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Fan X, Huang Y, Zhong Y, Yan Y, Li J, Fan Y, Xie F, Luo Q, Zhang Z. A new marker constructed from immune-related lncRNA pairs can be used to predict clinical treatment effects and prognosis: in-depth exploration of underlying mechanisms in HNSCC. World J Surg Oncol 2023; 21:250. [PMID: 37592311 PMCID: PMC10433616 DOI: 10.1186/s12957-023-03066-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) plays a vital role in tumor proliferation, migration, and treatment. Since it is challenging to standardize the gene expression levels detected by different platforms, the signatures composed of many immune-related single lncRNAs are still inaccurate. Utilizing a gene pair formed of two immune-related lncRNAs and strategically assigning values can effectively meet the demand for a higher-accuracy dual biomarker combination. METHODS Co-expression and differential expression analyses were performed on immune genes and lncRNAs data from The Cancer Genome Atlas and the ImmPort database to obtain differentially expressed immune-related lncRNAs for pairwise pairing. The prognostic-related differentially expressed immune-related lncRNAs (PR-DE-irlncRNAs) pairs were then identified by univariate Cox regression and used for lasso regression to construct a prognostic model. Various methods were used to validate the predictive prognostic performance of the model. Additionally, we explored the potential guiding value of the model in immunotherapy and chemotherapy and constructed a nomogram suitable for efficient prognosis prediction. Mechanistic exploration of anti-tumor immunity and mutational perspectives are also included. We also analyzed the correlation between the model and immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs)-related, N6-methyadenosine (m6A)-related, and multidrug resistance genes. RESULTS We used a total of 20 pairs of PR-DE-irlncRNAs to create a prognosis model. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction experiments further verified the abnormal expression of 11 lncRNAs in HNSCC cells. Various methods have confirmed the excellent performance of the model in predicting patient prognosis. We reasoned that lncRNAs/TP53 mutation might play a positive/negative anti-tumor role through the immune system by multi-perspective analyses. Finally, it was found that the prognostic model was closely related to immunotherapy and chemotherapy as well as the expression of ICIs/m6A/multidrug resistance-related genes. CONCLUSION The prognostic model performs excellently in predicting the prognosis of patients and provides the potential value of practical guidance for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Fan
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Yuhan Huang
- Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Yun Zhong
- The First Clinical Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Yujie Yan
- School of Stomatology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Jiaqi Li
- School of Stomatology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Yanting Fan
- The First Clinical Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Fei Xie
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Qing Luo
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Zhiyuan Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China.
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Verdugo-Sivianes EM, Carnero A. SPINOPHILIN: a multiplayer tumor suppressor. Genes Dis 2022; 10:187-198. [PMID: 37013033 PMCID: PMC10066247 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2021.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
SPINOPHILIN (SPN, PPP1R9B or NEURABIN-2) is a multifunctional protein that regulates protein-protein interactions in different cell signaling pathways. SPN is also one of the regulatory subunits of protein phosphatase 1 (PP1), implicated in the dephosphorylation of retinoblastoma protein (pRB) during cell cycle. The SPN gene has been described as a tumor suppressor in different human tumor contexts, in which low levels of SPN are correlated with a higher grade and worse prognosis. In addition, mutations of the SPN protein have been reported in human tumors. Recently, an oncogenic mutation of SPN, A566V, was described, which affects both the SPN-PP1 interaction and the phosphatase activity of the holoenzyme, and promotes p53-dependent tumorigenesis by increasing the cancer stem cell (CSC) pool in breast tumors. Thus, the loss or mutation of SPN could be late events that promotes tumor progression by increasing the CSC pool and, eventually, the malignant behavior of the tumor.
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Verdugo-Sivianes EM, Carnero A. Role of the Holoenzyme PP1-SPN in the Dephosphorylation of the RB Family of Tumor Suppressors During Cell Cycle. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13092226. [PMID: 34066428 PMCID: PMC8124259 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13092226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Cell cycle progression is highly regulated by modulating the phosphorylation status of retinoblastoma (RB) family proteins. This process is controlled by a balance in the action of kinases, such as the complexes formed by cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) and cyclins, and phosphatases, mainly the protein phosphatase 1 (PP1). However, while the phosphorylation of the RB family has been largely studied, its dephosphorylation is less known. Recently, the PP1-Spinophilin (SPN) holoenzyme has been described as the main phosphatase responsible for the dephosphorylation of RB proteins during the G0/G1 transition and at the end of G1. Here, we describe the regulation of the phosphorylation status of RB family proteins, giving importance not only to their inactivation by phosphorylation but also to their dephosphorylation to restore the cell cycle. Abstract Cell cycle progression is highly regulated by modulating the phosphorylation status of the retinoblastoma protein (pRB) and the other two members of the RB family, p107 and p130. This process is controlled by a balance in the action of kinases, such as the complexes formed by cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) and cyclins, and phosphatases, mainly the protein phosphatase 1 (PP1). However, while the phosphorylation of the RB family has been largely studied, its dephosphorylation is less known. Phosphatases are holoenzymes formed by a catalytic subunit and a regulatory protein with substrate specificity. Recently, the PP1-Spinophilin (SPN) holoenzyme has been described as the main phosphatase responsible for the dephosphorylation of RB proteins during the G0/G1 transition and at the end of G1. Moreover, SPN has been described as a tumor suppressor dependent on PP1 in lung and breast tumors, where it promotes tumorigenesis by increasing the cancer stem cell pool. Therefore, a connection between the cell cycle and stem cell biology has also been proposed via SPN/PP1/RB proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva M. Verdugo-Sivianes
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBIS, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Manuel Siurot s/n, 41013 Seville, Spain;
- CIBERONC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Amancio Carnero
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBIS, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Manuel Siurot s/n, 41013 Seville, Spain;
- CIBERONC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-955-92-31-11
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Verdugo-Sivianes EM, Rojas AM, Muñoz-Galván S, Otero-Albiol D, Carnero A. Mutation of SPINOPHILIN (PPP1R9B) found in human tumors promotes the tumorigenic and stemness properties of cells. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:3452-3471. [PMID: 33537097 PMCID: PMC7847670 DOI: 10.7150/thno.53572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: SPINOPHILIN (SPN, PPP1R9B) is an important tumor suppressor involved in the progression and malignancy of different tumors depending on its association with protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) and the ability of the PP1-SPN holoenzyme to dephosphorylate retinoblastoma (pRB). Methods: We performed a mutational analysis of SPN in human tumors, focusing on the region of interaction with PP1 and pRB. We explored the effect of the SPN-A566V mutation in an immortalized non-tumorigenic cell line of epithelial breast tissue, MCF10A, and in two different p53-mutated breast cancer cells lines, T47D and MDA-MB-468. Results: We characterized an oncogenic mutation of SPN found in human tumor samples, SPN-A566V, that affects both the SPN-PP1 interaction and its phosphatase activity. The SPN-A566V mutation does not affect the interaction of the PP1-SPN holoenzyme with pocket proteins pRB, p107 and p130, but it affects its ability to dephosphorylate them during G0/G1 and G1, indicating that the PP1-SPN holoenzyme regulates cell cycle progression. SPN-A566V also promoted stemness, establishing a connection between the cell cycle and stem cell biology via pocket proteins and PP1-SPN regulation. However, only cells with both SPN-A566V and mutant p53 have increased tumorigenic and stemness properties. Conclusions: SPN-A566V, or other equivalent mutations, could be late events that promote tumor progression by increasing the CSC pool and, eventually, the malignant behavior of the tumor.
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Richtig G, Aigelsreiter AM, Asslaber M, Weiland T, Pichler M, Eberhard K, Sygulla S, Schauer S, Hoefler G, Aigelsreiter A. Hedgehog pathway proteins SMO and GLI expression as prognostic markers in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Histopathology 2019; 75:118-127. [PMID: 30861166 PMCID: PMC6851882 DOI: 10.1111/his.13860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Aims Because the hedgehog signalling pathway plays a major role in many types of cancer and can nowadays be targeted by specific compounds, we aimed to investigate the role of this pathway in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Methods and results Ninety‐eight treatment‐naive head and neck cancer specimens were immunohistologically stained for SMO, GLI‐1, p53 and p16 expression and correlated with clinicopathological factors. Immunoreactivity for SMO and GLI‐1 was found in 20 (20.4%) and 52 (53.1%) cases of tumours, respectively. SMO expression correlated with GLI‐1 expression (ρ = 0.258, P = 0.010) in univariate and multivariate analysis (P = 0.007, t = 2.81). In univariate analysis, high SMO expression was associated with shorter overall survival (HR = 0.56; 95% CI = 0.32–0.98; P = 0.044) and disease‐free survival (HR = 0.53; 95% CI = 0.30–0.95; P = 0.034). In multivariate cox regression analysis SMO expression showed a trend towards an independent predictor for shorter overall survival (HR = 0.57; 95% CI = 0.30–1.05; P = 0.072) and disease‐free survival (HR = 0.53; 95% CI = 0.28–1.02; P = 0.056). In head and neck cancer patients with low tumour p16 expression, SMO expression was an independent factor for overall survival (HR = 0.49; 95% CI = 0.24–0.98; P = 0.043) and disease‐free survival (HR = 0.45; 95% CI = 0.22‐0.96; P = 0.037). Conclusion Although it needs to be confirmed in larger cohorts, our results suggest that targeting SMO might be a potentially therapeutic option in patients with head and neck cancer. In line, molecular pathological analyses including mutation analysis in the hedgehog pathway might point to additional therapeutic leads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Richtig
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Pharmacology Section, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,Division of Oncology, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Martin Asslaber
- Diagnostic and Research Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Thomas Weiland
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Martin Pichler
- Division of Oncology, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Katharina Eberhard
- Core Facility Computational Bioanalytics, Center for Medical Research, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Stephan Sygulla
- Diagnostic and Research Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Silvia Schauer
- Diagnostic and Research Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Gerald Hoefler
- Diagnostic and Research Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Ariane Aigelsreiter
- Diagnostic and Research Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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Verdugo-Sivianes EM, Navas L, Molina-Pinelo S, Ferrer I, Quintanal-Villalonga A, Peinado J, Garcia-Heredia JM, Felipe-Abrio B, Muñoz-Galvan S, Marin JJ, Montuenga L, Paz-Ares L, Carnero A. Coordinated downregulation of Spinophilin and the catalytic subunits of PP1, PPP1CA/B/C, contributes to a worse prognosis in lung cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 8:105196-105210. [PMID: 29285244 PMCID: PMC5739631 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The scaffold protein Spinophilin (Spinophilin, PPP1R9B) is one of the regulatory subunits of phosphatase-1 (PP1), directing it to distinct subcellular locations and targets. The loss of Spinophilin reduces PP1 targeting to pRb, thereby maintaining higher levels of phosphorylated pRb. Spinophilin is absent or reduced in approximately 40% of human lung tumors, correlating with the malignant grade. However, little is known about the relevance of the coordinated activity or presence of Spinophilin and its reported catalytic partners in the prognosis of lung cancer. In the present work, we show that the downregulation of Spinophilin, either by protein or mRNA, is related to a worse prognosis in lung tumors. This effect is more relevant in squamous cell carcinoma, SCC, than in adenocarcinoma. Downregulation of Spinophilin is related to a decrease in the levels of its partners PPP1CA/B/C, the catalytic subunits of PP1. A decrease in these subunits is also related to prognosis in SCC and, in combination with a decrease in Spinophilin, are markers of a poor prognosis in these tumors. The analysis of the genes that correlate to Spinophilin in lung tumors showed clear enrichment in ATP biosynthesis and protein degradation GO pathways. The analysis of the response to several common and pathway-related drugs indicates a direct correlation between the Spinophilin/PPP1Cs ratio and the response to oxaliplatin and bortezomib. This finding indicates that this ratio may be a good predictive biomarker for the activity of the drugs in these tumors with a poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva M Verdugo-Sivianes
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Universidad de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Sevilla, Spain.,CIBER de Cáncer, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Pabellón 11, Planta 0, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lola Navas
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Universidad de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Sevilla, Spain.,CIBER de Cáncer, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Pabellón 11, Planta 0, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sonia Molina-Pinelo
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Universidad de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Sevilla, Spain.,CIBER de Cáncer, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Pabellón 11, Planta 0, Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Ferrer
- CIBER de Cáncer, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Pabellón 11, Planta 0, Madrid, Spain.,H120-CNIO Lung Cancer Clinical Research Unit, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre and CNIO, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alvaro Quintanal-Villalonga
- H120-CNIO Lung Cancer Clinical Research Unit, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre and CNIO, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Peinado
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Universidad de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Sevilla, Spain.,Radiation Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Jose M Garcia-Heredia
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Universidad de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Sevilla, Spain.,CIBER de Cáncer, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Pabellón 11, Planta 0, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Vegetal Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Blanca Felipe-Abrio
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Universidad de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Sevilla, Spain.,CIBER de Cáncer, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Pabellón 11, Planta 0, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandra Muñoz-Galvan
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Universidad de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Sevilla, Spain.,CIBER de Cáncer, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Pabellón 11, Planta 0, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan J Marin
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Universidad de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Sevilla, Spain.,CIBER de Cáncer, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Pabellón 11, Planta 0, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Predictive Medicine and Public Health, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Luis Montuenga
- CIBER de Cáncer, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Pabellón 11, Planta 0, Madrid, Spain.,Program in Solid Tumors and Biomarkers, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Luis Paz-Ares
- CIBER de Cáncer, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Pabellón 11, Planta 0, Madrid, Spain.,H120-CNIO Lung Cancer Clinical Research Unit, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre and CNIO, Madrid, Spain
| | - Amancio Carnero
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Universidad de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Sevilla, Spain.,CIBER de Cáncer, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Pabellón 11, Planta 0, Madrid, Spain
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Schwarzenbacher D, Stiegelbauer V, Deutsch A, Ress AL, Aigelsreiter A, Schauer S, Wagner K, Langsenlehner T, Resel M, Gerger A, Ling H, Ivan C, Calin GA, Hoefler G, Rinner B, Pichler M. Low spinophilin expression enhances aggressive biological behavior of breast cancer. Oncotarget 2016; 6:11191-202. [PMID: 25857299 PMCID: PMC4484449 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinophilin, a putative tumor suppressor gene, has been shown to be involved in the pathogenesis of certain types of cancer, but its role has never been systematically explored in breast cancer. In this study, we determined for the first time the expression pattern of spinophilin in human breast cancer molecular subtypes (n = 489) and correlated it with survival (n = 921). We stably reduced spinophilin expression in breast cancer cells and measured effects on cellular growth, apoptosis, anchorage-independent growth, migration, invasion and self-renewal capacity in vitro and metastases formation in vivo. Microarray profiling was used to determine the most abundantly expressed genes in spinophilin-silenced breast cancer cells. Spinophilin expression was significantly lower in basal-like breast cancer (p<0.001) and an independent poor prognostic factor in breast cancer patients (hazard ratio = 1.93, 95% confidence interval: 1.24-3.03; p = 0.004) A reduction of spinophilin levels increased cellular growth in breast cancer cells (p<0.05), without influencing activation of apoptosis. Anchorage-independent growth, migration and self-renewal capacity in vitro and metastatic potential in vivo were also significantly increased in spinophilin-silenced cells (p<0.05). Finally, we identified several differentially expressed genes in spinophilin-silenced cells. According to our data, low levels of spinophilin are associated with aggressive behavior of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Verena Stiegelbauer
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Alexander Deutsch
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Anna Lena Ress
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | | | - Silvia Schauer
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Karin Wagner
- Center for Medical Research, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Tanja Langsenlehner
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Margit Resel
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Armin Gerger
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Hui Ling
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, TX, USA
| | - Cristina Ivan
- Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNAs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, TX, USA
| | - George Adrian Calin
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, TX, USA.,Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNAs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, TX, USA
| | - Gerald Hoefler
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Beate Rinner
- Center for Medical Research, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Martin Pichler
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Austria.,Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, TX, USA
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Loss of the tumor suppressor spinophilin (PPP1R9B) increases the cancer stem cell population in breast tumors. Oncogene 2015; 35:2777-88. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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9
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Ress AL, Stiegelbauer V, Schwarzenbacher D, Deutsch A, Perakis S, Ling H, Ivan C, Calin GA, Rinner B, Gerger A, Pichler M. Spinophilin expression determines cellular growth, cancer stemness and 5-flourouracil resistance in colorectal cancer. Oncotarget 2015; 5:8492-502. [PMID: 25261368 PMCID: PMC4226699 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The putative tumor suppressor gene spinophilin has been involved in cancer progression in several types of cancer. In this study, we explored the prognostic value of spinophilin expression in 162 colon adenocarcinoma patients. In addition, we generated stably expressing spinophilin-directed shRNA CRC cell lines and studied the influence of spinophilin expression on cellular phenotypes and molecular interactions. We independently confirmed that low spinophilin expression levels are associated with poor prognosis in CRC patients (p = 0.038). A reduction of spinophilin levels in p53 wild-type HCT116 and p53-mutated Caco-2 cells led to increased cellular growth rates and anchorage-independent growth (p<0.05). At molecular level, reduced spinophilin levels increased the expression of the transcription factor E2F-1. In addition, we observed an increased formation of tumor spheres, increased number of CD133 positive cells and an increased resistance to 5-flourouracil (p<0.05). Finally, treatment with the de-methylating agent 5-aza-dC increased spinophilin expression in CRC cells (p<0.05), corroborated by a correlation of spinophilin expression and extent of methylated CpG sites in the gene promoter region (p<0.001). In conclusion, gain of aggressive biological properties of CRC cells including cellular growth, cancer stem cell features and 5-flourouracil resistance partly explains the role of spinophilin in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lena Ress
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Austria. These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Verena Stiegelbauer
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Austria. These authors contributed equally to this work
| | | | - Alexander Deutsch
- Division of Haematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Samantha Perakis
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Hui Ling
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, TX, USA
| | - Cristina Ivan
- Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNAs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, TX, USA
| | - George Adrian Calin
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, TX, USA. Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNAs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, TX, USA
| | - Beate Rinner
- Center for Medical Research, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Armin Gerger
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Martin Pichler
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Austria. Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, TX, USA
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