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Fan C, Qu H, Wang X, Sobhani N, Wang L, Liu S, Xiong W, Zeng Z, Li Y. Cancer/testis antigens: from serology to mRNA cancer vaccine. Semin Cancer Biol 2021; 76:218-231. [PMID: 33910064 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Cancer/testis antigens (CTAs) are a group of tumor antigens expressed in numerous cancer tissues, as well as in the testis and placental tissues. There are over 200 CTAs supported by serology and expression data. The expression patterns of CTAs reflect the similarities between the processes of gametogenesis and tumorigenesis. It is notable that CTAs are highly expressed in three types of cancers (lung cancer, bladder cancer, and skin cancer), all of which have a metal etiology. Here, we review the expression, regulation, and function of CTAs and their translational prospects as cancer biomarkers and treatment targets. Many CTAs are highly immunogenic, tissue-specific, and frequently expressed in cancer tissues but not under physiological conditions, rendering them promising candidates for cancer detection. Some CTAs are associated with clinical outcomes, so they may serve as prognostic biomarkers. A small number of CTAs are membrane-bound, making them ideal targets for chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells. Mounting evidence suggests that CTAs induce humoral or cellular immune responses, providing cancer immunotherapeutic opportunities for T-cell receptors (TCRs), CAR T cell, antibody-based therapy and peptide- or mRNA-based vaccines. Indeed, CTAs are the dominating non-mutated targets in mRNA cancer vaccine development. Clinical trials on CTA TCR and vaccines have shown effectiveness, safety, and tolerance, but these successes are limited to a small number of patients. In-depth studies on CTA expression and function are needed to improve CTA-based immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Fan
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Section of Epidemiology and Population Science, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, United States
| | - Hongke Qu
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xu Wang
- Section of Epidemiology and Population Science, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, United States
| | - Navid Sobhani
- Section of Epidemiology and Population Science, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, United States
| | - Leiming Wang
- Section of Epidemiology and Population Science, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, United States
| | - Shuanglin Liu
- Section of Epidemiology and Population Science, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, United States
| | - Wei Xiong
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhaoyang Zeng
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Yong Li
- Section of Epidemiology and Population Science, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, United States.
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Phenotypic Analysis of Tumor Tissue-Infiltrating Lymphocytes in Tumor Microenvironment of Bladder Cancer and Upper Urinary Tract Carcinoma. Clin Genitourin Cancer 2018; 17:114-124. [PMID: 30555025 DOI: 10.1016/j.clgc.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are no previous reports directly evaluating immunologic conditions in tumor microenvironment including both bladder cancer (BCa) and upper urinary tract carcinoma (UTUC). In this study, we aimed to clarify the difference of immunity status and its clinical significance depending on the tumor site in urothelial carcinoma. PATIENTS AND METHODS Tumor tissue-infiltrating lymphocytes were extracted from 70 urothelial cancer patients who underwent surgical resection (52 cases of BCa and 18 cases of UTUC). The immunologic classification was established by unsupervised clustering analysis according to the expression ratio of 9 extracellular surface markers measured by flow cytometry, and we examined the relationship between immunologic classification and clinical importance such as pathologic status and prognosis (progression-free survival and cancer-specific survival). RESULTS The immunologic condition was classified into 2 groups. Group 1 (n = 41) comprised the CD4 T-cell-dominant group and group 2 (n = 29) the immunologically activated group. This immunologic classification was significantly correlated with tumor grade (P = .020) but not tumor location in multivariate analysis. In invasive BCa patients (n = 33), progression-free survival and cancer-specific survival of group 2 were significantly worse than those of group 1 (P = .021 and P = .022, respectively), while there was no significant difference between groups 1 and 2 in patients with invasive UTUC (n = 17). CONCLUSION Although there was no difference in the local immunologic condition of urothelial carcinoma between BCa and UTUC, its significance as a prognostic predictor might vary depending on tumor site.
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Ye Z, Liang Y, Ma Y, Lin B, Cao L, Wang B, Zhang Z, Yu H, Li J, Huang M, Zhou K, Zhang Q, Liu X, Zeng J. Targeted photodynamic therapy of cancer using a novel gallium (III) tris (ethoxycarbonyl) corrole conjugated-mAb directed against cancer/testis antigens 83. Cancer Med 2018; 7:3057-3065. [PMID: 29856138 PMCID: PMC6051178 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.1601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a noninvasive, highly selective approach to the treatment of tumors. However, its therapeutic effect is limited by long‐lasting skin phototoxicity. Therefore, to compromise this shortcoming, it is preferable to deliver photosensitizers selectively to tumor cells with the aid of antibodies specific against tumor‐associated antigens. Cancer/testis antigens 83 (CT83), also called KK‐LC‐1 or CXorf61, recognized by cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), has become a promising target for immunotherapy. Herein, we developed and characterized a novel mouse CT83 mAb 7G4 with a high affinity with Gallium (III) 5, 10, 15‐tris (ethoxycarbonyl) corrole (1‐Ga), a new and promising photosensitizer in PDT. The enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), flow cytometry and cytotoxicity activity assays revealed that 7G4‐1‐Ga was able to recognize human CT83 with high specificity. Furthermore, 7G4‐1‐Ga showed greater cytotoxicity to CT83‐expressing human cancer cells in vitro than 1‐Ga. These results suggest that the antibody‐conjugated photosensitizer between anti‐CT83 mAb and 1‐Ga may have a good application in PDT, where the destruction of CT83‐expressing tumor is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyu Ye
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Medical Bioactive Molecular Developmental and Translational Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Yanfang Liang
- Department of Pathology, The Fifth People's Hospital of Dongguan, Dongguan Hospital Affiliated to Medical College of Jinan University, Dongguan, China
| | - Yan Ma
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Medical Bioactive Molecular Developmental and Translational Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Bihua Lin
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Medical Bioactive Molecular Developmental and Translational Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Antitumor Active Substance Research and Development, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Longbin Cao
- Department of Pathology, The Fifth People's Hospital of Dongguan, Dongguan Hospital Affiliated to Medical College of Jinan University, Dongguan, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Medical Bioactive Molecular Developmental and Translational Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Zhao Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haibo Yu
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Medical Bioactive Molecular Developmental and Translational Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Jixia Li
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Medical Bioactive Molecular Developmental and Translational Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Antitumor Active Substance Research and Development, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Mingyuan Huang
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Medical Bioactive Molecular Developmental and Translational Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Keyuan Zhou
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Medical Bioactive Molecular Developmental and Translational Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Antitumor Active Substance Research and Development, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Qunzhou Zhang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Xinguang Liu
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Medical Bioactive Molecular Developmental and Translational Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China.,Institute of Aging Research, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Jincheng Zeng
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Medical Bioactive Molecular Developmental and Translational Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Antitumor Active Substance Research and Development, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) is a relatively rare and poorly investigated disease. The objective of this review was to discuss recent advances in genomics and their implication regarding prognosis and treatment. RECENT FINDINGS UTUC were compared with urothelial carcinoma of the bladder (UCB) at genomic and transcriptomic levels. Molecular studies focused on identifying new prognostic biomarkers that were often initially described in UCB and extrapolated to UTUC. Some of them could be interesting to improve the management of UTUC. SUMMARY Recent studies improved our understanding of UTUC as a distinct entity compared with UCB. Although UTUC shares many of the same genomic alterations with UCB, some key differences have been identified as oncogenic drivers of these cancers. This better comprehension of genomics could lead to new prognostic markers that may refine UTUC treatment.
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Zichi C, Tucci M, Leone G, Buttigliero C, Vignani F, Pignataro D, Scagliotti GV, Di Maio M. Immunotherapy for Patients with Advanced Urothelial Cancer: Current Evidence and Future Perspectives. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:5618174. [PMID: 28680882 PMCID: PMC5478823 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5618174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, immunotherapy has produced encouraging results in a rapidly increasing number of solid tumors. The responsiveness of bladder cancer to immunotherapy was first established in nonmuscle invasive disease in 1976 with intravesical instillations of bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG). Very recently immune checkpoint inhibitors demonstrated good activity and significant efficacy in metastatic disease. In particular the best results were obtained with programmed death-ligand-1 (PD-L1) and programmed death-1 (PD-1) inhibitors, but many other immune checkpoint inhibitors, including anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein-4 (CTLA-4) antibodies, are currently under investigation in several trials. Simultaneously other therapeutic strategies which recruit an adaptive immune response against tumoral antigens or employ externally manipulated tumor infiltrating lymphocytes might change the natural history of bladder cancer in the near future. This review describes the rationale for the use of immunotherapy in bladder cancer and discusses recent and ongoing clinical trials with checkpoint inhibitors and other novel immunotherapy agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clizia Zichi
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Division of Medical Oncology, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, Regione Gonzole 10, Orbassano, 10043 Turin, Italy
| | - Marcello Tucci
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Division of Medical Oncology, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, Regione Gonzole 10, Orbassano, 10043 Turin, Italy
| | - Gianmarco Leone
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Division of Medical Oncology, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, Regione Gonzole 10, Orbassano, 10043 Turin, Italy
| | - Consuelo Buttigliero
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Division of Medical Oncology, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, Regione Gonzole 10, Orbassano, 10043 Turin, Italy
| | - Francesca Vignani
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Division of Medical Oncology, Ordine Mauriziano Hospital, Via Magellano 1, 10028 Turin, Italy
| | - Daniele Pignataro
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Division of Medical Oncology, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, Regione Gonzole 10, Orbassano, 10043 Turin, Italy
| | - Giorgio V. Scagliotti
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Division of Medical Oncology, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, Regione Gonzole 10, Orbassano, 10043 Turin, Italy
| | - Massimo Di Maio
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Division of Medical Oncology, Ordine Mauriziano Hospital, Via Magellano 1, 10028 Turin, Italy
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Wang L, Wang H, Song D, Xu M, Liebmen M. New strategies for targeting drug combinations to overcome mutation-driven drug resistance. Semin Cancer Biol 2016; 42:44-51. [PMID: 27840276 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Targeted therapies are suggested as an effective alternative for patients with cancer that harbor mutations, but treatment outcomes are frequently limited by primary or acquired drug resistance. The present review describes potential mechanisms of primary or acquired drug resistances to provide a resource for considering how to be overcome. We focus on strategies of targeted drug combinations to minimize the development of drug resistance within the context how resistance develops. Strategies benefit from the combined use of "omics" technologies, i.e., high-throughput functional genomics data, pharmacogenomics, or genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 screening, to analyze and design targeted drug combinations for mutation-driven drug resistance. We also introduce new insights towards pathway-centric combined therapies as an alternative to overcome the heterogeneity and benefit patient prognoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linyan Wang
- Zhongshan Hospital Institute of Clinical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Clinical Bioinformatics, Biomedical Research Center, Shanghai, China.
| | - Haiyun Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongli Song
- Zhongshan Hospital Institute of Clinical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Clinical Bioinformatics, Biomedical Research Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Menglin Xu
- Zhongshan Hospital Institute of Clinical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Clinical Bioinformatics, Biomedical Research Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Michael Liebmen
- Zhongshan Hospital Institute of Clinical Science, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Clinical Bioinformatics, Biomedical Research Center, Shanghai, China.
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