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Markouli M, Strepkos D, Piperi C. Impact of Histone Modifications and Their Therapeutic Targeting in Hematological Malignancies. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13657. [PMID: 36362442 PMCID: PMC9654260 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematologic malignancies are a large and heterogeneous group of neoplasms characterized by complex pathogenetic mechanisms. The abnormal regulation of epigenetic mechanisms and specifically, histone modifications, has been demonstrated to play a central role in hematological cancer pathogenesis and progression. A variety of epigenetic enzymes that affect the state of histones have been detected as deregulated, being either over- or underexpressed, which induces changes in chromatin compaction and, subsequently, affects gene expression. Recent advances in the field of epigenetics have revealed novel therapeutic targets, with many epigenetic drugs being investigated in clinical trials. The present review focuses on the biological impact of histone modifications in the pathogenesis of hematologic malignancies, describing a wide range of therapeutic agents that have been discovered to target these alterations and are currently under investigation in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Christina Piperi
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (M.M.); (D.S.)
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Fernández-Serrano M, Winkler R, Santos JC, Le Pannérer MM, Buschbeck M, Roué G. Histone Modifications and Their Targeting in Lymphoid Malignancies. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:253. [PMID: 35008680 PMCID: PMC8745418 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In a wide range of lymphoid neoplasms, the process of malignant transformation is associated with somatic mutations in B cells that affect the epigenetic machinery. Consequential alterations in histone modifications contribute to disease-specific changes in the transcriptional program. Affected genes commonly play important roles in cell cycle regulation, apoptosis-inducing signal transduction, and DNA damage response, thus facilitating the emergence of malignant traits that impair immune surveillance and favor the emergence of different B-cell lymphoma subtypes. In the last two decades, the field has made a major effort to develop therapies that target these epigenetic alterations. In this review, we discuss which epigenetic alterations occur in B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Furthermore, we aim to present in a close to comprehensive manner the current state-of-the-art in the preclinical and clinical development of epigenetic drugs. We focus on therapeutic strategies interfering with histone methylation and acetylation as these are most advanced in being deployed from the bench-to-bedside and have the greatest potential to improve the prognosis of lymphoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda Fernández-Serrano
- Lymphoma Translational Group, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), 08916 Badalona, Spain; (M.F.-S.); (J.C.S.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08014 Barcelona, Spain
| | - René Winkler
- Chromatin, Metabolism and Cell Fate Group, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), 08916 Badalona, Spain; (R.W.); (M.-M.L.P.)
| | - Juliana C. Santos
- Lymphoma Translational Group, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), 08916 Badalona, Spain; (M.F.-S.); (J.C.S.)
| | - Marguerite-Marie Le Pannérer
- Chromatin, Metabolism and Cell Fate Group, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), 08916 Badalona, Spain; (R.W.); (M.-M.L.P.)
| | - Marcus Buschbeck
- Chromatin, Metabolism and Cell Fate Group, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), 08916 Badalona, Spain; (R.W.); (M.-M.L.P.)
- Program of Personalized and Predictive Medicine of Cancer, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), 08916 Badalona, Spain
| | - Gaël Roué
- Lymphoma Translational Group, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), 08916 Badalona, Spain; (M.F.-S.); (J.C.S.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08014 Barcelona, Spain
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Warman M, Tiomkin E, Huszar M, Halperin D, Asher I, Cohen O. The impact of allergies and smoking status on nasal mucosa of hypertrophied turbinates - an immunohistologic analysis. Inhal Toxicol 2020; 32:249-256. [PMID: 32530330 DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2020.1777226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Background: Allergies and smoking are common reasons for nasal mucosa inflammations, which in turn, cause nasal obstructions. Nevertheless, the impact of coexisting allergies and smoking on nasal mucosa inflammation has not been studied.Objectives: To study the impact of smoking with relation to allergies on nasal mucosa histology and to characterize an immunologic profile using immunohistochemical (IHC) staining.Methods: A cross-sectional study. Nasal biopsies of inferior turbinates from smokers with different allergic statuses were compared. Demographics, comorbidities, histologic, and immunohistochemical (IHC) staining of CD3, CD68, CD 20, and CD138 receptors were compared and analyzed.Results: A total of 53 patients were included, of which 20 (37.7%) were smokers, and 20 (37.7%) had allergic backgrounds. Smokers, both allergic and non-allergic, demonstrated reduced edema compared to the control group (p Value = 0.034) and significantly lower eosinophil density in the stroma compared to the allergic nonsmokers' group (p Value = 0.04). Smokers had a significant negative correlation between the number of cigarettes per day and the expression of CD20 in the stroma (-0.452, p Value = 0.045) and the epithelium (-0.432, p Value = 0.057) in IHC staining. Allergic smokers had a negative correlation (-0.705, p Value = 0.023) between the number of cigarettes per day and the CD68 marked cell expression in the epithelium.Conclusion: The coexistence of an allergic background and smoking alters known immunologic responses within the nasal mucosa. Smoking may have an immunosuppressive role in the nasal mucosa in both innate and humoral immune systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meir Warman
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot, Israel.,Hadassah Medical School, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Evelyn Tiomkin
- Hadassah Medical School, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Monica Huszar
- Department of Pathology, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot, Israel.,Hadassah Medical School, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Doron Halperin
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot, Israel.,Hadassah Medical School, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ilan Asher
- Hadassah Medical School, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel.,Division of Allergy, Clinical Immunology and AIDS, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Oded Cohen
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot, Israel.,Hadassah Medical School, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
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Khieu ML, Broadwater DR, Aden JK, Coviello JM, Lynch DT, Hall JM. The Utility of Phosphohistone H3 (PHH3) in Follicular Lymphoma Grading: A Comparative Study With Ki-67 and H&E Mitotic Count. Am J Clin Pathol 2019; 151:542-550. [PMID: 30788495 DOI: 10.1093/ajcp/aqz003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the utility of phosphohistone H3 (PHH3) mitotic count (MC) in grading follicular lymphoma (FL). METHODS FL cases were identified (2005-2017). Three hematopathologists recorded their average Ki-67 proliferation index, MC/high-power field (hpf) using PHH3 and H&E stains, and number of centroblasts/hpf. Results were assessed for correlations and interobserver variability. RESULTS Forty-three cases of FL were studied. PHH3 MC resulted in the strongest correlation to grade (r = 0.701, P < .0001) compared with Ki-67 proliferation index (PI) (r = 0.681, P < .0001) and H&E MC (r = 0.536, P = .0002) and the strongest linear relationship to centroblast count (R2 = 0.453). Agreement among pathologists was strongest for PHH3 (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] = 0.86) followed by Ki-67 PI (ICC = 0.85) and H&E MC (ICC = 0.78). CONCLUSIONS PHH3 correlates best to histologic grade and has less interobserver variability compared with Ki-67 PI and H&E MC. These results support using PHH3 as an adjunct in FL grading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Khieu
- Department of Pathology, Brooke Army Medical Center, San Antonio, TX
| | | | - James K Aden
- Department of Pathology, Brooke Army Medical Center, San Antonio, TX
| | - Jean M Coviello
- Department of Pathology, Brooke Army Medical Center, San Antonio, TX
| | - David T Lynch
- Department of Pathology, Brooke Army Medical Center, San Antonio, TX
| | - Jordan M Hall
- Department of Pathology, Brooke Army Medical Center, San Antonio, TX
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Mitotic Index Determined by Phosphohistone H3 Immunohistochemistry for Precise Grading in Follicular Lymphoma. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2018; 26:579-585. [DOI: 10.1097/pai.0000000000000481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Hypoxic culture enhances the expansion of rat bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells via the regulatory pathways of cell division and apoptosis. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2018; 54:666-676. [PMID: 30136033 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-018-0281-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the proliferative behavior and molecular mechanisms of rat bone marrow-derived MSCs (rBMSCs) cultured under three different oxygen concentrations. Passaged rBMSCs exhibited significantly greater proliferation rates at 1% O2 and 5% O2 than those at 18% O2 and the cells exposed to 1% O2 showed the highest proliferative potential, which was evidenced by the growth curves, colony-forming efficiencies, and CCK-8 absorbance values. The rBMSCs grown under hypoxic culture conditions (1% O2 and 5% O2) had the increased percentage of cells in S + G2/M-phase and the decreased apoptotic index, compared with normoxia (18% O2). It was revealed for the first time that there were more phosphohistone H3 (PHH3)-positive cells and higher expressions of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in the hypoxic cultures of rBMSCs than in the normoxic culture. Hypoxia upregulated the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 and downregulated the pro-apoptotic proteins Bax and the cleaved caspase-3 in cultured rBMSCs. The levels of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) and phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (p-ERK1/2) were increased in the hypoxic-cultured rBMSCs. Nevertheless, no significant difference was observed in p53 level of rBMSCs between different oxygen concentrations. In conclusion, the hypoxia exerts a promoting effect on the in vitro expansion of rBMSCs via several signaling and molecular pathways involved in the control of cell cycle and apoptosis.
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Slodkowska E, Nofech-Mozes S, Xu B, Parra-Herran C, Lu FI, Raphael S, Zubovits J, Hanna W. Fibroepithelial lesions of the breast: a comprehensive morphological and outcome analysis of a large series. Mod Pathol 2018; 31:1073-1084. [PMID: 29449684 DOI: 10.1038/s41379-018-0032-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Mammary fibroepithelial lesions encompass a wide spectrum of tumors ranging from an indolent fibroadenoma to potentially fatal malignant phyllodes tumor. The criteria used for their classification based on morphological assessment are often challenging to apply and there is no consensus as to what constitutes an adequate resection margin. We studied a retrospective cohort of 213 fibroepithelial lesions in 178 patients (80 fibroadenomas with unusual features and 133 phyllodes tumors: 63 benign, 41 borderline, and 29 malignant) in order to describe the spectrum of changes within each group, with special emphasis on margin evaluation. Outcome data were available for 153 fibroepithelial lesions in 139 patients (median 56 months, range 3-249 months). Positive final margin (tumor transected), age < 50 years and a predominantly myxoid stroma were statistically significant predictors of local recurrence, while age > 50, stromal overgrowth, diffuse marked atypia, necrosis and mitotic index of ≥ 10 per 10 HPF were predictive of distant metastases. Tumors with satellite/bulging nodules were at a significantly higher risk to have a final positive resection margin. Our findings highlight important aspects of the interpretation and reporting of fibroepithelial lesions: the amount of myxoid stroma and the presence of satellite nodules are clinically relevant and should be routinely assessed and reported; infiltrative border might not be a prerequisite for the diagnosis of malignant phyllodes tumor, while the presence of tumor necrosis, massive stromal overgrowth or mitotic index of ≥ 25 per 10 HPF is diagnostic of malignant phyllodes tumor. On the other hand, increased mitotic index outside of the range of the World Health Organization guidelines in the absence of other worrisome features should be treated with caution, as it can be found in benign tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elzbieta Slodkowska
- Departments of Anatomic Pathology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Sharon Nofech-Mozes
- Departments of Anatomic Pathology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Bin Xu
- Departments of Anatomic Pathology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Carlos Parra-Herran
- Departments of Anatomic Pathology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Fang-I Lu
- Departments of Anatomic Pathology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Simon Raphael
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,North York General Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Markham Stouffville Hospital, Markham, ON, Canada
| | - Judit Zubovits
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Scarborough and Rouge Hospital, Scarborough, ON, Canada
| | - Wedad Hanna
- Departments of Anatomic Pathology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Stålhammar G, Robertson S, Wedlund L, Lippert M, Rantalainen M, Bergh J, Hartman J. Digital image analysis of Ki67 in hot spots is superior to both manual Ki67 and mitotic counts in breast cancer. Histopathology 2018; 72:974-989. [DOI: 10.1111/his.13452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gustav Stålhammar
- Department of Oncology and Pathology; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm Sweden
- St Erik Eye Hospital; Stockholm Sweden
| | - Stephanie Robertson
- Department of Oncology and Pathology; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm Sweden
- Department of Clinical Pathology and Cytology; Karolinska University Laboratory; Stockholm Sweden
| | - Lena Wedlund
- Department of Clinical Pathology and Cytology; Karolinska University Laboratory; Stockholm Sweden
- Stockholm South General Hospital; Stockholm Sweden
| | | | - Mattias Rantalainen
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm Sweden
| | - Jonas Bergh
- Department of Oncology and Pathology; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm Sweden
- Radiumhemmet; Karolinska Oncology; Karolinska University Hospital; Stockholm Sweden
| | - Johan Hartman
- Department of Oncology and Pathology; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm Sweden
- Department of Clinical Pathology and Cytology; Karolinska University Laboratory; Stockholm Sweden
- Stockholm South General Hospital; Stockholm Sweden
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Comparison of Proliferation Markers Ki67 and Phosphohistone-H3 (pHH3) in Breast Ductal Carcinoma In Situ. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2017; 25:543-547. [DOI: 10.1097/pai.0000000000000555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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10
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Elston DM. Will we all be replaced by machines? J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2017; 31:1085-1086. [PMID: 28730627 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.14347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D M Elston
- Department of Dermatology and Dermatologic Surgery, Medical University of SC, Charleston, SC, USA
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Kim JY, Jeong HS, Chung T, Kim M, Lee JH, Jung WH, Koo JS. The value of phosphohistone H3 as a proliferation marker for evaluating invasive breast cancers: A comparative study with Ki67. Oncotarget 2017; 8:65064-65076. [PMID: 29029412 PMCID: PMC5630312 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Established measurements of proliferation in breast cancer are Ki67 and mitotic-activity-index (MAI), with problems in reproducibility and prognostic accuracy. Phosphohistone H3 (PHH3), a relatively novel IHC marker is specific for mitosis with good reproducibility. We hypothesized that PHH3 would be more reproducible and better represent proliferation than Ki67. Results PHH3 identified easily-missed mitosis by MAI, as demonstrated by upgrading M grade at diagnosis (n = 29/218, evenly distributed). PHH3 accurately found hot-spots, supported by mitotic count agreement between low-power and 10HPFs (R2 = 0.999; P = 0.001). PHH3 was more reproducible than Ki67, measured by five-rater inter-class correlation coefficient (0.904 > 0.712; P = 0.008). Finally, despite a relatively short follow-up (median 46 months; 7 recurrences) PHH3 was the only variable correlated with disease-free survival (P = 0.043), while all other conventional clinicopathologic variables, including Ki67 (P = 0.356), did not. Materials and Methods We compared Ki67 and PHH3 for 218 breast cancer surgical cases diagnosed from 2012 to 2013 at Severance hospital. The most representative invasive breast cancer surgical slides were immunohistochemically stained for Ki67 and PHH3. Conclusions Poor reproducibility and inadequate representation of proliferation of Ki67 and MAI may be improved by PHH3, allowing better accuracy in breast cancer diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Ye Kim
- Department of Pathology and Translational Genomics, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Severance Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyang Sook Jeong
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Severance Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Taek Chung
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Severance Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Moonsik Kim
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Severance Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hee Lee
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Severance Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Hee Jung
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Severance Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ja Seung Koo
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Severance Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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