Serous carcinomatous component championed by heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF) predisposing to metastasis and recurrence in stage I uterine malignant mixed mullerian tumor

Forkhead Box q1 promotes invasion and metastasis in colorectal cancer by activating the epidermal growth factor receptor pathway

BACKGROUND

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is an extremely malignant tumor with a high mortality rate. Little is known about the mechanism by which forkhead Box q1 (FOXQ1) causes CRC invasion and metastasis through the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) pathway.

AIM

To illuminate the mechanism by which FOXQ1 promotes the invasion and metastasis of CRC by activating the heparin binding epidermal growth factor (HB-EGF)/EGFR pathway.

METHODS

We investigated the differential expression and prognosis of FOXQ1 and HB-EGF in CRC using the Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA) website (http://gepia.cancer-pku.cn/index.html). Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blotting were used to detect the expression of FOXQ1 and HB-EGF in cell lines and tissues, and we constructed a stable low-expressing FOXQ1 cell line and verified it with the above method. The expression changes of membrane-bound HB-EGF (proHB-EGF) and soluble HB-EGF (sHB-EGF) in the low-expressing FOXQ1 cell line were detected by flow cytometry and ELISA. Western blotting was used to detect changes in the expression levels of HB-EGF and EGFR pathway-related downstream genes when exogenous recombinant human HB-EGF was added to FOXQ1 knockdown cells. Proliferation experiments, transwell migration experiments, and scratch experiments were carried out to determine the mechanism by which FOXQ1 activates the EGFR signaling pathway through HB-EGF, and then to evaluate the clinical relevance of FOXQ1 and HB-EGF.

RESULTS

GEPIA showed that the expression of FOXQ1 in CRC tissues was relatively high and was related to a lower overall survival rate. PCR array results showed that FOXQ1 is related to the HB-EGF and EGFR pathways. Knockdown of FOXQ1 suppressed the expression of HB-EGF, and led to a decrease in EGFR and its downstream genes AKT, RAF, KRAS expression levels. After knockdown of FOXQ1 in CRC cell lines, cell proliferation, migration and invasion were attenuated. Adding HB-EGF restored the migration and invasion ability of CRC, but not the cell proliferation ability. Kaplan–Meier survival analysis results showed that the combination of FOXQ1 and HB-EGF may serve to predict CRC survival.

CONCLUSION

Based on these collective data, we propose that FOXQ1 promotes the invasion and metastasis of CRC via the HB-EGF/EGFR pathway.