no significant difference in cord blood telomere length in offspring from women with GDM and NPW (SMD = 0.11, 95% CI: -0.52, 0.30). Cord blood insulin levels (SMD = 0.59, 95% CI: 0.33, 0.85) and birthweight (SMD = 0.59, 95% CI: 0.39, 0.79) were higher in offspring from pregnant women with GDM than in those from NPW. There were no significant differences in maternal and offspring telomere length between pregnancies with and without GDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faustino R Pérez-López
- Universty of Zaragoza Faculty of Medicine, Domingo Miral s/n, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain.
- Health Outcomes and Systematic Analyses Research Unit, Aragón Health Research Institute, San Juan Bosco 13, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - María T López-Baena
- Health Outcomes and Systematic Analyses Research Unit, Aragón Health Research Institute, San Juan Bosco 13, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
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Ranawat P, Kaur N, Koul A. Modulation of cigarette smoke induced alterations by aqueous Ocimum sanctum leaf extract in pulmonary tissue of rodents. Sci Rep 2023; 13:15806. [PMID: 37737272 PMCID: PMC10517011 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26152-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Smoking has been associated with an increased risk of asthma, lung cancer, cardiovascular diseases, chronic bronchitis, and a massive amount of oxidative stress. The present study was undertaken to determine the modulatory effects of Holi Basil/Tulsi, (Ocimum sanctum) leaf extract on cigarette smoke-induced pulmonary damage in mice. Cigarette smoke (CS) inhalation increased the levels of pulmonary lipid peroxidation, and reactive oxygen species and decreased the levels of glutathione. Histoarchitectural alterations and enhanced tissue lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity in pulmonary tissue was distinctly indicative of damage. Enhanced mucin production was also observed through mucicarmine and Alcian Blue-Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) staining. Increased expression of MUC5AC was also observed. Alterations in the lung were also evident through FTIR studies. Administration of Ocimum sanctum leaf extract (80 mg/kg b.w) to CS exposed mice ameliorated these alterations to a greater extent. These findings are suggestive of the fact that Ocimum sanctum leaf extract effectively modulated CS-induced deleterious effects on pulmonary tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavitra Ranawat
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
| | - Navdeep Kaur
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Ashwani Koul
- Department of Biophysics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
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Maternal Smoking in the First Trimester and its Consequence on the Early Placenta. J Transl Med 2023; 103:100059. [PMID: 36801640 DOI: 10.1016/j.labinv.2022.100059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Smoking during pregnancy increases the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes, such as stillbirth and fetal growth restriction. This suggests impaired placental function and restricted nutrient and oxygen supply. Studies investigating placental tissue at the end of pregnancy have revealed increased DNA damage as a potential underlying cause, which is driven by various toxic smoke ingredients and oxidative stress induced by reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, in the first trimester, the placenta develops and differentiates, and many pregnancy pathologies associated with reduced placental function originate here. Therefore, we determined DNA damage in a cohort of first-trimester placental samples of verified smokers and nonsmokers. In fact, we observed an 80% increase in DNA breaks (P < .001) and shortened telomeres by 5.8% (P = .04) in placentas exposed to maternal smoking. Surprisingly, there was a decrease in ROS-mediated DNA damage, ie, 8-oxo-guanidine modifications, in placentas of the smoking group (-41%; P = .021), which paralleled the reduced expression of base excision DNA repair machinery, which restores oxidative DNA damage. Moreover, we observed that the increase in placental oxidant defense machinery expression, which usually occurs at the end of the first trimester in a healthy pregnancy as a result of the full onset of uteroplacental blood flow, was absent in the smoking group. Therefore, in early pregnancy, maternal smoking causes placental DNA damage, contributing to placental malfunction and increased risk of stillbirth and fetal growth restriction in pregnant women. Additionally, reduced ROS-mediated DNA damage along with no increase in antioxidant enzymes suggests a delay in the establishment of physiological uteroplacental blood flow at the end of the first trimester, which may further add to a disturbed placental development and function as a result of smoking in pregnancy.
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Morishita Y, Hasegawa S, Koie S, Ueda S, Miyabe S, Watanabe S, Goto M, Miyachi H, Nomoto S, Nagao T. Cytotoxic, genotoxic, and toxicogenomic effects of heated
tobacco products and cigarette smoke in human primary
keratinocytes. Tob Induc Dis 2022; 20:82. [PMID: 36249345 PMCID: PMC9523519 DOI: 10.18332/tid/152510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihisa Morishita
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shogo Hasegawa
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shin Koie
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Sei Ueda
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Satoru Miyabe
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Satoshi Watanabe
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Goto
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Miyachi
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shuji Nomoto
- Department of Surgery, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Toru Nagao
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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Schuch LF, De Arruda JAA, Viana KSS, Caldeira PC, Abreu MHNG, Bernardes VF, Aguiar MCFD. DNA damage-related proteins in smokers and non-smokers with oral cancer. Braz Oral Res 2022; 36:e027. [DOI: 10.1590/1807-3107bor-2022.vol36.0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Morales-Prieto DM, Fuentes-Zacarías P, Murrieta-Coxca JM, Gutierrez-Samudio RN, Favaro RR, Fitzgerald JS, Markert UR. Smoking for two- effects of tobacco consumption on placenta. Mol Aspects Med 2021; 87:101023. [PMID: 34521556 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2021.101023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco smoking is an important public health issue recognized by the world health organization as one of the most serious, preventable risk factors for developing a series of pregnancy pathologies. Maternal smoking is positively associated with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and gestational diabetes (GDM), but negatively associated with preeclampsia (PE). In this review, we examine epidemiological, clinical and laboratory studies of smoking effects on immunoregulation during pregnancy, trophoblast function, and placental vasculature development and metabolism. We aim to identify effects of tobacco smoke components on specific placental compartments or cells, which may contribute to the understanding of the influences of maternal smoking on placenta function in normal and pathological pregnancies. Data corroborates that in any trimester, smoking is unsafe for pregnancy and that its detrimental effects outweigh questionable benefits. The effects of maternal smoking on the maternal immune regulation throughout pregnancy and the impact of different tobacco products on fetal growth have not yet been fully understood. Smoking cessation rather than treatment with replacement therapies is recommended for future mothers because also single components of tobacco and its smoke may have detrimental effects on placental function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Rodolfo R Favaro
- Placenta Lab, Department of Obstetrics, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Justine S Fitzgerald
- Placenta Lab, Department of Obstetrics, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany; Zentrum für ambulante Medizin, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Udo R Markert
- Placenta Lab, Department of Obstetrics, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany.
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The Relationships Between Prenatal Smoking Exposure and Telomere Lengths in Fetuses, Infants, and Children: A Systematic Literature Review. J Addict Nurs 2021; 31:243-252. [PMID: 33264196 DOI: 10.1097/jan.0000000000000364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationships between prenatal smoking exposure and telomere lengths (TLs) in fetuses, infants, and children. METHODS This is a systematic review guided by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. Databases searched were Biomedical Reference Collection, MEDLINE via PubMed, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and Google Scholar. The latest search was on October 18, 2019. RESULTS Seven studies met the inclusion criteria and thus were reviewed. Five of the studies showed significant inverse relationships between prenatal tobacco exposure and TLs in fetuses, infants, and children. One study showed a modification effect of the postconceptual age, indicating that older fetuses with prenatal smoking exposure had shorter TLs than their counterparts. This effect was more prominent after 93 days of postconception. Another study reported a finding that was contrary to the above results, showing that the telomeres of newborns with prenatal smoking exposure were longer than those of their counterparts. CONCLUSION/RECOMMENDATIONS This review shows that the impact of prenatal smoking on the health of unborn fetuses, infants, and children is an understudied area. Because of the inconsistent findings and cross-sectional study designs, more research is required, especially longitudinally studies. Nonetheless, the findings of the review provide partial evidence that prenatal smoking can potentially impact the genetic biomarker, TLs, and, thus, health of fetuses, infants, and children. The evidence confirms the current practice that pregnant women should be encouraged to stop smoking as soon as they become pregnant.
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Tsai KY, Tullis B, Breithaupt KL, Fowers R, Jones N, Grajeda S, Reynolds PR, Arroyo JA. A Role for RAGE in DNA Double Strand Breaks (DSBs) Detected in Pathological Placentas and Trophoblast Cells. Cells 2021; 10:cells10040857. [PMID: 33918759 PMCID: PMC8069300 DOI: 10.3390/cells10040857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Impaired DNA damage responses are associated with several diseases, including pregnancy complications. Recent research identified an ATM-kinase dependent function for the nuclear isoform of the receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) during double strand break (DSB)-repair. RAGE contributes to end-resectioning of broken DNA sites by binding with the MRE11-Rad50-Nbs1 (MRN) complex. Placental research is limited regarding the impact of genomic instability and the mechanism for potential repair. We tested the hypothesis regarding the involvement of RAGE during the repair of placental DNA-DSBs. We first identified that the pregnancy complications of PE and preterm labor (PTL) experience loss of genomic integrity and an in vitro trophoblast cell model was used to characterize trophoblast DSBs. Colocalized immunofluorescence of γ-H2AX and RAGE support the potential involvement of RAGE in cellular responses to DNA-DSBs. Immunoblotting for both molecules in PE and PTL placenta samples and in trophoblast cells validated a connection. Co-immunoprecipitation studies revealed interactions between RAGE and pATM and MRE11 during DNA-DSBs. Reduced cellular invasion confirmed the role of genomic instability in trophoblastic function. Collectively, these experiments identified genomic instability in pregnancy complications, the impact of defective DNA on trophoblast function, and a possible RAGE-mediated mechanism during DNA-DSB repair.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Juan A. Arroyo
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-801-422-3221; Fax: +1-801-422-0700
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Liu WX, Tan SJ, Wang YF, Li L, Sun XF, Liu J, Klinger FG, De Felici M, Shen W, Cheng SF. Melatonin ameliorates murine fetal oocyte meiotic dysfunction in F1 and F2 offspring caused by nicotine exposure during pregnancy. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 263:114519. [PMID: 32325354 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Although there is abundant evidence to demonstrate that maternal smoking during pregnancy will harm the health of future generations, the impact of nicotine use by pregnant woman upon the oogenesis and folliculogenesis of female offspring has not been as widely scrutinized. Here we focus on the effects of nicotine on the meiotic progression of fetal oocytes. The data indicated that in pregnant mice treated with nicotine, intracellular ROS increased in follicles within the fetal ovary. Excessive intracellular hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and superoxide anion (O2-) decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, inducing mitochondrial dysfunction, triggering an autophagic cascade and inhibiting anti-autophagic proteins. Fetal oocytes in F1 offspring of pregnant mice treated with nicotine exhibited a delay in meiotic prophase I, especially from the stage of pachytene to diplotene. In pubertal F1 offspring we observed a reduced number of follicles; the same reduction was also observed in F2 offspring. Of note, we found that melatonin ameliorated nicotine-induced oocyte damage and increased the expression of MnSOD, which decreased the production of nicotine-induced intracellular ROS. In addition, melatonin also maintained normal H3K4 and H3K9 di- and tri-methylation in F1 and F2 ovaries. Taken together, the current evidence suggests that, in the mouse, melatonin could prevent nicotine-impaired fetal oogenesis and folliculogenesis in offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Xiang Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China; College of Life Sciences, Institute of Reproductive Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Shao-Jing Tan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Yu-Feng Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Lan Li
- College of Life Sciences, Institute of Reproductive Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Sun
- College of Life Sciences, Institute of Reproductive Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Central Laboratory, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Francesca Gioia Klinger
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, 00133, Italy
| | - Massimo De Felici
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, 00133, Italy
| | - Wei Shen
- College of Life Sciences, Institute of Reproductive Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Shun-Feng Cheng
- College of Life Sciences, Institute of Reproductive Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.
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den Haan PJ, de Kroon MLA, van Dokkum NH, Kerstjens JM, Reijneveld SA, Bos AF. Risk factors for emotional and behavioral problems in moderately-late preterms. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216468. [PMID: 31048855 PMCID: PMC6497297 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess which factors, including maternal, lifestyle, pregnancy- and delivery-related, fetal and neonatal factors adjusted for socio-economic status, are related to emotional and behavioral problems in moderately-late preterm born children (MLPs; gestational age 32.0-35.9 weeks) at 4 years of age. MLPs are at greater risk of emotional and behavioral problems than full-term born children. Especially for MLPs, knowledge about factors that increase or decrease the risk of emotional and behavioral problems is scarce. DESIGN AND SETTING We assessed emotional and behavioral problems in 809 MLPs between ages 41 and 49 months from the prospective community-based Longitudinal Preterm Outcome Project (LOLLIPOP), using the parent-reported Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). We collected potential risk factors from hospital records and parental questionnaires. Univariable and multiple logistic regression analyses were applied. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES (Sub)clinical CBCL scores. RESULTS Perinatal infection increased the risk of CBCL total problem scores with an OR 2.22 (p<0.01). Perinatal infection, maternal smoking, and male gender increased the risk of CBCL externalizing problem scores with ORs between 1.64 and 2.46 (all p<0.05). Multiple birth decreased the risk of CBCL internalizing problem scores with an OR 0.63 (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Risk factors for behavioral problems in MLPs are male gender, perinatal infection and maternal smoking, the latter two being potentially modifiable. Multiple birth is a protective factor for emotional problems in MLPs. These results suggest potential factors for targeting preventive intervention in MLPs, comprising the large majority of all preterm born children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline J. den Haan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Beatrix Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Marlou L. A. de Kroon
- Department of Health Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nienke H. van Dokkum
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Beatrix Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Health Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jorien M. Kerstjens
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Beatrix Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sijmen A. Reijneveld
- Department of Health Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Arend F. Bos
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Beatrix Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Cheng SF, Qin XS, Han ZL, Sun XF, Feng YN, Yang F, Ge W, Li L, Zhao Y, De Felici M, Zou SH, Zhou Y, Shen W. Nicotine exposure impairs germ cell development in human fetal ovaries cultured in vitro. Aging (Albany NY) 2018; 10:1556-1574. [PMID: 30001218 PMCID: PMC6075447 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In the present paper, we found that human fetal ovaries (at ~16 weeks) express the transcripts for several subunits of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR). Exposure to the drug in vitro resulted in the marked increase of apoptosis in the ovaries in a time and dose-dependent manner. Evidence that adverse nicotine effects are potentially due to an increased level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and consequent DNA damage, both in the ovarian somatic cells and germ cells, are reported. After 4 days of culture, exposure to 1 mM and 10 mM nicotine caused a 50% and 75% decrease, respectively, in the number of oogonia/oocytes present in the fetal ovaries. These results represent the first indication that nicotine may directly cause apoptosis in cells of the fetal human ovary and may lead to a reduction of the ovarian reserve oocytes and consequent precocious menopause in mothers smoking during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun-Feng Cheng
- College of Life Sciences, Institute of Reproductive Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
- Equal contribution
| | - Xun-Si Qin
- College of Life Sciences, Institute of Reproductive Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
- Equal contribution
| | - Ze-Li Han
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Sun
- College of Life Sciences, Institute of Reproductive Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Yan-Ni Feng
- College of Life Sciences, Institute of Reproductive Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Fan Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Institute of Reproductive Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Wei Ge
- College of Life Sciences, Institute of Reproductive Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Lan Li
- College of Life Sciences, Institute of Reproductive Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Yong Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Institute of Reproductive Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Massimo De Felici
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome ‘Tor Vergata’, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Shu-Hua Zou
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Qingdao Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266034, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Qingdao Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266034, China
| | - Wei Shen
- College of Life Sciences, Institute of Reproductive Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Qingdao Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266034, China
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12
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Whiteman VE, Goswami A, Salihu HM. Telomere length and fetal programming: A review of recent scientific advances. Am J Reprod Immunol 2018; 77. [PMID: 28500672 DOI: 10.1111/aji.12661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We sought to synthesize a comprehensive literature review comprising recent research linking fetal programming to fetal telomere length. We also explored the potential effects fetal telomere length shortening has on fetal phenotypes. Utilizing the PubMed database as our primary search engine, we retrieved and reviewed 165 articles of published research. The inclusion criteria limited the articles to those that appeared within the last ten years, were pertinent to humans, and without restriction to language of publication. Our results showed that socio-demographic factors like age, sex, genetic inheritance, and acquired disease impact telomere length. Further, we found several maternal characteristics to be associated with fetal telomere length shortening, and these include maternal chemical exposure (eg, tobacco smoke), maternal stress during pregnancy, maternal nutritional and sleeping disorders during pregnancy as well as maternal disease status. Due to paucity of data, our review could not synthesize evidence directly linking fetal phenotypes to telomere length shortening. Although the research summarized in this review shows some association between determinants of intrauterine programming and fetal telomere length, there is still significant work that needs to be done to delineate the direct relationship of telomere attrition with specific fetal phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie E Whiteman
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, USF Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Anjali Goswami
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, USF Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Hamisu M Salihu
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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13
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van Otterdijk SD, Binder AM, Michels KB. Locus-specific DNA methylation in the placenta is associated with levels of pro-inflammatory proteins in cord blood and they are both independently affected by maternal smoking during pregnancy. Epigenetics 2017; 12:875-885. [PMID: 28820654 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2017.1361592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the impact of maternal smoking during pregnancy on placental DNA methylation and how this may mediate the association between maternal smoking and pro-inflammatory proteins in cord blood. The study population consisted of 27 individuals exposed to maternal smoking throughout pregnancy, 32 individuals exposed during a proportion of the pregnancy, and 61 unexposed individuals. Methylation of 11 regions within 6 genes in placenta tissue was assessed by pyrosequencing. Levels of 7 pro-inflammatory proteins in cord blood were assessed by electrochemiluminescence. Differential methylation was observed in the CYP1A1 promoter and AHRR gene body regions between women who smoked throughout pregnancy and non-smokers on the fetal-side of the placenta and in the GFI1 promoter between women who quit smoking while pregnant and non-smokers on the maternal-side of the placenta. Maternal smoking resulted in elevated levels of IL-8 protein in cord blood, which was not mediated by DNA methylation of our candidate regions at either the maternal or the fetal side of the placenta. Placental DNA methylation was associated with levels of inflammatory proteins in cord blood. Our observations suggest that maternal smoking during pregnancy affects both placental DNA methylation and the neonate's immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanne D van Otterdijk
- a Institute for Prevention and Cancer Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center , University of Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany.,b Obstetrics and Gynecology Epidemiology Center, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology , Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA
| | - Alexandra M Binder
- b Obstetrics and Gynecology Epidemiology Center, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology , Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA.,c Department of Epidemiology , Harvard School of Public Health , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Karin B Michels
- a Institute for Prevention and Cancer Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center , University of Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany.,b Obstetrics and Gynecology Epidemiology Center, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology , Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA.,c Department of Epidemiology , Harvard School of Public Health , Boston , MA , USA
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14
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Fluorescence resonance energy transfer usage to track the sequence promoter changes in CGB5 gene in ovarian cancer patients. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 90:139-146. [PMID: 28355589 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.02.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The survival rates for ovarian cancer patients remain very low, often as a result of late diagnosis due to the asymptomatic course of the early stage disease. Based on the important biological contribution of human chorionic gonadotropin to various key processes including; cell cycle control, DNA repair, cellular differentiation and developmental processes, we hypothesized that genetic polymorphisms in the genes promoter could be associated with ovarian cancer risk. Thus, the purpose of the study was to determine whether particular polymorphisms occur in the promoter region of the human chorionic gonadotropin polypeptide 5 encoding gene, and if so, are they associated with ovarian cancer outcome. PATIENTS AND METHODS We analyzed Central European females diagnosed with ovarian cancer (n=95) and controls (n=76) for the occurrence of at least one of three polymorphisms (rs7260002, rs7246045, rs540432391) and their impact on cancer risk. The fluorescence resonance energy transfer technique was used in order to conduct single nucleotide polymorphisms genotyping. RESULTS The occurrence of two studied polymorphisms, rs7260002 and rs540432391 present in the 5' upstream region of the chorionic gonadotropin (CG) gene were associated with an increased risk of ovarian cancer. The former polymorphism had a minor impact on cancer risk (P=0.049; OR=1.95; 95% CI=0.97-3.92), while the latter had a much larger impact and may be of great importance in the evaluation of cancer development in the analyzed population (p<0.001; OR 8.5; 95% CI 3.59-20.23). CONCLUSIONS The fluorescence resonance energy transfer application used in tracking the sequence promoter variations of genes expressed during tumorigenesis may be an important factor in early prediction of ovarian cancer. Taking under consideration the elevated CG expression associated with several different cancer types it seems reasonable to estimate if the analyzed polymorphisms could affect cancer outcome.
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15
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Menon R, Behnia F, Polettini J, Saade GR, Campisi J, Velarde M. Placental membrane aging and HMGB1 signaling associated with human parturition. Aging (Albany NY) 2016; 8:216-30. [PMID: 26851389 PMCID: PMC4789578 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Aging is associated with the onset of several diseases in various organ systems; however, different tissues may age differently, rendering some of them dysfunctional sooner than others. Placental membranes (fetal amniochorionic membranes) protect the fetus throughout pregnancy, but their longevity is limited to the duration of pregnancy. The age-associated dysfunction of these membranes is postulated to trigger parturition. Here, we investigated whether cellular senescence-the loss of cell division potential as a consequence of stress-is involved in placental membrane function at term. We show telomere reduction, p38 MAPK activation, increase in p21 expression, loss of lamin B1 loss, increase in SA-β-galactosidase , and senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) gene expression in placental membranes after labor and delivery (term labor [TL]) compared to membranes prior to labor at term (term, not-in-labor [TNIL]). Exposing TNIL placental membranes to cigarette smoke extract, an oxidative stress inducer, also induced markers of cellular senescence similar to those in TL placental membranes. Bioinformatics analysis of differentially expressed SASP genes revealed HMGB1 signaling among the top pathways involved in labor. Further, we show that recombinant HMGB1 upregulates the expression of genes associated with parturition in myometrial cells. These data suggest that the natural physiologic aging of placental tissues is associated with cellular senescence and human parturition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramkumar Menon
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555-1062, USA
| | - Faranak Behnia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555-1062, USA
| | - Jossimara Polettini
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555-1062, USA
| | - George R Saade
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555-1062, USA
| | - Judith Campisi
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA 94945, USA.,Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Lawrence Berkley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Michael Velarde
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA 94945, USA.,Institute of Biology, University of Philippines, Diliman, 1101 Quezon City, Philippines
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16
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Timms JA, Relton CL, Rankin J, Strathdee G, McKay JA. DNA methylation as a potential mediator of environmental risks in the development of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Epigenomics 2016; 8:519-36. [PMID: 27035209 PMCID: PMC4928498 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2015-0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
5-year survival rate for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) has risen to approximately 90%, yet the causal disease pathway is still poorly understood. Evidence suggests multiple 'hits' are required for disease progression; an initial genetic abnormality followed by additional secondary 'hits'. It is plausible that environmental influences may trigger these secondary hits, and with the peak incidence of diagnosis between 2 and 5 years of age, early life exposures are likely to be key. DNA methylation can be modified by many environmental exposures and is dramatically altered in cancers, including childhood ALL. Here we explore the potential that DNA methylation may be involved in the causal pathway toward disease by acting as a mediator between established environmental factors and childhood ALL development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Timms
- Institute of Health & Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
| | - Caroline L Relton
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social & Community Medicine, University of Bristol, UK
| | - Judith Rankin
- Institute of Health & Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
| | - Gordon Strathdee
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, UK
| | - Jill A McKay
- Institute of Health & Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
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17
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Gaccioli F, Lager S. Placental Nutrient Transport and Intrauterine Growth Restriction. Front Physiol 2016; 7:40. [PMID: 26909042 PMCID: PMC4754577 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Intrauterine growth restriction refers to the inability of the fetus to reach its genetically determined potential size. Fetal growth restriction affects approximately 5–15% of all pregnancies in the United States and Europe. In developing countries the occurrence varies widely between 10 and 55%, impacting about 30 million newborns per year. Besides having high perinatal mortality rates these infants are at greater risk for severe adverse outcomes, such as hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy and cerebral palsy. Moreover, reduced fetal growth has lifelong health consequences, including higher risks of developing metabolic and cardiovascular diseases in adulthood. Numerous reports indicate placental insufficiency as one of the underlying causes leading to altered fetal growth and impaired placental capacity of delivering nutrients to the fetus has been shown to contribute to the etiology of intrauterine growth restriction. Indeed, reduced expression and/or activity of placental nutrient transporters have been demonstrated in several conditions associated with an increased risk of delivering a small or growth restricted infant. This review focuses on human pregnancies and summarizes the changes in placental amino acid, fatty acid, and glucose transport reported in conditions associated with intrauterine growth restriction, such as maternal undernutrition, pre-eclampsia, young maternal age, high altitude and infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Gaccioli
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Cambridge Cambridge, UK
| | - Susanne Lager
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Cambridge Cambridge, UK
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18
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Schaefer MH, Serrano L. Cell type-specific properties and environment shape tissue specificity of cancer genes. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20707. [PMID: 26856619 PMCID: PMC4746590 DOI: 10.1038/srep20707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the biggest mysteries in cancer research remains why mutations in certain genes cause cancer only at specific sites in the human body. The poor correlation between the expression level of a cancer gene and the tissues in which it causes malignant transformations raises the question of which factors determine the tissue-specific effects of a mutation. Here, we explore why some cancer genes are associated only with few different cancer types (i.e., are specific), while others are found mutated in a large number of different types of cancer (i.e., are general). We do so by contrasting cellular functions of specific-cancer genes with those of general ones to identify properties that determine where in the body a gene mutation is causing malignant transformations. We identified different groups of cancer genes that did not behave as expected (i.e., DNA repair genes being tissue specific, immune response genes showing a bimodal specificity function or strong association of generally expressed genes to particular cancers). Analysis of these three groups demonstrates the importance of environmental impact for understanding why certain cancer genes are only involved in the development of some cancer types but are rarely found mutated in other types of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin H Schaefer
- EMBL/CRG Systems Biology Research Unit, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luis Serrano
- EMBL/CRG Systems Biology Research Unit, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona, Spain.,Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Pg. Lluís Companys 23, Barcelona, Spain
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19
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Slatter TL, Hung NG, Clow WM, Royds JA, Devenish CJ, Hung NA. A clinicopathological study of episomal papillomavirus infection of the human placenta and pregnancy complications. Mod Pathol 2015; 28:1369-82. [PMID: 26293778 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2015.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Viral infections are known to adversely affect pregnancy, but scant attention has been given to human papilloma virus (HPV) infection. We aimed to determine the molecular and histopathological features of placental HPV infection, in association with pregnancy complications including fetal growth restriction, pre-maturity, pre-eclampsia, and diabetes. Three hundred and thirty-nine placentae were selected based on the presence or absence of pregnancy complications. Five independent methods were used to identify HPV in the placenta, namely, immunohistochemistry for L1 viral capsid, in situ hybridization to high-risk HPV DNA, PCR, western blotting, and transmission electron microscopy. Pregnancy complications and uterine cervical smear screening results were correlated with placental HPV histopathology. In this study, which was deliberately biased towards complications, HPV was found in the decidua of 75% of placentae (253/339) and was statistically associated with histological acute chorioamnionitis (P<0.05). In 14% (35/253) of the HPV positive cases, HPV L1 immunoreactivity also occurred in the villous trophoblast where it was associated with a lymphohistiocytic villitis (HPV-LHV), and was exclusively of high-risk HPV type. HPV-LHV significantly associated with fetal growth restriction, preterm delivery, and pre-eclampsia (all P<0.05). All cases of pre-eclampsia (20/20) in our cohort had high-risk placental HPV. A further 55 cases (22%, 55/253) of HPV positive placentae had minimal villous trophoblast HPV L1 immunoreactivity, but a sclerosing pauci-immune villitis, statistically associated with diabetes (49.1%, 27/55, P<0.05). For women with placental HPV, 33% (69/207) had an HPV-related positive smear result before pregnancy compared with (9.4% 8/85) of women with HPV-negative placentae (P=0.0001). Our findings support further investigations to determine if vaccination of women and men will improve pregnancy outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania L Slatter
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | | | - William M Clow
- Women's and Children's Health, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Janice A Royds
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Celia J Devenish
- Women's and Children's Health, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Noelyn A Hung
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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20
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Ishida M, Ishida T, Tashiro S, Uchida H, Sakai C, Hironobe N, Miura K, Hashimoto Y, Arihiro K, Chayama K, Kihara Y, Yoshizumi M. Smoking cessation reverses DNA double-strand breaks in human mononuclear cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103993. [PMID: 25093845 PMCID: PMC4122368 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cigarette smoking is a major risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, which is responsible for a significant proportion of smoking-related deaths. However, the precise mechanism whereby smoking induces this pathology has not been fully delineated. Based on observation of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), the most harmful type of DNA damage, in atherosclerotic lesions, we hypothesized that there is a direct association between smoking and DSBs. The goal of this study was to investigate whether smoking induces DSBs and smoking cessation reverses DSBs in vivo through examination of peripheral mononuclear cells (MNCs). APPROACH AND RESULTS Immunoreactivity of oxidative modification of DNA and DSBs were increased in human atherosclerotic lesions but not in the adjacent normal area. DSBs in human MNCs isolated from the blood of volunteers can be detected as cytologically visible "foci" using an antibody against the phosphorylated form of the histone H2AX (γ-H2AX). Young healthy active smokers (n = 15) showed increased γ-H2AX foci number when compared with non-smokers (n = 12) (foci number/cell: median, 0.37/cell; interquartile range [IQR], 0.31-0.58 vs. 4.36/cell; IQR, 3.09-7.39, p<0.0001). Smoking cessation for 1 month reduced the γ-H2AX foci number (median, 4.44/cell; IQR, 4.36-5.24 to 0.28/cell; IQR, 0.12-0.53, p<0.05). A positive correlation was noted between γ-H2AX foci number and exhaled carbon monoxide levels (r = 0.75, p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS Smoking induces DSBs in human MNCs in vivo, and importantly, smoking cessation for 1 month resulted in a decrease in DSBs to a level comparable to that seen in non-smokers. These data reinforce the notion that the cigarette smoking induces DSBs and highlight the importance of smoking cessation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Ishida
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology and Medicine, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takafumi Ishida
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Satoshi Tashiro
- Department of Cellular Biology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hitomi Uchida
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology and Medicine, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Chiemi Sakai
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology and Medicine, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Naoya Hironobe
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Katsuya Miura
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology and Medicine, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yu Hashimoto
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Koji Arihiro
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Chayama
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yasuki Kihara
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Masao Yoshizumi
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology and Medicine, Hiroshima University Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
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