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Wang LM, Zhang WW, Qiu YY, Wang F. Ferroptosis regulating lipid peroxidation metabolism in the occurrence and development of gastric cancer. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2024; 16:2781-2792. [PMID: 38994139 PMCID: PMC11236228 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v16.i6.2781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastric cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors in the world, and its occurrence and development involve complex biological processes. Iron death, as a new cell death mode, has attracted wide attention in recent years. However, the regulatory mechanism of iron death in gastric cancer and its effect on lipid peroxidation metabolism remain unclear. AIM To explore the role of iron death in the development of gastric cancer, reveal its relationship with lipid peroxidation, and provide a new theoretical basis for revealing the molecular mechanism of the occurrence and development of gastric cancer. METHODS The process of iron death in gastric cancer cells was simulated by cell culture model, and the occurrence of iron death was detected by fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. The changes of gene expression related to iron death and lipid peroxidation metabolism were analyzed by high-throughput sequencing technology. In addition, a mouse model of gastric cancer was established, and the role of iron death in vivo was studied by histology and immunohistochemistry, and the level of lipid peroxidation was detected. These methods comprehensively and deeply reveal the regulatory mechanism of iron death on lipid peroxidation metabolism in the occurrence and development of gastric cancer. RESULTS Iron death was significantly activated in gastric cancer cells, and at the same time, associated lipid peroxidation levels increased significantly. Through high-throughput sequencing analysis, it was found that iron death regulated the expression of several genes related to lipid metabolism. In vivo experiments demonstrated that increased iron death in gastric cancer mice was accompanied by a significant increase in lipid peroxidation. CONCLUSION This study confirmed the important role of iron death in regulating lipid peroxidation metabolism in the occurrence and development of gastric cancer. The activation of iron death significantly increased lipid peroxidation levels, revealing its regulatory mechanism inside the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan-Mei Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Anqiu People's Hospital, Weifang 262123, Shandong Province, China
| | - Wei-Wei Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Feicheng People's Hospital, Tai’an 271600, Shandong Province, China
| | - Ying-Yang Qiu
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 119077, Singapore
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan 250013, Shandong Province, China
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Liao H, Tian T, Sheng Y, Peng Z, Li Z, Wang J, Li Y, Zhang C, Gao J. The Significance of MET Expression and Strategies of Targeting MET Treatment in Advanced Gastric Cancer. Front Oncol 2021; 11:719217. [PMID: 34557411 PMCID: PMC8453156 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.719217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Accurate assessment of predictive biomarker expression is critical in patient selection in clinical trials or clinical practice. However, changes in biomarker expression may occur after treatment. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of chemotherapy on MET expression in gastric cancer (GC). Methods MET expression was examined immunohistochemically before and after treatment in 122 patients with unresectable or recurrent GC, and was evaluated according to H-score or the scoring criteria used in the MetMAb trial. MET gene amplification was assessed by chromogenic in situ hybridization (CISH). The antitumor effect of MET targeted therapy was investigated in human gastric cancer cells in vitro and in vivo, and the underlying molecular mechanisms were analyzed by western blot. Results MET expression was associated with Lauren classification as well as tumor differentiation by either scoring system. MET amplification was not associated with clinical characteristics. Of the 71 patients who had paired pre- and post-treatment tumor tissues, 28 patients (39%) were initially positive for MET expression, and 43 (61%) were negative. Twenty-five patients (35%) showed significant changes in MET expression after treatment (P=0.007). Additionally, there was a concomitant overexpression of MET and HER2 in a subset of GC patients. MET inhibitor volitinib could significantly inhibit cell proliferation and xenograft growth in vitro and in vivo in MKN45 cells with MET and phosphorylated MET (pMET) high expressions via suppressing downstream PI3K/Akt and MAPK signaling pathways. Furthermore, combination therapy targeting both MET and HER2 demonstrated a synergistic antitumor activity. Conclusions MET expression is altered post chemotherapy and MET status should be evaluated in real-time. Both MET and pMET expressions might need to be considered for patients suitable for volitinib treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Liao
- National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital & Shenzhen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Shenzhen, China
| | - Tiantian Tian
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, China.,Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Yuling Sheng
- School of Medicine, The Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhi Peng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongwu Li
- Department of Pathology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Jingyuan Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Yanyan Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Gao
- National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital & Shenzhen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Shenzhen, China
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Seo S, Ryu MH, Ryoo BY, Park Y, Park YS, Na YS, Lee CW, Lee JK, Kang YK. Clinical significance of MET gene amplification in metastatic or locally advanced gastric cancer treated with first-line fluoropyrimidine and platinum combination chemotherapy. Chin J Cancer Res 2019; 31:620-631. [PMID: 31564805 PMCID: PMC6736660 DOI: 10.21147/j.issn.1000-9604.2019.04.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the clinical significance of MET gene amplification in patients with gastric cancer in the palliative setting.
Methods MET amplification was assessed using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) in 50 patients and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) in 326 patients; 259 patients treated with first-line fluoropyrimidine and platinum were included for survival analysis.
Results The results of FISH and qPCR indicated that the c-MET/CEP7 ratio was correlated with gene copy number. The optimal cutoff value for the copy number using qPCR to detect MET gene amplification with FISH was 5 (κ=0.778, P<0.001). Twenty-one out of 326 patients (6.4%) were identified asMET amplification with a copy number of >5 detected by qPCR. MET-amplified gastric cancer was associated with an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status (PS) score of ≥2 (33.3% vs. 10.5% P=0.007), peritoneal metastasis (76.2% vs. 46.2%, P=0.008), and elevated bilirubin levels (28.6% vs. 7.3%, P=0.006). The median overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) were 11.9 and 5.6 months, respectively. MET-amplified gastric cancer was not associated with survival outcomes [hazard ratio (HR)=0.68, 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 0.35−1.32, P=0.254 for PFS; HR=0.68, 95% CI: 0.35−1.32, P=0.251 for OS].
Conclusions qPCR can be used to detect MET gene amplification. MET amplification was not a predictor of poor prognosis in patients with metastatic or unresectable gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Young-Soon Na
- Asan Institute for Life Science, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Chae-Won Lee
- Asan Institute for Life Science, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Kyung Lee
- Asan Institute for Life Science, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
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Oono Y, Kuwata T, Takashima K, Shinmura K, Hori K, Yoda Y, Ikematsu H, Shitara K, Kinoshita T, Yano T. Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-, epidermal growth factor receptor-, and mesenchymal epithelial transition factor-positive sites of gastric cancer using surgical samples. Gastric Cancer 2019; 22:335-343. [PMID: 29951752 DOI: 10.1007/s10120-018-0853-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) play critical roles in gastric cancer (GC) progression and are potential targets for novel molecular-targeted agents or photo-immunotherapies. During patient selection, targeted biopsy is the first step. However, heterogeneous expression of RTKs based on the macroscopic appearance in GC has not been extensively addressed. Accordingly, in this study, we evaluated differences in RTK expression associated with macroscopic appearance in GC. METHODS In total, 375 consecutive patients who had undergone gastrectomy at the National Cancer Center Hospital East and who had histologically proven adenocarcinoma, available archived tumor sample, and no history of chemotherapy were enrolled in this study. For these cases, tissue microarray (TMA) samples were examined using immunohistochemistry (IHC). Based on the results of IHC, cases were selected for detailed examination. We re-evaluated IHC scores in more than three tumor blocks per case and comparatively evaluated differences in IHC expression in RTKs between the mucosal portion (MuP) and invasive portion (InP). RESULTS Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-, and mesenchymal epithelial transition factor (c-MET)-positive rates were 6, 9, and 20%, respectively. Twenty-two cases were then analyzed to assess differences in IHC expression levels in the same lesion. Concordance rates of positive staining of HER2, EGFR, and MET between MuP and whole tumor were 100, 40, and 56% and those with InP were 46, 100, and 56%. CONCLUSIONS To avoid underestimating expression status, biopsies must be taken from MuP for HER2, InP for EGFR, and both proportions for c-MET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Oono
- Department of Gastroenterology and Endoscopy, National Cancer Center Hospital East, 6-5-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8577, Japan.
| | - Takeshi Kuwata
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Kenji Takashima
- Department of Gastroenterology and Endoscopy, National Cancer Center Hospital East, 6-5-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8577, Japan
| | - Kensuke Shinmura
- Department of Gastroenterology and Endoscopy, National Cancer Center Hospital East, 6-5-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8577, Japan
| | - Keisuke Hori
- Department of Gastroenterology and Endoscopy, National Cancer Center Hospital East, 6-5-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8577, Japan
| | - Yusuke Yoda
- Department of Gastroenterology and Endoscopy, National Cancer Center Hospital East, 6-5-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8577, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Ikematsu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Endoscopy, National Cancer Center Hospital East, 6-5-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8577, Japan
| | - Kohei Shitara
- Department of Gastroenterology and Gastrointestinal Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Takahiro Kinoshita
- Gastric Surgery Division, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Tomonori Yano
- Department of Gastroenterology and Endoscopy, National Cancer Center Hospital East, 6-5-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8577, Japan
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Correlation of c-MET Expression with PD-L1 Expression in Metastatic Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma Treated by Sunitinib First-Line Therapy. Target Oncol 2018; 12:487-494. [PMID: 28550387 DOI: 10.1007/s11523-017-0498-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is highly metastatic. Cabozantinib, an anti-angiogenic tyrosine kinase inhibitor that targets c-MET, provided interesting results in metastatic ccRCC treatment. OBJECTIVE To understand better the role of c-MET in ccRCC, we assessed its status in a population of patients with metastatic ccRCC. PATIENTS AND METHODS For this purpose, tumor samples were analyzed for c-MET expression by immunohistochemistry (IHC), for c-MET copy number alterations by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), and for c-MET mutations by next generation sequencing (NGS) in a retrospective cohort of 90 primary ccRCC of patients with metastases treated by first-line sunitinib. The expression of c-MET was correlated with pathological, immunohistochemical (VEGFA, CAIX, PD-L1), clinical, and molecular criteria (VHL status) by univariate and multivariate analyses and to clinical outcome using Kaplan-Meier curves compared by log-rank test. RESULTS Of ccRCC, 31.1% had low c-MET expression (absent to weak intensity by IHC) versus 68.9% with high expression (moderate to strong intensity). High expression of c-MET was associated with a gain in FISH analysis (p=0.0284) without amplification. No mutations were detected in NGS. Moreover, high c-MET expression was associated with lymph node metastases (p=0.004), sarcomatoid component (p=0.029), VEGFA (p=0.037), and PD-L1 (p=0.001) overexpression, the only factor that remained independently associated (p<0.001) after logistic regression. No difference was observed in clinical outcomes. CONCLUSION This study is the first to analyse c-MET status in metastatic ccRCC. The high expression of c-MET in the majority of ccRCC and its independent association with PD-L1 expression, may suggest a potential benefit from combining c-MET inhibitors and targeted immunotherapy.
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PKG II reverses HGF-triggered cellular activities by phosphorylating serine 985 of c-Met in gastric cancer cells. Oncotarget 2018; 7:34190-200. [PMID: 27147579 PMCID: PMC5085148 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies showed that type II cGMP-dependent protein kinase G (PKG II) could inhibit the activation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Both c-Met and EGFR belong to family of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and have high molecular analogy. However, the effect of PKG II on c-Met activation is unclear. This study was designed to investigate the inhibitory effect of PKG II on the activation of c-Met and consequent biological activities. The results from CCK8 assay, Transwell assay and TUNEL assay showed that HGF enhanced cell proliferation and migration, and decreased cell apoptosis. Activated PKG II reversed the above changes caused by HGF. Immunoprecipitation and Western blotting results showed that PKG II could bind with c-Met and phosphorylate its Ser985, and thereby inhibited HGF-induced activation of c-Met and MAPK/ERK and PI3K/Akt/mTOR mediated signal transduction. When Ser985 of c-Met was mutated to Alanine for preventing phosphorylation of this site, the blocking effect of PKG II on c-Met activation was annulled. When Ser985 of c-Met was mutated to Aspartic acid for mimicking phosphorylation of this site, HGF-induced activation of c-Met was prevented. In conclusion, the results indicated that PKG II could block c-Met activation via phosphorylating Ser985 of this RTK.
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Preferential Localization of MET Expression at the Invasion Front and in Spreading Cells Through Air Spaces in Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinomas. Am J Surg Pathol 2017; 41:414-422. [PMID: 28098570 DOI: 10.1097/pas.0000000000000810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The involvement of the HGF/MET pathway in acquisition of an invasive phenotype in non-small cell lung carcinomas (NSCLCs) suggests that MET inhibitors might prove effective against these cancers, but clinical trials have yielded conflicting results. The aim of our study was to evaluate how intratumoral heterogeneity (ITH) of MET staining affects the determination of MET status for therapeutic purposes. We analyzed 64 NSCLC samples, including 33 adenocarcinomas (ADCs) and 31 squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs). We used immunohistochemistry to detect MET and phospho-MET on whole slides and determined the MET SP44 immunoscore and the H-score. A high METMab score (2+/3+) was observed in 34% of NSCLCs and was more prevalent in ADCs (52%) than in SCCs (16%). We found ITH in 73% of ADCs and 77% of SCCs, with higher levels of MET and phospho-MET at the invasion front (in 52% of ADCs and 22% of SCCs) and in tumor cells spreading through air spaces in ADCs. Within-sample ITH was high in 40% of the ADCs and 29% of the SCCs. When different samples from the same tumor were compared, discordant assessments (high MET vs. low MET) were made for 12% of the ADCs and 10% of the SCCs. C-MET and phospho-MET overexpression occurred preferentially in ADCs and in areas involved in tumor progression, in support of the view that MET activation plays a role in the development of an invasive phenotype in NSCLC. To use MET status adequately as a biomarker, one must take the resulting high level of ITH into account.
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Pyo JS, Kang G, Cho H. Clinicopathological Significance and Diagnostic Accuracy of c-MET Expression by Immunohistochemistry in Gastric Cancer: A Meta-Analysis. J Gastric Cancer 2016; 16:141-151. [PMID: 27752391 PMCID: PMC5065943 DOI: 10.5230/jgc.2016.16.3.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the present study was to elucidate the clinicopathological significance and diagnostic accuracy of immunohistochemistry (IHC) for determining the mesenchymal epidermal transition (c-MET) expression in patients with gastric cancer (GC). MATERIALS AND METHODS The present meta-analysis investigated the correlation between c-MET expression as determined by IHC and the clinicopathological parameters in 8,395 GC patients from 37 studies that satisfied the eligibility criteria. In addition, a concordance analysis was performed between c-MET expression as determined by IHC and c-MET amplification, and the diagnostic test accuracy was reviewed. RESULTS The estimated rate of c-MET overexpression was 0.403 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.327~0.484) and it was significantly correlated with male patients, poor differentiation, lymph node metastasis, higher TNM stage, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) positivity in IHC analysis. There was a significant correlation between c-MET expression and worse overall survival rate (hazard ratio, 1.588; 95% CI, 1.266~1.992). The concordance rates between c-MET expression and c-MET amplification were 0.967 (95% CI, 0.916~0.987) and 0.270 (95% CI, 0.173~0.395) for cases with non-overexpressed and overexpressed c-MET, respectively. In the diagnostic test accuracy review, the pooled sensitivity and specificity were 0.56 (95% CI, 0.50~0.63) and 0.79 (95% CI, 0.77~0.81), respectively. CONCLUSIONS The c-MET overexpression as determined by IHC was significantly correlated with aggressive tumor behavior and positive IHC status for HER2 in patients with GC. In addition, the c-MET expression status could be useful in the screening of c-MET amplification in patients with GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Soo Pyo
- Department of Pathology, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Guhyun Kang
- Department of Pathology, Inje University Sanggye Paik Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyunjin Cho
- Department of Surgery, Inje University Sanggye Paik Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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