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Li X, Ding Z, Qi S, Wang P, Wang J, Zhou J. Genetically Predicted Association of 91 Circulating Inflammatory Proteins with Multiple Sclerosis: A Mendelian Randomization Study. Brain Sci 2024; 14:833. [PMID: 39199524 PMCID: PMC11353031 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14080833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2024] [Revised: 08/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/15/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have validated a close association between inflammatory factors and multiple sclerosis (MS), but their causal relationship is not fully profiled yet. This study used Mendelian randomization (MR) to investigate the causal effect of circulating inflammatory proteins on MS. Data from a large-scale genome-wide association study (GWAS) were analyzed using a two-sample MR method to explore the relationship between 91 circulating inflammatory proteins and MS. The inverse-variance-weighted (IVW) analysis was employed as the main method for evaluating exposures and outcomes. Furthermore, series of the methods of MR Egger, weighted median, simple mode, and weighted mode were used to fortify the final results. The results of the IVW method were corrected with Bonferroni (bon) and false discovery rate (fdr) for validating the robustness of results and ensuring the absence of heterogeneity and horizontal pleiotropy. The sensitivity analysis was also performed. The results of the forward MR analysis showed that higher levels of CCL25 were found to be associated with an increased risk of MS according to IVW results, OR: 1.085, 95% CI (1.011, 1.165), p = 2.42 × 10-2, adjusted p_adj_bon = 1, p_adj_fdr = 0.307. Similarly, higher levels of CXCL10 were found to be associated with an increased risk of MS, OR: 1.231, 95% CI (1.057, 1.433), p = 7.49 × 10-3, adjusted p_adj_bon = 0.682, p_adj_fdr = 0.227. In contrast, elevated levels of neurturin (NRTN) were associated with a decreased risk of MS, OR: 0.815, 95% CI (0.689, 0.964), p = 1.68 × 10-2, adjusted p_adj_bon = 1, p_adj_fdr = 0.307. Reverse MR analysis showed no causal relationship between MS and the identified circulating inflammatory cytokines. The effects of heterogeneity and level pleiotropy were further excluded by sensitivity analysis. This study provides new insights into the relationship between circulating inflammatory proteins and MS and brings up a new possibility of using these cytokines as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets. The data in this study show that there are only weak associations between inflammatory molecules and MS risk, which did not survive bon and fdr correction, and the obtained p-values are quite low. Therefore, further studies on larger samples are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin’ai Li
- Department of Thyropathy, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100013, China; (X.L.); (Z.D.); (S.Q.)
| | - Zhiguo Ding
- Department of Thyropathy, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100013, China; (X.L.); (Z.D.); (S.Q.)
- Sun Simiao Institute, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Tongchuan 727000, China
- Thyropathy Hospital, Sun Simiao Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Tongchuan 727000, China
| | - Shuo Qi
- Department of Thyropathy, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100013, China; (X.L.); (Z.D.); (S.Q.)
- Sun Simiao Institute, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Tongchuan 727000, China
- Thyropathy Hospital, Sun Simiao Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Tongchuan 727000, China
| | - Peng Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodelling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China;
| | - Junhui Wang
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Jingwei Zhou
- The 1st Ward, Department of Nephrology and Endocrinology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100010, China
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Ciechanowska A, Mika J. CC Chemokine Family Members' Modulation as a Novel Approach for Treating Central Nervous System and Peripheral Nervous System Injury-A Review of Clinical and Experimental Findings. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3788. [PMID: 38612597 PMCID: PMC11011591 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite significant progress in modern medicine and pharmacology, damage to the nervous system with various etiologies still poses a challenge to doctors and scientists. Injuries lead to neuroimmunological changes in the central nervous system (CNS), which may result in both secondary damage and the development of tactile and thermal hypersensitivity. In our review, based on the analysis of many experimental and clinical studies, we indicate that the mechanisms occurring both at the level of the brain after direct damage and at the level of the spinal cord after peripheral nerve damage have a common immunological basis. This suggests that there are opportunities for similar pharmacological therapeutic interventions in the damage of various etiologies. Experimental data indicate that after CNS/PNS damage, the levels of 16 among the 28 CC-family chemokines, i.e., CCL1, CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, CCL5, CCL6, CCL7, CCL8, CCL9, CCL11, CCL12, CCL17, CCL19, CCL20, CCL21, and CCL22, increase in the brain and/or spinal cord and have strong proinflammatory and/or pronociceptive effects. According to the available literature data, further investigation is still needed for understanding the role of the remaining chemokines, especially six of them which were found in humans but not in mice/rats, i.e., CCL13, CCL14, CCL15, CCL16, CCL18, and CCL23. Over the past several years, the results of studies in which available pharmacological tools were used indicated that blocking individual receptors, e.g., CCR1 (J113863 and BX513), CCR2 (RS504393, CCX872, INCB3344, and AZ889), CCR3 (SB328437), CCR4 (C021 and AZD-2098), and CCR5 (maraviroc, AZD-5672, and TAK-220), has beneficial effects after damage to both the CNS and PNS. Recently, experimental data have proved that blockades exerted by double antagonists CCR1/3 (UCB 35625) and CCR2/5 (cenicriviroc) have very good anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects. In addition, both single (J113863, RS504393, SB328437, C021, and maraviroc) and dual (cenicriviroc) chemokine receptor antagonists enhanced the analgesic effect of opioid drugs. This review will display the evidence that a multidirectional strategy based on the modulation of neuronal-glial-immune interactions can significantly improve the health of patients after CNS and PNS damage by changing the activity of chemokines belonging to the CC family. Moreover, in the case of pain, the combined administration of such antagonists with opioid drugs could reduce therapeutic doses and minimize the risk of complications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joanna Mika
- Department of Pain Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smetna Str., 31-343 Kraków, Poland;
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3
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Zeng X, Lei Y, Pan S, Sun J, He H, Xiao D, Jamal M, Shen H, Zhou F, Shao L, Zhang Q. LncRNA15691 promotes T-ALL infiltration by upregulating CCR9 via increased MATR3 stability. J Leukoc Biol 2023; 113:203-215. [PMID: 36822174 DOI: 10.1093/jleuko/qiac010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Our previous studies demonstrated that CCR9 plays an important role in several aspects of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia progression and that CCR9 is a potential therapeutic target. However, the underlying mechanism that regulates CCR9 expression remains incompletely understood. In this study, bioinformatics analysis and validation in clinical samples revealed the lncRNA15691 to be positively correlated with CCR9 mRNA expression and significantly upregulated in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia samples and CCR9high T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia cell lines. LncRNA15691, a previously uncharacterized lncRNA, was found to be located in both the cytoplasm and the nucleus via fluorescence in situ hybridization assay. In addition, lncRNA15691 upregulated the expression of CCR9 and was involved in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia cell invasion. In vivo experiments showed that lncRNA15691 promoted leukemia cell homing/infiltration into the bone marrow, blood, and spleen, whereas the CCR9 ligand, CCL25, augmented the extramedullary infiltration of CCR9low leukemia cells overexpressing lncRNA15691 into blood, spleen, and liver. Subsequently, RNA protein pull-down assays, coupled with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, were used to uncover potential lncRNA15691-interacting proteins, which were then validated by RNA immunoprecipitation. These mechanistic studies revealed that lncRNA15691 upregulated CCR9 expression via directly binding to and stabilizing MATR3 by inhibiting its nuclear degradation mediated by PKA. Collectively, our study revealed a novel mechanism of regulating CCR9 expression and implicated lncRNA15691 as a potential novel biomarker for T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia infiltration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingruo Zeng
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, 185 Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Yufei Lei
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, 185 Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Shan Pan
- School of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, 947 Heping Avenue, Qingshan District, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Jiaxing Sun
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, 185 Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Hengjing He
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, 185 Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Di Xiao
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, 185 Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Muhammad Jamal
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, 185 Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Hui Shen
- Department of Hematology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, 169 Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Fuling Zhou
- Department of Hematology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, 169 Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Liang Shao
- Department of Hematology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, 169 Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
| | - Quiping Zhang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, 185 Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China.,Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan University, 185 Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China
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Kobayashi H, Asano T, Tanaka T, Suzuki H, Kaneko MK, Kato Y. Determination of the Binding Epitope of an Anti-Mouse CCR9 Monoclonal Antibody (C 9Mab-24) Using the 1× Alanine and 2× Alanine-Substitution Method. Antibodies (Basel) 2023; 12:antib12010011. [PMID: 36810516 PMCID: PMC9945134 DOI: 10.3390/antib12010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
C-C chemokine receptor 9 (CCR9) is a receptor for C-C-chemokine ligand 25 (CCL25). CCR9 is crucial in the chemotaxis of immune cells and inflammatory responses. Moreover, CCR9 is highly expressed in tumors, including several solid tumors and T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Several preclinical studies have shown that anti-CCR9 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) exert antitumor activity. Therefore, CCR9 is an attractive target for tumor therapy. In this study, we conducted the epitope mapping of an anti-mouse CCR9 (mCCR9) mAb, C9Mab-24 (rat IgG2a, kappa), using the 1× alanine (1× Ala)- and 2× alanine (2× Ala)-substitution methods via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. We first performed the 1× Ala-substitution method using one alanine-substituted peptides of the mCCR9 N-terminus (amino acids 1-19). C9Mab-24 did not recognize two peptides (F14A and F17A), indicating that Phe14 and Phe17 are critical for C9Mab-24-binding to mCCR9. Furthermore, we conducted the 2× Ala-substitution method using two consecutive alanine-substituted peptides of the mCCR9 N-terminus, and showed that C9Mab-24 did not react with four peptides (M13A-F14A, F14A-D15A, D16A-F17A, and F17A-S18A), indicating that 13-MFDDFS-18 is involved in C9Mab-24-binding to mCCR9. Overall, combining, the 1× Ala- or 2× Ala-scanning methods could be useful for understanding for target-antibody interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiyori Kobayashi
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Teizo Asano
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Tanaka
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Suzuki
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
- Correspondence: (H.S.); (Y.K.); Tel.: +81-22-717-8207 (H.S. & Y.K.)
| | - Mika K. Kaneko
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Yukinari Kato
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
- Correspondence: (H.S.); (Y.K.); Tel.: +81-22-717-8207 (H.S. & Y.K.)
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Uhl B, Prochazka KT, Pansy K, Wenzl K, Strobl J, Baumgartner C, Szmyra MM, Waha JE, Wolf A, Tomazic PV, Steinbauer E, Steinwender M, Friedl S, Weniger M, Küppers R, Pichler M, Greinix HT, Stary G, Ramsay AG, Apollonio B, Feichtinger J, Beham-Schmid C, Neumeister P, Deutsch AJ. Distinct Chemokine Receptor Expression Profiles in De Novo DLBCL, Transformed Follicular Lymphoma, Richter's Trans-Formed DLBCL and Germinal Center B-Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:7874. [PMID: 35887224 PMCID: PMC9316992 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokine receptors and their ligands have been identified as playing an important role in the development of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), follicular lymphoma, and Richter syndrome (RS). Our aim was to investigate the different expression profiles in de novo DLBCL, transformed follicular lymphoma (tFL), and RS. Here, we profiled the mRNA expression levels of 18 chemokine receptors (CCR1-CCR9, CXCR1-CXCR7, CX3CR1 and XCR1) using RQ-PCR, as well as immunohistochemistry of seven chemokine receptors (CCR1, CCR4-CCR8 and CXCR2) in RS, de novo DLBCL, and tFL biopsy-derived tissues. Tonsil-derived germinal center B-cells (GC-B) served as non-neoplastic controls. The chemokine receptor expression profiles of de novo DLBCL and tFL substantially differed from those of GC-B, with at least 5-fold higher expression of 15 out of the 18 investigated chemokine receptors (CCR1-CCR9, CXCR1, CXCR2, CXCR6, CXCR7, CX3CR1 and XCR1) in these lymphoma subtypes. Interestingly, the de novo DLBCL and tFL exhibited at least 22-fold higher expression of CCR1, CCR5, CCR8, and CXCR6 compared with RS, whereas no significant difference in chemokine receptor expression profile was detected when comparing de novo DLBCL with tFL. Furthermore, in de novo DLBCL and tFLs, a high expression of CCR7 was associated with a poor overall survival in our study cohort, as well as in an independent patient cohort. Our data indicate that the chemokine receptor expression profile of RS differs substantially from that of de novo DLBCL and tFL. Thus, these multiple dysregulated chemokine receptors could represent novel clinical markers as diagnostic and prognostic tools. Moreover, this study highlights the relevance of chemokine signaling crosstalk in the tumor microenvironment of aggressive lymphomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Uhl
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria; (B.U.); (K.T.P.); (K.P.); (K.W.); (M.M.S.); (H.T.G.)
| | - Katharina T. Prochazka
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria; (B.U.); (K.T.P.); (K.P.); (K.W.); (M.M.S.); (H.T.G.)
| | - Katrin Pansy
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria; (B.U.); (K.T.P.); (K.P.); (K.W.); (M.M.S.); (H.T.G.)
| | - Kerstin Wenzl
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria; (B.U.); (K.T.P.); (K.P.); (K.W.); (M.M.S.); (H.T.G.)
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA
| | - Johanna Strobl
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (J.S.); (G.S.)
| | - Claudia Baumgartner
- Division of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria; (C.B.); (J.F.)
| | - Marta M. Szmyra
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria; (B.U.); (K.T.P.); (K.P.); (K.W.); (M.M.S.); (H.T.G.)
| | - James E. Waha
- General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria;
| | - Axel Wolf
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria; (A.W.); (P.V.T.)
| | - Peter V. Tomazic
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria; (A.W.); (P.V.T.)
| | - Elisabeth Steinbauer
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria; (E.S.); (M.S.); (S.F.); (C.B.-S.)
| | - Maria Steinwender
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria; (E.S.); (M.S.); (S.F.); (C.B.-S.)
| | - Sabine Friedl
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria; (E.S.); (M.S.); (S.F.); (C.B.-S.)
| | - Marc Weniger
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University of Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany; (M.W.); (R.K.)
| | - Ralf Küppers
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University of Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany; (M.W.); (R.K.)
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin Pichler
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria;
| | - Hildegard T. Greinix
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria; (B.U.); (K.T.P.); (K.P.); (K.W.); (M.M.S.); (H.T.G.)
| | - Georg Stary
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (J.S.); (G.S.)
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Alan G. Ramsay
- Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK; (A.G.R.); (B.A.)
| | - Benedetta Apollonio
- Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK; (A.G.R.); (B.A.)
| | - Julia Feichtinger
- Division of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria; (C.B.); (J.F.)
| | - Christine Beham-Schmid
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria; (E.S.); (M.S.); (S.F.); (C.B.-S.)
| | - Peter Neumeister
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria; (B.U.); (K.T.P.); (K.P.); (K.W.); (M.M.S.); (H.T.G.)
| | - Alexander J. Deutsch
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria; (B.U.); (K.T.P.); (K.P.); (K.W.); (M.M.S.); (H.T.G.)
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Saito M, Suzuki H, Harigae Y, Li G, Tanaka T, Asano T, Kaneko MK, Kato Y. C 9Mab-1: An Anti-Mouse CCR9 Monoclonal Antibody for Immunocytochemistry. Monoclon Antib Immunodiagn Immunother 2022; 41:120-124. [PMID: 35471047 DOI: 10.1089/mab.2021.0052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
C-C motif chemokine receptor 9 (CCR9) is a G protein-coupled receptor, which is highly expressed in T-lymphocytes and different cancer cells. CCR9 aggravates immune diseases and cancer progression and is considered a biomarker and a therapeutic target of diseases. The development of specific monoclonal antibody (mAbs) for human CCR9 (hCCR9) is required to diagnose and treat immune diseases and cancers. Previously, we established the cell-based immunization and screening (CBIS) method, which does not need purified target proteins. Anti-hCCR9 mAb (clone C9Mab-1; mouse IgG1, kappa) was also developed using the CBIS method. C9Mab-1 is usable for flow cytometry against exogenously and endogenously expressing hCCR9. This study showed that C9Mab-1 and its recombinant antibody (recC9Mab-1) specifically detected exogenous hCCR9 stably overexpressed in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO)-K1 cells and endogenous hCCR9 expressed in a human T-lymphoblastic leukemia cell line MOLT-4 cells through immunocytochemistry. This study provides a new application of C9Mab-1 and recC9Mab-1 in immunocytochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Saito
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Suzuki
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Harigae
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Guanjie Li
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Tanaka
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Teizo Asano
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Mika K Kaneko
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yukinari Kato
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.,Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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Wu X, Sun M, Yang Z, Lu C, Wang Q, Wang H, Deng C, Liu Y, Yang Y. The Roles of CCR9/CCL25 in Inflammation and Inflammation-Associated Diseases. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:686548. [PMID: 34490243 PMCID: PMC8416662 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.686548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokine is a structure-related protein with a relatively small molecular weight, which can target cells to chemotaxis and promote inflammatory response. Inflammation plays an important role in aging. C-C chemokine receptor 9 (CCR9) and its ligand C-C chemokine ligand 25 (CCL25) are involved in the regulating the occurrence and development of various diseases, which has become a research hotspot. Early research analysis of CCR9-deficient mouse models also confirmed various physiological functions of this chemokine in inflammatory responses. Moreover, CCR9/CCL25 has been shown to play an important role in a variety of inflammation-related diseases, such as cardiovascular disease (CVD), rheumatoid arthritis, hepatitis, inflammatory bowel disease, asthma, etc. Therefore, the purpose of this review gives an overview of the recent advances in understanding the roles of CCR9/CCL25 in inflammation and inflammation-associated diseases, which will contribute to the design of future experimental studies on the potential of CCR9/CCL25 and advance the research of CCR9/CCL25 as pharmacological inflammatory targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Wu
- Department of Paediatrics, Shenmu Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, Shenmu, China
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Meng Sun
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Zhi Yang
- Department of Paediatrics, Shenmu Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, Shenmu, China
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Chenxi Lu
- Department of Paediatrics, Shenmu Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, Shenmu, China
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Department of Paediatrics, Shenmu Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, Shenmu, China
| | - Haiying Wang
- Department of Paediatrics, Shenmu Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, Shenmu, China
| | - Chao Deng
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yonglin Liu
- Department of Paediatrics, Shenmu Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, Shenmu, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Paediatrics, Shenmu Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, Shenmu, China
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi’an, China
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8
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Foukas PG, Bisig B, de Leval L. Recent advances upper gastrointestinal lymphomas: molecular updates and diagnostic implications. Histopathology 2020; 78:187-214. [PMID: 33382495 DOI: 10.1111/his.14289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Approximately one-third of extranodal non-Hodgkin lymphomas involve the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, with the vast majority being diagnosed in the stomach, duodenum, or proximal small intestine. A few entities, especially diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and extranodal marginal zone lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue, represent the majority of cases. In addition, there are diseases specific to or characteristic of the GI tract, and any type of systemic lymphoma can present in or disseminate to these organs. The recent advances in the genetic and molecular characterisation of lymphoid neoplasms have translated into notable changes in the classification of primary GI T-cell neoplasms and the recommended diagnostic approach to aggressive B-cell tumours. In many instances, diagnoses rely on morphology and immunophenotype, but there is an increasing need to incorporate molecular genetic markers. Moreover, it is also important to take into consideration the endoscopic and clinical presentations. This review gives an update on the most recent developments in the pathology and molecular pathology of upper GI lymphoproliferative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Periklis G Foukas
- Second Department of Pathology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Attikon University Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Bettina Bisig
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Lausanne University Hospital and Lausanne University, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laurence de Leval
- Second Department of Pathology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Attikon University Hospital, Athens, Greece
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Korbecki J, Grochans S, Gutowska I, Barczak K, Baranowska-Bosiacka I. CC Chemokines in a Tumor: A Review of Pro-Cancer and Anti-Cancer Properties of Receptors CCR5, CCR6, CCR7, CCR8, CCR9, and CCR10 Ligands. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207619. [PMID: 33076281 PMCID: PMC7590012 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
CC chemokines (or β-chemokines) are 28 chemotactic cytokines with an N-terminal CC domain that play an important role in immune system cells, such as CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes, dendritic cells, eosinophils, macrophages, monocytes, and NK cells, as well in neoplasia. In this review, we discuss human CC motif chemokine ligands: CCL1, CCL3, CCL4, CCL5, CCL18, CCL19, CCL20, CCL21, CCL25, CCL27, and CCL28 (CC motif chemokine receptor CCR5, CCR6, CCR7, CCR8, CCR9, and CCR10 ligands). We present their functioning in human physiology and in neoplasia, including their role in the proliferation, apoptosis resistance, drug resistance, migration, and invasion of cancer cells. We discuss the significance of chemokine receptors in organ-specific metastasis, as well as the influence of each chemokine on the recruitment of various cells to the tumor niche, such as cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF), Kupffer cells, myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC), osteoclasts, tumor-associated macrophages (TAM), tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL), and regulatory T cells (Treg). Finally, we show how the effect of the chemokines on vascular endothelial cells and lymphatic endothelial cells leads to angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Korbecki
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72 Av., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (J.K.); (S.G.)
| | - Szymon Grochans
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72 Av., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (J.K.); (S.G.)
| | - Izabela Gutowska
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wlkp. 72 Av., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Katarzyna Barczak
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wlkp. 72 Av., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Irena Baranowska-Bosiacka
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72 Av., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (J.K.); (S.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-914661515
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10
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Xu B, Deng C, Wu X, Ji T, Zhao L, Han Y, Yang W, Qi Y, Wang Z, Yang Z, Yang Y. CCR9 and CCL25: A review of their roles in tumor promotion. J Cell Physiol 2020; 235:9121-9132. [PMID: 32401349 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines constitute a superfamily of small chemotactic cytokines with functions that are based on interactions with their corresponding receptors. It has been found that, among other functions, chemokines regulate the migratory and invasive abilities of cancer cells. Multiple studies have confirmed that chemokine receptor 9 (CCR9) and its exclusive ligand, chemokine 25 (CCL25), are overexpressed in a variety of malignant tumors and are closely associated with tumor proliferation, apoptosis, invasion, migration and drug resistance. This review evaluates recent advances in understanding the role of CCR9/CCL25 in cancer development. First, we outline the general background of chemokines in cancer and the structure and function of CCR9 and CCL25. Next, we describe the basic function of CCR9/CCL25 in the cancer process. Then, we introduce the role of CCR9/CCL25 and related signaling pathways in various cancers. Finally, future research directions are proposed. In general, this paper is intended to serve as a comprehensive repository of information on this topic and is expected to contribute to the design of other research projects and future efforts to develop treatment strategies for ameliorating the effects of CCR9/CCL25 in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoping Xu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chao Deng
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xue Wu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ting Ji
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lin Zhao
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuehu Han
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wenwen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yating Qi
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Central Theater Command General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
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11
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Huang Q, Liu F, Shen J. The significance of chemokines in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: a systematic review and future insights. Future Oncol 2019; 15:1385-1395. [PMID: 30880459 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2018-0514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the progress made in molecular and clinical research, patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) still have a bad prognosis. Recently, chemokines/chemokine receptors have become the subject of interest in relation to DLBCL. Studies have demonstrated the important role of chemokines/chemokine receptors in the communication between DLBCL cells and tumor microenvironment. Studies have also reported the ability of chemokines/chemokine receptors in promoting the proliferation and invasion of DLBCL cells. Here, we summarize the data on mechanisms of DLBCL supporting the involvement of chemokine/chemokine receptor changes. We focus on the available evidence regarding chemokines/chemokine receptors as biomarkers and therapeutic targets for DLBCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Huang
- Department of Hematology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Hematology, The Affiliated Union Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, PR China
| | - Feifei Liu
- Department of Hematology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Hematology, The Affiliated Union Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, PR China
| | - Jianzhen Shen
- Department of Hematology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Hematology, The Affiliated Union Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, PR China
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12
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Yang Z, Tao Y, Xu X, Cai F, Yu Y, Ma L. Bufalin inhibits cell proliferation and migration of hepatocellular carcinoma cells via APOBEC3F induced intestinal immune network for IgA production signaling pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 503:2124-2131. [PMID: 30100060 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.07.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate functions of APOBEC3F gene in biological process of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and anti-tumor mechanisms of bufalin. METHODS Effect of APOBEC3F and bufalin on cell proliferation and migration abilities were evaluated by CCK-8, wounding healing tests and transwell assays in SK-Hep1 and Bel-7404 cells. Bioinformatic analysis were also used to compare APOBEC3F expression levels, detect coexpressed genes and enrichment of pathways. RESULTS APOBEC3F was overexpressed in tumor tissues compared to adjacent tissues in HCC patients. And, APOBEC3F promotes cell proliferation and migration in SK-Hep1 and Bel-7404 cells. Bufalin inhibits cell proliferation and migration and reduces APOBEC3F expression. GO and KEGG enrichment of APOBEC3F-coexpressed genes revealed that APOBEC3F might active intestinal immune network for IgA production signaling pathway, leading to malignant biological behaviors of HCC cells. Additionally, siAPOBEC3F could decrease pIgR, CCR9, CCR10 and CXCR4 protein levels. And, bufalin inhibits the pIgR, CCR9, CCR10 and CXCR4 protein expressions. CONCLUSIONS Bufalin inhibits cell proliferation and migration of HCC cells via APOBEC3F induced intestinal immune network for IgA production signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongguo Yang
- Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200071, PR China; Department of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, PR China
| | - Yuquan Tao
- Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200071, PR China
| | - Xin Xu
- Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200071, PR China
| | - Feng Cai
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200071, PR China
| | - Yongchun Yu
- Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200071, PR China; Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, PR China.
| | - Lifang Ma
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200071, PR China.
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13
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The role of G protein-coupled receptors in lymphoid malignancies. Cell Signal 2017; 39:95-107. [PMID: 28802842 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
B cell lymphoma consists of multiple individual diseases arising throughout the lifespan of B cell development. From pro-B cells in the bone marrow, through circulating mature memory B cells, each stage of B cell development is prone to oncogenic mutation and transformation, which can lead to a corresponding lymphoma. Therapies designed against individual types of lymphoma often target features that differ between malignant cells and the corresponding normal cells from which they arise. These genetic changes between tumor and normal cells can include oncogene activation, tumor suppressor gene repression and modified cell surface receptor expression. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are an important class of cell surface receptors that represent an ideal target for lymphoma therapeutics. GPCRs bind a wide range of ligands to relay extracellular signals through G protein-mediated signaling cascades. Each lymphoma subgroup expresses a unique pattern of GPCRs and efforts are underway to fully characterize these patterns at the genetic level. Aberrations such as overexpression, deletion and mutation of GPCRs have been characterized as having causative roles in lymphoma and such studies describing GPCRs in B cell lymphomas are summarized here.
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14
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Xu Z, Mei F, Liu H, Sun C, Zheng Z. C-C Motif Chemokine Receptor 9 Exacerbates Pressure Overload-Induced Cardiac Hypertrophy and Dysfunction. J Am Heart Assoc 2016; 5:JAHA.116.003342. [PMID: 27146447 PMCID: PMC4889199 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.116.003342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Background Maladaptive cardiac hypertrophy is a major risk factor for heart failure, which is the leading cause of death worldwide. C‐C motif chemokine receptor 9 (CCR9), a subfamily of the G protein–coupled receptor supergene family, has been highlighted as an immunologic regulator in the development and homing of immune cells and in immune‐related diseases. Recently, CCR9 was found to be involved in the pathogenesis of other diseases such as cardiovascular diseases; however, the effects that CCR9 exerts in cardiac hypertrophy remain elusive. Methods and Results We observed significantly increased CCR9 protein levels in failing human hearts and in a mouse or cardiomyocyte hypertrophy model. In loss‐ and gain‐of‐function experiments, we found that pressure overload–induced hypertrophy was greatly attenuated by CCR9 deficiency in cardiac‐specific CCR9 knockout mice, whereas CCR9 overexpression in cardiac‐specific transgenic mice strikingly enhanced cardiac hypertrophy. The prohypertrophic effects of CCR9 were also tested in vitro, and a similar phenomenon was observed. Consequently, we identified a causal role for CCR9 in pathological cardiac hypertrophy. Mechanistically, we revealed a lack of difference in the expression levels of mitogen‐activated protein kinases between groups, whereas the phosphorylation of AKT/protein kinase B and downstream effectors significantly decreased in CCR9 knockout mice and increased in CCR9 transgenic mice after aortic binding surgery. Conclusions The prohypertrophic effects of CCR9 were not attributable to the mitogen‐activated protein kinase signaling pathway but rather to the AKT–mammalian target of rapamycin–glycogen synthase kinase 3β signaling cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengxi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Fanghua Mei
- Animal Experiment Center and Animal Biosafety Level-III Laboratory, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hanning Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Cheng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhe Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China Department of Cardiac Surgery, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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15
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Tu Z, Xiao R, Xiong J, Tembo KM, Deng X, Xiong M, Liu P, Wang M, Zhang Q. CCR9 in cancer: oncogenic role and therapeutic targeting. J Hematol Oncol 2016; 9:10. [PMID: 26879872 PMCID: PMC4754913 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-016-0236-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is currently one of the leading causes of death worldwide and is one of the most challenging major public health problems. The main challenges faced by clinicians in the management and treatment of cancer mainly arise from difficulties in early diagnosis and the emergence of tumor chemoresistance and metastasis. The structures of chemokine receptor 9 (CCR9) and its specific ligand chemokine ligand 25 (CCL25) have been elucidated, and, interestingly, a number of studies have demonstrated that CCR9 is a potential tumor biomarker in diagnosis and therapy, as it has been found to be highly expressed in a wide range of cancers. This expression pattern suggests that CCR9 may participate in many important biological activities involved in cancer progression. Researchers have shown that CCR9 that has been activated by its specific ligand CCL25 can interact with many signaling pathways, especially those involved in tumor chemoresistance and metastasis. This review, therefore, focuses on CCR9 induction activity and summarizes what is currently known regarding its role in cancers and its potential application in tumor-targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenbo Tu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China.
| | - Ruijing Xiao
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China.
| | - Jie Xiong
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China.
| | - Kingsley M Tembo
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China.
| | - Xinzhou Deng
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China.
| | - Meng Xiong
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China.
| | - Pan Liu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China.
| | - Meng Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China.
| | - Qiuping Zhang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China.
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Abstract
A large variety of lymphoma types may develop as primary intestinal neoplasms in the small intestines or, less often, in the colorectum. Among these are a few entities such as enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma or immunoproliferative small intestinal disease that, essentially, do not arise elsewhere than in the gastrointestinal tract. In most instances the primary intestinal lymphomas belong to entities that also occur in lymph nodes or other mucosal sites, and may show some peculiar features. In the case of follicular lymphoma, important differences exist between the classical nodal cases and the intestinal cases, considered as a variant of the disease. It is likely that the local intestinal mucosal microenvironment is a determinant in influencing the pathobiological features of the disease. In this review we will present an update on the clinical, pathological and molecular features of the lymphoid neoplasms that most commonly involve the intestines, incorporating recent developments with respect to their pathobiology and classification. We will emphasize and discuss the major differential diagnostic problems encountered in practice, including the benign reactive or atypical lymphoid hyperplasias, indolent lymphoproliferative disorders of T or natural killer (NK) cells, and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-related lymphoproliferations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Periklis G Foukas
- Ludwig Cancer Research Center and Department of Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland; Second Department of Pathology, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece; Institute of Pathology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
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